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AHANDBOOKOF

FRENCHPHONETICS

WILLIAMA.NITZE

AND

ERNESTH.WILKINS

UniversityofChicago

WITHEXERCISESBY

CLARENCEE.PARMENTER

UniversityofChicago

NEWYORK

HENRYHOLTANDCOMPANY

PREFACE

tion,andasareferencebook. ography. sounds;then,onebyone,theseveralletters. ivPREFACE spoken. pronunciationofgivenwords.

PREFACE

imitatingthosewhospeakFrenchwell. teacherortheclass.

Associationphonétiqueinternationale.

CONTENTS

ANALYSIS

SOUNDS

THEPRODUCTIONOFSPEECH-SOUNDS

THESOUNDSOFFRENCH

DIPHTHONGSVOWELS

Oral at Back

Mixed(RoundedFront)

Nasal

ExplosiveFricative

NasalTrilledLateral

TABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,ANDEXAMPLES

LETTERSANDSIGNS

ALPHABET

ACCENTS

DIJERESISCEDILLA

LETTERS

THEINDIVIDUALLETTERSFOREIGNWORDS

PROPERNAMES

viiiCONTENTS

SYNTHESIS

SYLLABICDIVISION

INSPEECH

INQSPELLINGANDWRITING

STRESS

INASINGLEWORD

INCONNECTEDSPEECH

WordGroupsLogicalandEmotionalStress

VOWELQUANTITY

LIAISON

ASSIMILATION

ELISION

PITCH

INTONATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

EXERCISES

PHONETICREADINGS

FRENCHSELECTIONSFORORALPRACTICE

INDEX

AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPnoN-ETIOS

ANALYSIS

SOUNDS

thefisvoicelessandtheaanddarevoiced.

2A,HANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

speechXsoundiscalledavowel.1 andyusuallyrepresentsemiconsonantsounds. voicedorvoiceless. bracketsarephoneticsymbols.

SOUNDSo

DIAGRAMA

Nostrils;2,Nasalpassage;3,Lips;

4,Teeth;5,Palate;6,Velum,raised(as

fororalvowels);7,Velum,lowered(as fornasalvowels);8,Uvula(thetipof thevelum);9,Tongue;10,Pharynx; medicalchartofthethroat,mouth,and nose.

4AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

eain[read,\iscalledadigraph.

VOWELS

stoppage:seesection1. vowelsand4arenasalvowels.

ORALVOWELS

nasalpassage.

VOWELS5

DIAGRAMB

DIAGRAMCnous

calledmixedvowels,orroundedfrontvowels. tainingtheseveralvowelsounds.

AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

FRONTVOWELS

thecorrespondingEnglishvowels. aredrawnback,andthejawsdonotmove. inthewordy,andinafewbookishwords,lyre Y11/

VOWELS7

9.[e].Thissoundiscalledclosee.

themouthiswideropen.

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

usuallybye,e([eacuteorai;et nez

10.[c].Thissoundiscalledopene.

contactwiththeupperfrontmolars.

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

usuallybye,e([egraveé,ai,aiaimet orci;penne dés[dc] inthewordNoél,bye[ .N061[noel]3

8AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

BACKVOWELS

drawnback,andthelipsarerounded. rounded. pronunciationOftheainEnglish[father.\

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

usuallybyaora;pas[pa]tasse[tuzs]

14.[o].Thissoundiscalledopen0.

thelipsaremorerounded. ain[law.\

Dictionary.

10AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

asfor[u]. [moot.\

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

usuallybyuorit;unecuve orea.e]t[y]

19.[a].Thissoundiscalledcloseeu.

tionasfor[e],andthelipsareroundedasfor meute[mezt] je]ner[gene]1 ncsud[na]

20.[as].Thissoundiscalledopeneu.

sounded.

Itisrepresentedinspelling

usuallybyeuor(Pu; inafewwords,beforemedialillor]nal

VOWELS11

alwaysveryshort,andneverstressed. theain[Louisa.

Itisrepresentedinspelling

usuallybye; inthewordmonsieur,byon.monsieur[mesjo]

NASALVOWELS

iscompleted. isnasal. mornisitselfsilent.

12AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

seetheNotesinsections83and84. intermediatebetweenoral[e]andoral[a].

