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1Build Debian/Ubuntu packages

to make it easy for users to install your software

Samuel Thibault

2019 May 13th

2Outline

Why making packages?

How about Debian

Introduction to distribution & packages

Introduction to making a package

Introduction to distributing a package

3Why making packages?

./configure && make && make install

Install where?

Manage upgrades

Missing dependencies

Make sure dependencies kept installed

4How about Debian?

One of the main GNU/Linux distributions

Started in 1993

Community-based

Ported to a dozen architectures

Basically includes most available free software

Many many many derivatives

More than 300, 120 of which still active

Ubuntu, notably

~1000 developers, ~2000 non-developer maintainers

5How about Debian?

Social Contract

Between developers and users

Basically

"Debian will always be free" "We won't hide problems" -Everything is public, except debian-private "Users are our priority" "There is non-free software out there" -"non-free" and "contrib" sections

6What is a distribution?

From source to installed system

Gather coherent set of source code

Linux kernel (or others)

Libc

System tools

Libraries

Applications

Desktop environments

Compile everything

"binary Packages"

7What is a distribution?

Archive

http mirrors

Installer

Unpacks basic system

Then make it install binary packages

Package manager

To install more binary packages

And that's about it!

8What is a package?

Source vs. binary package

Source package:

"upstream" source code (as a tarball) debian/ directory (as another tarball, or patch) -Debian meta-data -some patches against upstream source code ...build...

Binary package(s):

Binaries + meta-data

9Put into practice

€ apt-get source hello € ls hello* hello_2.10-1.dsc hello_2.10.orig.tar.gz hello_2.10-1.debian.tar.xz hello-2.10/ € cd hello-2.10 € ls

INSTALL README TODO Makeifile.am Makeifile.in

debian/ lib/ man/ po/ src/ tests/

10Put into practice

€ sudo apt-get build-dep hello € dpkg-buildpackage € cd .. € ls hello_2.10-1_amd64.changes hello_2.10-1_amd64.deb € sudo apt-get install ./hello_*.deb

11What is a source package?

The source is all the source, only the source

No pre-built stuff

or regenerate it during the build

No embedded copies of other software

Best guarantee for user to have free software

Able to rebuild it all

Able to modify all of it

Make sure to modify a library

12What is a source package?

Source meta-data

Potentially very large information

Basically

debian/copyright: document licences debian/control: package name, dependencies debian/rules: how to build the package debian/changelog: as name suggests

13Put into practice

Minimal debian/control

Source: hello

Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 10)

Package: hello

Architecture: any

Description: hello

This is just a test package

14Put into practice

Minimal debian/rules

#!/usr/bin/make -f dh $@

Thanks to debian/compat containing

10

15Put into practice

Minimal debian/changelog

hello (2.10-1) sid; urgency=low * Initial packaging. -- Samuel Thibault Tue, 11 May

2019 14:00:00 +0200

16Package build

Several steps done by dpkg-buildpackage

debian/rules clean dh_auto_clean -make clean debian/rules build dh_auto_build -configure && make && make check debian/rules binary dh_auto_install -make install dh_install dh_builddeb

17What is dh_install?

Simple case: one binary package

make install into debian/hello dh_install basically no-op, dh_builddeb packs

Several binary packages

make install into debian/tmp dh_install moves files to debian/hello-foo and debian/hello-bar dh_builddeb packs hello-foo and hello-bar

18What is dh_install?

Library example

debian/libhello1.install: /usr/lib/*/lib*.so.* debian/libhello-dev.install: /usr/include /usr/lib/*/lib*.a /usr/lib/*/lib*.so /usr/lib/*/pkgconifig/*

19Why two packages for a lib?

Basically, room

One usually don't need -dev for all installed libs

And even less -doc

Saves Disk

Network bandwidth on upgrade

Directory indexing

20Dependencies

libfoo1 vs libfoo-dev

Say my hello uses libfoo

Needs libfoo-dev at build time

apt-get build-dep hello

Needs libfoo1 at run time

User shouldn't have to care about it

21Put into practice

More involved debian/control

Source: hello

Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 10), libfoo-dev, libbar-dev

Package: hello

Architecture: any

Depends: ${shlibs:Depends}

Description: hello

This is just a test package

dh_shlibdeps step will compute Depends

22Architecture: any packages?

