Functions in MIPS PDF Arguments and return values are

function AverageTwo (num1 num2). { var average; /* average of the two numbers */ average = (num1 + num2) / 2; return average;. } Functions Can Return

Functions in MIPS

Up to four function arguments can be “passed” by placing them in argument registers $a0-$a3 before calling the function with jal. — A function can “return”

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Functions in MIPS

Arguments and return values are passed back and forth. 3. Local variables can be allocated and destroyed. ? And how they are handled in MIPS: — New

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[PDF] Functions Returning Values & Functions Arguments: Content

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[PDF] Chapter - 6 : Functions

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[PDF] Chapter - 6 : Functions

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What can a function return?
A return is a value that a function returns to the calling script or function when it completes its task. A return value can be any one of the four variable types: handle, integer, object, or string. The type of value your function returns depends largely on the task it performs.
Can functions return data?
To return a value from a function, you must include a return statement, followed by the value to be returned, before the function's end statement. If you do not include a return statement or if you do not specify a value after the keyword return, the value returned by the function is unpredictable.
Can a function return a print statement?
Printing has no effect on the ongoing execution of a program. It doesn't assign a value to a variable. It doesn't return a value from a function call.
Some functions don't return a significant value, but others do. It's important to understand what their values are, how to use them in your code, and how to make functions return useful values.

Lectures 5

Announcements:

Today:

³Oops in Strings/pointers (example from last time)

³Functions in MIPS

2 int foo(char *s) { int L = 0; while (*s++) { ++L; return L;

OOPS -What does this C code do?

An Example Function: Factorial

int fact(int n) {fact: li $t0, 1 int i, f = 1; move $t1,$a0 # set i to n for (i = n; i > 0; i--) loop: f = f * i; blez $t1,exit # exit if done return f; mul $t0,$t0,$t1 # build factorial } addi $t1, $t1,-1 # i-- j loop exit: move $v0,$t0 jr $ra 4

Register Correspondences

$zero $0 Zero

$at $1 Assembler temp

$v0-$v1 $2-3 Value (return from function)

$a0-$a3 $4-7 Argument (to function)

$t0-$t7 $8-15 Temporaries

$s0-$s7 $16-23 Saved Temporaries Saved

$t8-$t9 $24-25 Temporaries

$k0-$k1 $26-27 Kernel (OS) Registers

$gp $28 Global Pointer Saved

$sp $29 Stack Pointer Saved

$fp $30 Frame Pointer Saved

$ra $31 Return Address Saved

Functions in MIPS

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1.7OH SURJUMP·V IORR RI ŃRQPURO PXVP NH ŃOMQJHGB

2.Arguments and return values are passed back and forth.

3.Local variables can be allocated and destroyed.

And how they are handled in MIPS:

³New instructions for calling functions.

³Conventions for sharing registers between functions.

³Use of a stack.

Control flow in C

Invoking a function changes the

control flow of a program twice.

1.Calling the function

2.Returningfrom the function

In this example the mainfunction

calls facttwice, and fact returns twice³but to differentlocations in main.

Each time fact is called, the CPU

has to remember the appropriate return address.

Notice that main itself is also a

function! It is called by the operating system when you run the program. int main() t1 = fact(8); t2 = fact(3); t3 = t1 + t2; int fact(int n) int i, f = 1; for (i = n; i > 1; i--) f = f * i; return f; 7

Function control flow MIPS

MIPS uses the jump-and-link instruction jalto call functions. ³The jal saves the return address (the address of the nextinstruction) in the dedicated register $ra, before jumping to the function. ³jal is the only MIPS instruction that can access the value of the program counter, so it can store the return address PC+4 in $ra. jal Fact To transfer control back to the caller, the function just has to jump to the address that was stored in $ra. jr $ra IHP·V QRR MGG POH ÓMO MQG ÓU LQVPUXŃPLRQV POMP MUH QHŃHVVMU\ IRU RXU factorial example. 8

Data flow in C

Functions accept argumentsand

produce return values.

The blueparts of the program

show the parameters and arguments of the fact function.