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES

usuallybyaim,ain,cim,ein,im,orfaim in;sainte

Reimssein

sinlple afterthesounds[e]or[i],byen; incertainformsoftenirandvenir,by in;inafewbookishwords,byem,en in,ym,oryn. 38.

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

26.Thissoundisthenasalequivalentofasound

intermediatebetweenoral[o]andoral

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES

bycmoron.

SEMICONSONANTS13

27.Thissoundisthe

Itisrepresentedinspellingbyum,an,oreun.

SEMICONSONANTS

tion1.

ItisequivalenttotheyinEnglish[you.

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

wheninitial usuallybyil;inthewordlinceul,byt. [waj],seesections30,31,and36.

EXAMPLESSYMBOLS

humble[O'exbl]parfum[parfoYe] [63] [30Y s]

14AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

representedInspellmg usuallybym,ii,orill; inthewordsgrésilandmil([mil letbyit. 33.

31.Thephoneticcombination[ji]is

representedinspelling usuallybyilli,Z inthewordabbaye,andintheword paysandltsderivatives,byy.

ItisrepresentedinspellingEXAMPLES

byit. 33.

33.ThephoneticcomYbination[qij]is

representedInspelling:byuy.lfqlla^'l lightly. fartherforward.

ItisrepresentedinspellingSYMBOLS

byon.

FortherepresentationOfthepho

neticcombinationslwa],[wa],and [WE],seesections35X38.

CONSONANTS15

representedinspelling: usuallybyoioroi; inthewordmoelleanditsderivatives,byoe; i

FortherepresentationOfthephonet

iccombination[waj],seesection36.

36.Thephoneticcombination[waj]is

representedinspelhng usuallybyoy; inafewwords,byouaill.

37.Thephoneticcombination[wa]is

representedinspelling: usuallybyoioroi; inthewordpoéleanditsderivatives,bycc.

38.Thephoneticcombination[we]is

representedinspelling:

CONSONANTS

16AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

voicearecalledvoicelessconsonants. thanthatOfEnglishconsonants. [s],thevoicelesssOf

18AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

46.[g].ThissoundisrepresentedEXAMPLES

usuallybygor99; beforeaor0,insomeverbforms,by

47.Thephoneticcombination[gz]

represented byx.exiler[egzile]

48.[k].Thissoundisrepresented

usuallybycorcc; beforeaor0,oftenbyqu;beforeeori wheninitial,byqu;querelle whenmedial,byquorcqu;

49.Thephoneticcombination[ks]is

represented usuallybyx; insomewords,beforeeori,bycc.acces

CONSONANTS19

FRICATIVECONSONANTS

stoppageispartialandcontinuous. usuallybyv; inthewordneuf,whenitoccursliaison,byf.

52.[f].Thissoundisrepresented

usuallybyforif; insomebookishwords,byph.

53.[z].Thissoundisrepresented

usuallybyz;

Often,asmedial,bys;

inafewnumerals,byas;

FortherepresentationOf[gz],seesection47.

54.[s].Thissoundisrepresented

usuallybysorss;

Often,beforee,i,ory,bycorso;

Often,beforethesound[j],byt;nation

inthewordsoixante,byx.soixante

Fortherepresentationof[ks],seesection49.

20AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

55.ThissoundisapprOXiEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

matelyequivalenttothezinEnglish [azure,\butthelipsareprotruded.

Caremustbetakennottoconfuse

thissoundwiththeordinarysoundof

Englishj:[d3].

Itisrepresentedbeforea,0,oru,byjorge;

beforee,i,ory,byjorg.

56.[S].Thissoundisapproxi

matelyequivalenttotheshinEnglish [Show,\butthelipsareprotruded.

Itisrepresented

usuallybych;inafewbookishwords,bysch.

NASALCONSONANTS

released,asintheexplosiveconsonants.

59.[n].Thissoundismoredis

tinctlydentalthantheEnglishn.

Itisrepresented:

bynornn. [done]

CONSONANTS21

archedagainstthehardpalate.

ThissoundisrepresentedEXAMPLES

TRILLEDCONSONANTS

iscalledlingualr,andthesound[R]uvularr.

