Windows 2000 Format String Vulnerabilities
formatted in by printf'ing a format string to a variable. To clarify: For example on Intel
Exploiting Format String Vulnerabilities
1 sept. 2001 In normal buffer overflows we overwrite the return address of a function frame on the stack. As the function that owns this frame returns it ...
Low Level Software Security II: Format Strings Shellcode
https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp18/cse127-b/cse127sp18.4.pdf
Untitled
22 mar. 2017 started format strings exploits ... format string overwrite: setup ... buffer starts 16 bytes above printf return address.
Format String & Double-Free Attacks
argument pointer points to the front of your format string. › Put a %n at the end and overwrite the return address to point at the shellcode in the buffer.
Cornell CS
15 feb. 2001 The exploitation of format string bugs represents a new technique for ... overwrite return addresses on the stack internal linkage tables ...
Return-to-libc
if we overwrite the return address with an address to a function in a libc library and overwriting the Remember in the format strings exploit tutorial.
Raluca Popa Spring 2018 CS 161 Computer Security Discussion 1
22 ian. 2018 A format-string vulnerability can allow an attacker to overwrite a saved return address even when stack canaries are enabled. 3. If you have ...
Advanced Format String Attacks
perform string formatting leading to the potential to Point format string at overwrite address and write address of shellcode to end of string.
Attacking the stack
Format string attacks were only discovered (invented?) in 2000 2. overwriting the return address on the stack to this place where the shell code is.
[PDF] Format Strings Shellcode and Stack Protection - UCSD CSE
Format String Vulnerabilities: Writing ? Value that we really want to overwrite is likely a pointer (like the return address)
[PDF] Exploiting Format String Vulnerabilities - CS155
1 sept 2001 · In normal buffer overflows we overwrite the return address of a function frame on the stack As the function that owns this frame returns it
[PDF] Format String Vulnerability printf ( user input ); - Syracuse University
The function retrieves the parameters requested by the format string from the stack printf ("a has value d b has value d c is at address: 08x\n"
[PDF] Format Strings
“Format strings” are the control strings that are passed to the printf() global canary or overwriting a return address without touching the canary
[PDF] Format-String Vulnerability - Fengwei Zhang
printf() scans the format string and prints out each character until “ ” is encountered Goal : To modify the return address of the vulnerable code
[PDF] slides
1 avr 2017 · started format strings exploits format string overwrite: setup buffer starts 16 bytes above printf return address
[PDF] Blind Format String Attacks - Technische Universität München
tion we show a way to exploit format string vulnerabilities on the heap overwrite everything between this buffer and the return address
[PDF] Format String Vulnerabilities
26 fév 2019 · Nice Arbitrary Code Execution It's hard to overwrite the return address like in a buffer overflow Instead we overwrite a entry
[PDF] Format String & Double-Free Attacks - Repository [Root Me
A simple format string vulnerability: snprintf copies data from the format string until it reaches a ' ' Overwriting the Return Address
[PDF] Format String Vulnerabilities and Exploitation - NCC Group Research
Windows 2000 Format String Vulnerabilities By David Litchfield For example on Intel they could overwrite a saved return address
What is a format string vulnerability?
What is a Format String Vulnerability? Often found in C language programs, it refers to a bug found in the printf() function. It is widely used to transport data, which could be ASCII text strings, to the standard output. When used properly, text strings can lead to effective and automated conversion types.- While buffer overflow attacks exist due to failure to perform stable bounds checks, format string attacks exist when a developer fails to perform reliable input validation checks.
Attacking the stack
Thanks to SysSecand Secure Systems Labs
at Vienna University of Technology for some of these slidesAttacking the stack
We have seen how the stack works.
We have already seen how code (incl. malware) can deliberatelydo accessing raw memory representations manipulate memory anywhereon the heap and stack benign, but buggy code can be manipulatedinto doing strange things by malicious input1.buffer overflows
2.format strings attacks
hic2Attacking the stack
Goals for an attacker
1.leaking data -egHeartBleed, or just last week Cloudbleed
2.corrupting data
3.corrupting program execution
This can be
3a) crashing
3b) doing something more interesting
In CIA terminology,such attacks result in breaking1.confidentialityof data
2.integrityof data
3.integrityof program in execution (ie
4.availabilityof data or the process
(if data is destroyed or program crashes) hic3Format string attacks
hic4Format strings attacks
Format string attacks were only discovered (invented?) in 2000, after people had been programming in C for over 25 years! These attacks allow an attacker to read or to corrupt the stack Not such a big problem as buffer overflows, as potential for format string attacks is easy to spot and remove format attacks shouldbe history by now... Still, a great example of how some harmless looking code can turn out to be vulnerable hic5Leaking data
intmain( intargc, char** argv) intpincode= 1234; printf(argv[1]);This program echoes the first program argument.
