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2010 review prepared underThe Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
ECE/EB.AIR/123
New York and Geneva, 2013
NOTESymbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with ?gures. Mention of such
symbols indicates a reference to a United Nations document.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
In United Nations texts, the term "ton" refers to metric tons (1,000 kg or 2,204.6 lbs).Acknowledgements
The secretariat would like to acknowledge the work of Ms. Stephanie Mansourian, consultant, in preparing this
publication. It would also like to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of the Convention's Programme Centres.
ECE/EB.AIR/123
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Copyright ® United Nations, 2013
All rights reserved
UNECE Information Service
P hone: +41 (0) 22 917 44 44Palais des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 10
E-mail: inf
o.ece@unece.orgSwitzerland
W eb site: http://www.unece.org For more information, consult the Convention"s web site, or contact: Albena Karadjova,Secretary, Executive Body of the Convention, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (Tel. +41-22-917-2345).
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................
.........................5 A. T he Convention ...................................5 B. I mplementation of the protocols and progress on national strategies and policies .........6 C. G eneral trends and priorities in combating air pollution A. M andate and general objectives B. M ain contents ......................................8Introduction
CONVENTION ON LONGRANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION .........9A. Status of ratication of the Convention and its protocols ...................................................................9
B. A ctivities in the framework of the Convention ...................9 C. C apacity-building activities D. Future priorities under the Convention........................................................................
................................13 TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS AND EFFECTS ..............................14A. Emission levels and trends ...................................................................................................................................14
B. T rends in eects ................................15 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTOCOLS AND PROGRESS IN NATIONALPOLICIES AND STRATEGIES
...16 A. The 1999 G othenburg Protocol to Abate Acidication, Eutrophication andGround-level Ozone
.......................16 B. T he 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants C. T he 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals ......................24 D. T he 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions E.1991 G
eneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or their Transboundary Fluxes
......................27 F.1998 S
oa Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes G.1985 Helsink
i Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or theirTransboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent
..................30 STRA TEGIES AND POLICIES FOR CONTROLLING LONGRANGETRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION
A. National institutional, regulatory and strategic framework for air pollution abatement ..........30
B. S ector-specic policies and measures for addressing air pollution C. R esearch, development and monitoring ............................36 D. Ex change of technology and public awareness .............36Legend for key categories (gures 17-22)
....................................57 4 ANNEX Parties to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution .........................38Figure 2
Status of ratication of protocols as of November 2013 ...........................................................38
Figure 3
Organizational structure of the Convention ........................................................................
.............39Figure 4
Emission trends of sulphur in the EMEP area 1990-2008 and 2010 ....................................39
Figure 5
Emission trends of NOx in the EMEP area 1990-2008 and 2010 ...........................................40
Figure 6
Emission trends of ammonia in the EMEP area 1990-2008 and 2010 ...............................40Figure7
Emission trends of NMVOCs in the EMEP area, 1990-2008 and 2010 ................................41Figure 8
Emission trends of POPs in the EMEP area, 1990-2008 ...............................................................42
Figure 9
Emission trends of heavy metals in the EMEP area 1990-2008 .............................................43
Figure 10a
Emission trends of SOx in USA 1990-2008 ........................................................................
.................44Figure 10 b
Emission trends of NOx in USA 1990-2008 ........................................................................
................44Figure 10 c
Emission trends of NMVOC in USA 1990-2008 ........................................................................
........44Figure 10 d
Emission trends of SOx in Canada 1990-2008 ........................................................................
..........45Figure10 e
Emission trends of NOx in Canada 1990-2008 ........................................................................
.........45Figure 10 f
Emission trends of NMVOC in Canada 1990-2008 ........................................................................
.45Figure 11
Emissions of sulphur in 2008 at 50 km resolution ........................................................................