ThersoundsarerepresentedEXAMPLES

usuallybyrorrr;

LATERALCONSONANT

thevoiceescapingatthesidesofthetongue.

22AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

theutteranceOftheFrenchsound.

Thissoundisrepresentedbylorll.

63.TABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,AND

EXAMPLES

USUALSPELLINGSEXAMPLES

Vowels

Front Mixed aim,ain,eim,einfaim,sainte,Reims,sein,

1m,in,en

am,an,em,encamp,dans,temps,dent om,ondom,onze um,um,eunfini,ile et,été,gai sou,gout une,d] feu,je]ner,nceudpeuple,smur

TABLEOFSOUNDS,USUALSPELLINGS,EXAMPLES23

24AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

LETTERSANDSIGNS

aregiveninthefourthcolumnofthetable.

26AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

Itappearsalso,incertainwords,EXAMPLES

separateinpronunciationfromthe toindicatethattheprecedingu issounded(uinthisendingis generallysilent:seesection

Itappearsalso,withvarying

function,incertainpropernames: seesection97

TheFrenchnameforthediaere

sisistréma,[trema]. cdesignatesthesound[s]before a,0,oru.

TheFrenchnameforthecedilla

iscédille,[sedixj].

LETTERS

individualconsonant-letters. normalperiod.

LETTERS:A27

70.A.TheletteraisSOUNDSEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

pronouncedasfollows

WhenindependentY(that

is,whennot[incombination,\asspeci]edbe low)

Withoutwrittenao

cent:

Ingeneral[a]balpattetard

Befores,whenthe[a]évasion

Intheending[a]ornation

-ation,andinafew[11] otherwords,usagevaries wufs[a];andas[as]bone,Zpluralas[O].

28AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

SOUNDSBeforecheckedm

morn,or0nal: seesections83and

84.Notethatthe

checkedmornisitselfSilent)

Withgraveaccent

Withcircum1exao

cent

Ingeneral

Inpastabsolute

endingsofthe0rst conjugation:

Incombination

aiispronouncedasfollows:

Ingeneral

When0nalinverbforms;intheword

sait,vais

Inthe0rstsylla

bleOfthoseforms sableandfaiseur.

LETTERszAXB29

SOUNDSSYMBOLSBeforecheckedm

orn:

Withafollowingll

or0nall: at aobeforecheckedn ou(foreauseebelow)

WhennotthelastvowelsoundOfaword

Ingeneral

Insomewordsaucun

Whenthelastvowelsound

Ingeneral:

Beforer;andina

fewotherwords:

Ingeneral

Inthewordpaye

ment: paysanditsderiva tives eau 71.B.

Initialormedial

Ingeneral

30AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

SOUNDSEXAMPLESBefore3ort[p]observer

Obtient

silentplombradoub

72.C(withoutcedilla).

Single(thatis,notdoub

le,andnot[incombination\)

Initialormedial

Beforea,o,u,ora

consonant-letter

Ingeneral

Inthewords

second,anecdote, andtheirderiva tives:

Inthewordslacs

as pect,circonspect (thelastres peet,distinct,ins tinct,succinct(thelastc)andin theverbform

Before6,i,ory

Final

Ingeneral

LETTERS1BXC

Aftern

But0nal0issometimessoundedin

theworddone,whenspokenwith emphasis.

Inthewordsaccroc,Silentaccroc

broc,caoutchouc, clerc,cric,croc,es croc,estomac,mare, tabac

Finalcissoundcriccrac

ed,however,in thecombinations debricetdebracandcriccrac

Double

Beforea,o,u,oraaccord

consonantXletter

Beforeeori

Incombination

ch(forschseebelow)

Ingeneral

InwordsofGreekderivation

Beforea,o,u,oraconsonantXlet

ter

Beforee,i,ory

Ingeneral

Inafewwords:

32AHANDBOOKOFFRENCHPHONETICS

so(forschseebelow)SOUNDSEXAMPLESSYMBOLS

Beforea,o,u,orascandale

consonant-letter

Beforee,i,ory[s]

sch:[S]

73.C,[s]facadelecon

74.D.

Initialormedial

Ingeneral

Final

Ingeneral

Inthewordsud

Inliaison(seesection

105)
75.E.

Independent

Withoutwritten

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