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Computer

ScienceClass XIShiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre,

Preet Vihar

, Delhi-110 092 India

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre,

Preet Vihar

, Delhi-110 092 IndiaCENTRAL BOARD OF

SECONDAR

Y EDUCATIONCENTRAL BOARD OF

SECONDAR

Y EDUCATION

COMPUTER

SCIENCEClass-XI

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet V

ihar, Delhi-110 092 IndiaComputer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XIComputer Science Class XI

PUBLISHED BY

:The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre,

Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092

DESIGN, LAYOUT

:Multi Graphics, 5745/81, Reghar Pura, Karol Bagh,

New Delhi-110005, Phone : 25783846

PRINTED BY

:No Part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or any means, electric, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. H kkjr dk lafo/ku e wy dÙkZO;m

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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PREAMBLE

1 WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN

SOCIALIST

SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens :

JUSTICE,

social, economic and political; LIBER TY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY

of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all 2 FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the [unity and integrity of the Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY TO

OURSEL

VES THIS CONSTITUTION.THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Chapter IV A

Fundamental Duties

AR

TICLE 51A

Fundamental

Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India- (a)

to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National

Anthem;

(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogator y to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g)

to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have

compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.1.

Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

2.

Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of the Nation (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XIForewordThis

century is characterized with the emergence of knowledge based society wherein ICT plays a pivotal role. In its vision, the National Policy on ICT in School Education by MHRD, Govt. of India, states "The ICT Policy in School Education aims at preparing youth to participate creatively in the establishment, sustenance and growth of a knowledge society leading to all round socio economic development of the nation and global competitiveness". The policy envisages three stages of ICT implementations at school level - ICT literacy and Competency Enhancement, IT enabled teaching-learning, and introduction of ICT related elective subjects at Senior Secondary level. With this backdrop a major paradigm shift is imperative in imparting ICT- enabled instructions, collaborative learning, multidisciplinary problem-solving and promoting critical thinking skills as envisaged in the National curriculum framework 2005.

Foundation

of these skills is laid at school level. Ever since the invention of Charles Babbage's difference engine in 1822, computers have required a means of instructing them to perform a specific task. This is known as a programming language. Programs in computer programming language prepare people to write and design computer software. Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.

Syllabus

of Computer Sciences has been revisited accordingly with a focus on generic concepts with domain specific practical experiments and projects to ensure conceptual knowledge with practical skills. Learning to write programs stretches your mind, and helps you think better, creates a way of thinking about things that is helpful in all domains. Since Computers have permeated in every walk of life such as launching satellites, e- traiding, e-business and also enabling social networking it is imperative to study programming languages. I am happy to release Part-1 of Computer Science Book for Class - XI. I would like to express my deep appreciation to the text book development team for their contribution.

Appreciation

is also due to Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Academics, Research,

Training

and Innovation) and Kshipra Verma, Education Officer, CBSE in bringing out this publication. It is hoped that all students and teachers will benefit by making best use of this publication. Their feedback will be highly appreciated for further improvement.

Vineet Joshi

Chairman, CBSE

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XIAcknowledgements

CBSE ADVISORS

v v

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

v v v v

MEMBER COORDINATOR

v

Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE

Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director

(Academics, Research, Training & Innovation) Ms. Anju Gupta, Rukmini Devi Public School, Pitam Pura, New Delhi. Ms. Mohini Arora, Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, Subroto Park, New Delhi. Ms. S. Meena, Sachdeva Public School, Pitam Pura, New Delhi.

Ms. Shally Arora, Delhi Public School, Gurgaon.

M s. Kshipra Verma, Education Officer, CBSE, New Delhi.

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XIContentForeword

Acknowledgement

Chapter

1: Computer Fundamentals2

Chapter

2: Software Concepts20

Chapter

3: Data Representation in Computers37

Chapter

4: Microprocessors and Memory Concepts54

Chapter

1: Algorithms and Flowcharts71

Chapter

2: Programming Methodology82

Chapter

1: Getting Started97

Chapter

2: Functions127

Chapter

3: Conditional and Looping Construct153

Chapter

1: Strings168

Chapter

2: Lists193

Chapter

3: Dictionaries227

Chapter

4: Tuples244UNIT

- 1 : COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS UNIT - 2 : PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY UNIT - 3: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON UNIT - 4: PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON

Computer Science - Class XI

Computer Science - Class XI

UNIT 1

2 Chapter 1

Computer Fundamentals After studying this session students will be able to: @ Learn the evolution of computers @ Learn about various generations of computer @ Understand the basic operation of a computer @ Study the functional components and their interconnections @ Understand the concept of booting @ Learn about classification of computers

Introduction

Computers are seen everywhere around us, in all spheres of life. May it be the field of education and research, travel and tourism, weather forecasting, social networking, e- commerce or any other, computers have now become an indispensable part of our lives. The manner, in which computers have revolutionised our lives because of their accuracy and speed of performing a job, is truly remarkable. Today no organization can function without a computer. In fact various organizations are trying to become paper free owing to benefits of computers. But the computers of today have evolved over the years from a simple calculating device to the portable high speed computers that we see today.

Evolution of Computers

The growth of computer industry started with the need for performing fast calculations. The manual method of computing was slow and prone to errors. So attempts were made to develop faster calculating devices. The journey that started from the first calculating device i.e. Abacus has led us today to extremely high speed calculating devices. Let us first have a look at some early calculating devices and then we will explore various generations of computer.

3 Abacus

Abacus was discovered by the Mesopotamians in around 3000 BC. An abacus consisted of beads on movable rods divided into two parts. (Fig-1) Addition and multiplication of numbers was done by using the place value of digits of the numbers and position ofquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23

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