The What When
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Linguists and dictionaries use the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, a standardized alphabet or system for phonetic notation. The IPA symbols below are what linguists use to mark certain sounds.
AHANDBOOKOF
FRENCHPHONETICS
WILLIAMA.NITZE
ANDERNESTH.WILKINS
UniversityofChicago
WITHEXERCISESBY
CLARENCEE.PARMENTER
UniversityofChicago
NEWYORK
HENRYHOLTANDCOMPANY
PREFACE
tion,andasareferencebook. ography. sounds;then,onebyone,theseveralletters. ivPREFACE spoken. pronunciationofgivenwords.PREFACE
imitatingthosewhospeakFrenchwell. teacherortheclass.Associationphonétiqueinternationale.
CONTENTS
ANALYSIS
SOUNDS
THEPRODUCTIONOFSPEECH-SOUNDS
THESOUNDSOFFRENCH
DIPHTHONGSVOWELS
Oral at BackMixed(RoundedFront)
NasalExplosiveFricative
NasalTrilledLateral
TABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,ANDEXAMPLES
LETTERSANDSIGNS
ALPHABET
ACCENTS
DIJERESISCEDILLA
LETTERS
THEINDIVIDUALLETTERSFOREIGNWORDS
PROPERNAMES
viiiCONTENTSSYNTHESIS
SYLLABICDIVISION
INSPEECH
INQSPELLINGANDWRITING
STRESS
INASINGLEWORD
INCONNECTEDSPEECH
WordGroupsLogicalandEmotionalStress
VOWELQUANTITY
LIAISON
ASSIMILATION
ELISION
PITCHINTONATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EXERCISES
PHONETICREADINGS
FRENCHSELECTIONSFORORALPRACTICE
INDEXAHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPnoN-ETIOS
ANALYSIS
SOUNDS
thefisvoicelessandtheaanddarevoiced.2A,HANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
speechXsoundiscalledavowel.1 andyusuallyrepresentsemiconsonantsounds. voicedorvoiceless. bracketsarephoneticsymbols.SOUNDSo
DIAGRAMA
Nostrils;2,Nasalpassage;3,Lips;
4,Teeth;5,Palate;6,Velum,raised(as
fororalvowels);7,Velum,lowered(as fornasalvowels);8,Uvula(thetipof thevelum);9,Tongue;10,Pharynx; medicalchartofthethroat,mouth,and nose.4AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
eain[read,\iscalledadigraph.VOWELS
stoppage:seesection1. vowelsand4arenasalvowels.ORALVOWELS
nasalpassage.VOWELS5
DIAGRAMB
DIAGRAMCnous
calledmixedvowels,orroundedfrontvowels. tainingtheseveralvowelsounds.AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
FRONTVOWELS
thecorrespondingEnglishvowels. aredrawnback,andthejawsdonotmove. inthewordy,andinafewbookishwords,lyre Y11/VOWELS7
9.[e].Thissoundiscalledclosee.
themouthiswideropen.ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
usuallybye,e([eacuteorai;et nez10.[c].Thissoundiscalledopene.
contactwiththeupperfrontmolars.ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
usuallybye,e([egraveé,ai,aiaimet orci;penne dés[dc] inthewordNoél,bye[ .N061[noel]38AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
BACKVOWELS
drawnback,andthelipsarerounded. rounded. pronunciationOftheainEnglish[father.\ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
usuallybyaora;pas[pa]tasse[tuzs]14.[o].Thissoundiscalledopen0.
thelipsaremorerounded. ain[law.\Dictionary.
10AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
asfor[u]. [moot.\ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
usuallybyuorit;unecuve orea.e]t[y]19.[a].Thissoundiscalledcloseeu.
tionasfor[e],andthelipsareroundedasfor meute[mezt] je]ner[gene]1 ncsud[na]20.[as].Thissoundiscalledopeneu.
sounded.Itisrepresentedinspelling
usuallybyeuor(Pu; inafewwords,beforemedialillor]nalVOWELS11
alwaysveryshort,andneverstressed. theain[Louisa.Itisrepresentedinspelling
usuallybye; inthewordmonsieur,byon.monsieur[mesjo]NASALVOWELS
iscompleted. isnasal. mornisitselfsilent.12AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
seetheNotesinsections83and84. intermediatebetweenoral[e]andoral[a].ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES
usuallybyaim,ain,cim,ein,im,orfaim in;sainteReimssein
sinlple afterthesounds[e]or[i],byen; incertainformsoftenirandvenir,by in;inafewbookishwords,byem,en in,ym,oryn. 38.ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
26.Thissoundisthenasalequivalentofasound
intermediatebetweenoral[o]andoralItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES
bycmoron.SEMICONSONANTS13
27.Thissoundisthe
Itisrepresentedinspellingbyum,an,oreun.
SEMICONSONANTS
tion1.ItisequivalenttotheyinEnglish[you.
ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
wheninitial usuallybyil;inthewordlinceul,byt. [waj],seesections30,31,and36.EXAMPLESSYMBOLS
humble[O'exbl]parfum[parfoYe] [63] [30Y s]14AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
representedInspellmg usuallybym,ii,orill; inthewordsgrésilandmil([mil letbyit. 33.31.Thephoneticcombination[ji]is
representedinspelling usuallybyilli,Z inthewordabbaye,andintheword paysandltsderivatives,byy.ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES
byit. 33.33.ThephoneticcomYbination[qij]is
representedInspelling:byuy.lfqlla^'l lightly. fartherforward.ItisrepresentedinspellingSYMBOLS
byon.FortherepresentationOfthepho
neticcombinationslwa],[wa],and [WE],seesections35X38.CONSONANTS15
representedinspelling: usuallybyoioroi; inthewordmoelleanditsderivatives,byoe; iFortherepresentationOfthephonet
iccombination[waj],seesection36.36.Thephoneticcombination[waj]is
representedinspelhng usuallybyoy; inafewwords,byouaill.37.Thephoneticcombination[wa]is
representedinspelling: usuallybyoioroi; inthewordpoéleanditsderivatives,bycc.38.Thephoneticcombination[we]is
representedinspelling:CONSONANTS
16AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
voicearecalledvoicelessconsonants. thanthatOfEnglishconsonants. [s],thevoicelesssOf18AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
46.[g].ThissoundisrepresentedEXAMPLES
usuallybygor99; beforeaor0,insomeverbforms,by47.Thephoneticcombination[gz]
represented byx.exiler[egzile]48.[k].Thissoundisrepresented
usuallybycorcc; beforeaor0,oftenbyqu;beforeeori wheninitial,byqu;querelle whenmedial,byquorcqu;49.Thephoneticcombination[ks]is
represented usuallybyx; insomewords,beforeeori,bycc.accesCONSONANTS19
FRICATIVECONSONANTS
stoppageispartialandcontinuous. usuallybyv; inthewordneuf,whenitoccursliaison,byf.52.[f].Thissoundisrepresented
usuallybyforif; insomebookishwords,byph.53.[z].Thissoundisrepresented
usuallybyz;Often,asmedial,bys;
inafewnumerals,byas;FortherepresentationOf[gz],seesection47.
54.[s].Thissoundisrepresented
usuallybysorss;Often,beforee,i,ory,bycorso;
Often,beforethesound[j],byt;nation
inthewordsoixante,byx.soixanteFortherepresentationof[ks],seesection49.
20AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
55.ThissoundisapprOXiEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
matelyequivalenttothezinEnglish [azure,\butthelipsareprotruded.Caremustbetakennottoconfuse
thissoundwiththeordinarysoundofEnglishj:[d3].
Itisrepresentedbeforea,0,oru,byjorge;
beforee,i,ory,byjorg.56.[S].Thissoundisapproxi
matelyequivalenttotheshinEnglish [Show,\butthelipsareprotruded.Itisrepresented
usuallybych;inafewbookishwords,bysch.NASALCONSONANTS
released,asintheexplosiveconsonants.59.[n].Thissoundismoredis
tinctlydentalthantheEnglishn.Itisrepresented:
bynornn. [done]CONSONANTS21
archedagainstthehardpalate.ThissoundisrepresentedEXAMPLES
TRILLEDCONSONANTS
iscalledlingualr,andthesound[R]uvularr.ThersoundsarerepresentedEXAMPLES
usuallybyrorrr;LATERALCONSONANT
thevoiceescapingatthesidesofthetongue.22AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
theutteranceOftheFrenchsound.Thissoundisrepresentedbylorll.