The purpleparts of the code deal

with returning and using a result. int main() t1 =fact(8); t2 =fact(3); t3 = t1 + t2; intfact(int n) int i, f = 1; for (i = n; i > 1; i--) f = f * i; return f; 9

Data flow in MIPS

MIPS uses the following conventions for function arguments and results. argument registers $a0-$a3before calling the function with jal. $v0-$v1, before returning via jr. These conventions are not enforced by the hardware or assembler, but programmers agree to them so functions written by different people can interface with each other. IMPHU RH·OO PMON MNRXP OMQGOLQJ MGGLPLRQMO MUJXPHQPV RU UHPXUQ YMOXHVB 10 Assembly language is untyped³there is no distinction between integers, characters, pointers or other kinds of values. It is up to youPR ´P\SH ŃOHŃNµ \RXU SURJUMPVB HQ SMUPLŃXOMU PMNH VXUH your function arguments and return values are used consistently. For example, what happens if somebody passes the addressof an integer (instead of the integer itself) to the fact function?

A note about types

The big problem so far

There is a big problem here!

³The main code uses $t1to store the result of fact(8).

³But $t1is also used within the fact function!

The subsequent call to fact(3) will overwrite the value of fact(8) that was stored in $t1. 12 A:... 3XP %·V MUJV LQ M0-$a3 jalB# $ra = A2

A2:...

B:... 3XP F·V MUJV LQ M0-$a3, HUMVLQJ %·V MUJVA jalC# $ra = B2

B2:...

jr$ra# Where does # this go??? C:... jr$ra

Nested functions

A similar situation happens when

you call a function that then calls another function. IHP·V VM\ $ ŃMOOV % ROLŃO ŃMOOV FB quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

[PDF] Functions in MIPS Arguments and return values are

What can a function return?

Can functions return data?

Can a function return a print statement?

Lectures 5

Announcements:

Today:

³Functions in MIPS

OOPS -What does this C code do?

An Example Function: Factorial

Register Correspondences

$zero $0 Zero

$at $1 Assembler temp

$v0-$v1 $2-3 Value (return from function)

$a0-$a3 $4-7 Argument (to function)

$t0-$t7 $8-15 Temporaries

$s0-$s7 $16-23 Saved Temporaries Saved

$t8-$t9 $24-25 Temporaries

$k0-$k1 $26-27 Kernel (OS) Registers

$gp $28 Global Pointer Saved

$sp $29 Stack Pointer Saved

$fp $30 Frame Pointer Saved

$ra $31 Return Address Saved

Functions in MIPS

1.7OH SURJUMP·V IORR RI ŃRQPURO PXVP NH ŃOMQJHGB

2.Arguments and return values are passed back and forth.

3.Local variables can be allocated and destroyed.

And how they are handled in MIPS:

³New instructions for calling functions.

³Use of a stack.

Control flow in C

Invoking a function changes the

1.Calling the function

2.Returningfrom the function

In this example the mainfunction

Each time fact is called, the CPU

Notice that main itself is also a

Function control flow MIPS

Data flow in C

Functions accept argumentsand

The blueparts of the program

The purpleparts of the code deal

Data flow in MIPS

A note about types

The big problem so far

There is a big problem here!

³But $t1is also used within the fact function!

A2:...

B2:...

Nested functions

A similar situation happens when

Announcements:

Today:

$zero $0 Zero

$at $1 Assembler temp

$v0-$v1 $2-3 Value (return from function)

$a0-$a3 $4-7 Argument (to function)

$t0-$t7 $8-15 Temporaries

$s0-$s7 $16-23 Saved Temporaries Saved

$t8-$t9 $24-25 Temporaries

$k0-$k1 $26-27 Kernel (OS) Registers

$gp $28 Global Pointer Saved

$sp $29 Stack Pointer Saved

$fp $30 Frame Pointer Saved

$ra $31 Return Address Saved

And how they are handled in MIPS:

Invoking a function changes the

In this example the mainfunction

Each time fact is called, the CPU

Notice that main itself is also a

Functions accept argumentsand

The blueparts of the program

The purpleparts of the code deal

There is a big problem here!

A similar situation happens when