.46Figure 12
Emissions of nitrogen oxides in 2008 at 50 km resolution .......................................................46
Figure 13
Emissions of ammonia in 2008 at 50 km resolution .....................................................................46
Figure 14
Emissions of NMVOCs in 2008 at 50 km resolution ......................................................................46
Figure 15
Emissions of PM 2.5 and PM Coarse in 2008 at 50 km resolution ........................................47
Figure 16
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of SOx in the EMEP area, 2008 ................................47Figure 17
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of NOx in the EMEP area, 2008 ...............................48Figure 18
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of NMVOCs in the EMEP area, 2008 ....................48Figure 19
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of ammonia in the EMEP area, 2008 ...................49Figure 20
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the EMEP area .50Figure 21
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of lead, cadmium and mercury in the EMEP area ................51Figure 22
Anthropogenic emissions per sector of POPs in the EMEP area ..........................................52
Figure 23
Reduction in emissions of SOx (left) and NOx (right) in the individual Parties of the UNECE region between 1990 and 2008
........53Figure 24
Reduction in emissions of NMVOC (left) and NH3 (right) in the individual Parties of the UNECE region between 1990 and 2008
Figure 25
Eects of pollutants covered by the Convention"s protocols .................................................55
Figure 26
Average Accumulated Exceedance (AAE) in every EMEP-50 km grid cell of critical loads for acidication in 2000 (left) and 2020 under the baseline (middle) and maximum feasible (right) end-of-pipe emission reduction scenarios
..................56Figure 27
Average Accumulated Exceedance (AAE) in every EMEP-50 km grid cell of critical loads for eutrophication in 2000 (left), and in 2020 under the baseline (middle) and maximum feasible (right) end-of-pipe emission reduction scenarios
..................56EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution, signed in Geneva in 1979, is a landmark international agreement. For more than 30years it has been instrumental in reducing emissions contributing to transboundary air pollution in the UNECE region through coordinated e?orts on research, monitoring and the development of emission reduction strategies on regional air pollution and its e?ects. The 2010 summary review of strategies and policies for air pollution abatement is based on replies by Parties to the Convention to the 2010 questionnaire on strategies and policies as well as other information provided by Parties. The questionnaire asked Parties for information on their implementation of the protocols to the Convention as well as general policy information related to the integration of air pollution mitigation policies with economic, transport, energy, waste management, spatial planning and other policy frameworks. The questionnaire on strategies and policies, circulated every two years, is intended to assist Parties in providing information as required under the seven substantive protocols to the Convention. In 2009, the Executive Body decided that the 2010 questionnaire would represent the uniform reporting framework referred to in article8, paragraph 2, of the Nitrogen Oxides (NO
x ) Protocol; 1 article 8, paragraph 4, of the Protocol on Volatile OrganicCompounds (VOCs);
2 article 5, paragraph 1, of the1994 Sulphur Protocol;
3 article 9, paragraph 2, of theProtocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs);
4 article7, paragraph 2, of the Protocol on Heavy Metals;
5 and article 7, paragraph 2, of the 1998 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidi?cation, Eutrophication and Ground-levelOzone (the Gothenburg Protocol).
11988 Soa P rotocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen
Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes.
21991 Gene va Protocol on Volatile Organic Compounds or Their
Transboundary Fluxes.
31994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions.
41998 Aar hus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
51998 Aar hus Protocol on Heavy Metals.
Since 2000, the information reported by Parties via the questionnaire has been summarized and published every four years. 6The overall aim of the reviews of
strategies and policies is: (a) T o assess the progress made by Parties and the region as a whole in implementing obligations under the Convention and its protocols and to further their implementation; (b) T o facilitate the exchange of information between Parties, which is foreseen in the Convention and its protocols; and (c) T o raise awareness about the problems of air pollution, as well as to make the contribution of theConvention and successful abatement strategies
more visible. As of 22 May 2010, 51 member countries of UNECE and the European Community were Party to the Convention.The 2010 Review reects the continued eorts made
by Parties to implement the Convention and its seven substantive protocols, with a focus on the three most recent protocols. It is based on replies to the 2010 questionnaire on strategies and policies for air pollution abatement received from 28 of the 51 Parties to theConvention.
The C onvention
The Convention has been a major contributor to
international policy on reducing transboundary air pollution and an essential framework for controlling and reducing the damage to human health and the environment caused by such pollution through research, monitoring, policy and legislative action. In 6 The 2000, 2002 and 2006 R eviews are available at http://www. unece.org/env/lrtap/conv/conclusi.htm. Parties" responses to the 2010 and the earlier on-line questionnaires are available at: (Username: guest", no password required). the 30 years of its existence, the Convention has been extended by eight protocols, seven of which address speci?c pollutants and environmental problems such as acidi?cation and eutrophication.The 2010 Review presents progress to date in
implementing the Convention and its seven substantive protocols, with a focus on the three most recent protocols. It is based on replies to the 2010 questionnaire on strategies and policies for air pollution abatement received from 28 of the 51 Parties to the Convention.Concentrations of SO
2 in Europe continued to decrease, falling 70% from 1990 to 2008. Over the same period, other pollutants have also decreased: NO x by 32%; VOCs by 45%; and NH 3quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20[PDF] how to convert from decimal to degrees
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