63.TABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,AND
EXAMPLES
USUALSPELLINGSEXAMPLES
Vowels
Front Mixed aim,ain,eim,einfaim,sainte,Reims,sein,1m,in,en
am,an,em,encamp,dans,temps,dent om,ondom,onze um,um,eunfini,ile et,été,gai sou,gout une,d] feu,je]ner,nceudpeuple,smurTABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,EXAMPLES23
24AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
LETTERSANDSIGNS
aregiveninthefourthcolumnofthetable.26AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
Itappearsalso,incertainwords,EXAMPLES
separateinpronunciationfromthe toindicatethattheprecedingu issounded(uinthisendingis generallysilent:seesectionItappearsalso,withvarying
function,incertainpropernames: seesection97TheFrenchnameforthediaere
sisistréma,[trema]. cdesignatesthesound[s]before a,0,oru.TheFrenchnameforthecedilla
iscédille,[sedixj].LETTERS
individualconsonant-letters. normalperiod.LETTERS:A27
70.A.TheletteraisSOUNDSEXAMPLESSYMBOLS
pronouncedasfollowsWhenindependentY(that
is,whennot[incombination,\asspeci]edbe low)Withoutwrittenao
cent:Ingeneral[a]balpattetard
Befores,whenthe[a]évasion
Intheending[a]ornation
-ation,andinafew[11] otherwords,usagevaries wufs[a];andas[as]bone,Zpluralas[O].28AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
SOUNDSBeforecheckedm
morn,or0nal: seesections83and84.Notethatthe
checkedmornisitselfSilent)Withgraveaccent
Withcircum1exao
centIngeneral
Inpastabsolute
endingsofthe0rst conjugation:Incombination
aiispronouncedasfollows:Ingeneral
When0nalinverbforms;intheword
sait,vaisInthe0rstsylla
bleOfthoseforms sableandfaiseur.LETTERszAXB29
SOUNDSSYMBOLSBeforecheckedm
orn:Withafollowingll
or0nall: at aobeforecheckedn ou(foreauseebelow)WhennotthelastvowelsoundOfaword
Ingeneral
Insomewordsaucun
Whenthelastvowelsound
Ingeneral:
Beforer;andina
fewotherwords:Ingeneral
Inthewordpaye
ment: paysanditsderiva tives eau 71.B.Initialormedial
Ingeneral
30AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
SOUNDSEXAMPLESBefore3ort[p]observer
Obtient
silentplombradoub72.C(withoutcedilla).
Single(thatis,notdoub
le,andnot[incombination\)Initialormedial
Beforea,o,u,ora
consonant-letterIngeneral
Inthewords
second,anecdote, andtheirderiva tives:Inthewordslacs
as pect,circonspect (thelastres peet,distinct,ins tinct,succinct(thelastc)andin theverbformBefore6,i,ory
FinalIngeneral
LETTERS1BXC
Aftern
But0nal0issometimessoundedin
theworddone,whenspokenwith emphasis.Inthewordsaccroc,Silentaccroc
broc,caoutchouc, clerc,cric,croc,es croc,estomac,mare, tabacFinalcissoundcriccrac
ed,however,in thecombinations debricetdebracandcriccracDouble
Beforea,o,u,oraaccord
consonantXletterBeforeeori
Incombination
ch(forschseebelow)Ingeneral
InwordsofGreekderivation
Beforea,o,u,oraconsonantXlet
terBeforee,i,ory
Ingeneral
Inafewwords:
32AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS
so(forschseebelow)SOUNDSEXAMPLESSYMBOLSBeforea,o,u,orascandale
consonant-letterBeforee,i,ory[s]
sch:[S]73.C,[s]facadelecon
74.D.Initialormedial
Ingeneral
FinalIngeneral
Inthewordsud
Inliaison(seesection
105)75.E.
Independent
Withoutwritten
centordiaeresis:Initial
Ingeneral
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