hic6Aside onmain(intargc, char** argv)
argcis the numbers of arguments, argvare the argument values. argvhas type is a char**, so it is a pointer to a pointer to a char *argvhas type char* (iea string) **argvhas type char and using pointer arithmetic argv[i]has type char*, iea string argv[i][j] has type char, So effectively argvis an array of strings, or a 2-dimensional array of charNote that
when you call an executable from the command line, then argv[0]is the name of the executable, and argv[1]is the first real argument char** argvcan also be written as char **argv hic7 format strings for printf, using the %character printf( ´Ó LV i.\Q´ , j); // %ito print integer value printf( ´Ó LV [ LQ OH[B\Q´ , j); // %x to print 4-byte hexadecimal value´Ó LV i´ is called a format string
Other printing functions, egsnprintf, also accept format strings.Any guess what
printf´Ó LV [ LQ OH[´ does?It will print the top 4 bytes of the stack
hic8Leaking data with format string attack
intmain( intargc, char** argv) intpincode= 1234; printf(argv[1]); This program may leak information from the stack when given malicious input, namely an argument that containsspecial control characters, which are interpretedby printf Egsupplying %x%x%xas input will dump top 12 bytes of the stack hic9Leaking data from memory using strings
printf( ´Ó LV VB\Q´ , str); // %s to print a string, iea char*Any guess what
printf´Ó LV %sLQ OH[´ // %s instead of %i does? It will interpret the top of the stack as a pointer (an address) and will print the string allocated in memory at that address Of course, there might not be a string allocated at that address, and printfsimply prints whatever is in memory up to next null terminator hic10Corrupting data with format string attack
intj; char* msg; ... printf ´ORR ORQJ LV V MQ\RM\ Q´ msg, &j); %n causes the number of characters printed to be writtento j, here it will write 20+length(msg)Any guess what
printf´ORR ORQJ LV POLV Q´ does? It interprets the top of the stack as an address, and writes a value there hic11Example malicious format strings
Interesting inputs for the string strto attackprintf(str) %x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x will print bytes from the top of the stack %p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p will print these bytes as pointer values %s will interpret the top bytes of the stack as an address X, and then prints the string starting at that address A in memory, ie. it dumps all memory from A up to the next null terminator %n will interpret the top bytes of the stack as an address X, and then writesthe number of characters output so far to that address hic12Example reallymalicious format strings
An attacker can try to control which address X is used for reading from memory using %sor for writing to memory using %n with specially crafted format strings of the form \xEF\xCD\xCD\xAB%x %x ... %x %s With the right number of %xcharacters, this will print the string located at memory address ABCDCDEF \xEF\xCD\xCD\xAB%x %x ... %x %n With the right number of %xcharacters, this will write the number of characters printed so far to memory address ABCDCDEF The tricky things are inserting the right number of %x, and choosing an interesting address hic13 stack layout for printf printf´NOMO blah%i%i´ M NRecall: string is written upwards
hic14 a pointer to string %i %i blah blah b1st %i: print this value
2nd %i: print this value
stack layout for really malicious strings printf³\xEF\xCD\xCD\xAB[ [ BBB [ V´ With the right number of %x's, this will print the string located at address ABCDCDEF hic15 pointer to string %s %x %x %xEF CD CDAB
1st %x: print this value
use this as address for %s2nd %x: print this value
Format strings attacks are easy to get rid of!
Potentially vulnerable code is easy to spot
printf(str); printf("Some string literal"); printf("Some integer %i",n); printf("%s",str); Only the first statement is potentially vulnerable namely, if string is orcontains user-supplied input aka string is untrusted or tainted First and last statement have same effect, so unsafe first statement can be replaced by the safe last statement, getting rid of any format string vulnerabilities This has to be done for all functions in the ..print..family hic16 // unsafe // safe equivalent buffer overflows hic17Buffer overflows
It is easy to make mistakes using arrays, pointersand strings, and accidentally read or write memory you shouldn't going outside array bounds copying a string into buffer where it does not fit having a string without a NULL terminator string operations, such as printfand strcopy, assume there is aNULL, and will go off the rails if there is none
having a pointer pointing to the wrong place, eg a stale pointer that points to memory that has been freed a mistake in your pointer arithmetic hic18Typical string problem incorrect buffer length
void vulnerable(char *s){ char buffer[10]; strcpy(buffer, s); // copy s into buffer void main( intargc, char** argv) { vulnerable(argv[1]); // argv[1] is first command line argumentWhat can go wrong here?
Buffer overflow in strcpymay corrupt the stack, with user input hic19Typical string problem: using gets
intmain(intargc, char** archvi){ char *msg= "hello"; f(); printf("%s", msg); intf(){ char p[20]; intj; gets(p); return 1;What can go wrong here?
getsreads user input until the first NULL character. The program has no way of knowing how long this string will be.The stack can be corrupted with user input!
hic20 recall: the stackStack during call to f
main(inti){ char *msg="hello"; f(); print ("%s", msg); intf(){ char p[20]; intj; gets(p); return 1; hic22 intreturn value return address intjstack pointer frame pointersaved frame pointer char *msg stack frame for f() stack frame for main inti char p[ ]Corrupting the stack (1)
What if we overrun p
and to set return address to point to some existing code, say inside a function g()?When freturns,
execution will resume with executing ginstead of main hic23 intreturn value corrupted intjquotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_7[PDF] format string vulnerability solution
[PDF] format string vulnerability write to address
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