Arch-dependent vs Arch-independent

Does it depend on arch?

Processor instruction set

32bit vs 64bit

Little vs big endian

➔Arch-dependent: libfoo_1.0-1_amd64.deb ➔Otherwise, arch-independent

Architecture: all packages

e.g. libfoo-data_1.0-1_all.deb

23Architecture: all packages?

Data

Documentation

Non-compiled langages

Python

Perl TeX

No need to rebuild them for each arch

One copy on mirrors

24Summing it up

My program

One source package: foo

One binary package: foo

My library

One source package: libfoo

E.g. three binary packages:

libfoo1 (arch:any) libfoo-dev (arch:any) libfoo-doc (arch:all)

25Making it simple

€ apt-get install dh-make € dh_make Type of package: (single, indep, library, python) [silp]? € $EDITOR debian/control debian/copyright € rm debian/*.ex € dpkg-buildpackage

Will just work fine if your upstream is nice

(automake, cmake, ...)

26A bit less simple

I lied, doesn't work with hello source

Because odd GNUmakefile lingering there

dh_auto_clean thinks it can run make clean, fails override_dh_auto_clean: [ ! -f Makeifile ] || dh_auto_clean override_dh_installdocs: dh_installdocs NEWS

27More information

Debian Packaging Tutorial

http://www.debian.org/devel/

Debian New Maintainer's Guide

Debian Developer's Reference

Debian Policy

28Yay, my package is ready!

Check its soundness

€ lintian hello_1.0-1_amd64.changes

Now let's publish it

My own website

Debian/Ubuntu

What to publish?

Source packages

Binary packages

For various distribs

29Why various binary packages

Library versions

Debian 8 contains libicu52

Debian 9 contains libicu57, not libicu52

No compatibility

Packages using libicu need a rebuild

Must not be blindly overriden

There be dragons!

30Building for various distribs

€ apt-get install pbuilder € sudo pbuilder create --basetgz $HOME/base-jessie.tgz --distribution jessie € cd ~/hello-2.10 € pdebuild -- --basetgz $HOME/base-jessie.tgz € cd /var/cache/pbuilder/result/

Also useful for checking missing Build-Depends

31For each distrib

€ mkdir jessie € cd jessie € mv /var/cache/pbuilder/result/*2.10* . € dpkg-scanpackages . . | tee Packages | bzip2 > Packages.bz2

In sources.list:

deb [trusted=yes] http://my.website/jessie ./

32Pushing to Debian

And thus all its derivatives

Needs review & approval of course

And actually uploaded at some point

Signed with gpg key

Debian Developers (DD)

Can upload anything

Debian Maintainers (DM)

Can upload the packages they are allowed to

33Pushing to Debian

Becoming a DD

Prove technical skills and knowledge of Debian

Long work

Becoming a DM

Get some DD sign your gpg key and advocate you

Get some DD to allow you to upload

After mentoring for some time, usually

Get sponsored

Get some DD or DM to do the upload

34Pushing to Debian

Any DD out there?

Lyon: Ana Guerrero, Aurélien Jarno, Josselin Mouette

Also Hugo Lefeuvre, Raphael Geissert, Romain

Françoise, Stephen Kitt

Around Lyon: Raphaël Hertzog

Way better if you maintain your package :)

Also debian-mentors for help

35Contributing to Debian

Now, in reality

Start with submitting bug reports

Submit patches fixing bugs

Probably not so good, mentoring

Submit good patches fixing bugs

Get commit access

Get DM status

Get DD status

36Cheatlist

€ debcheckout hello € dgit clone hello € dget http://www.foo.org/foo.dsc € dpkg-source -x foo.dsc € dpkg-checkbuilddeps € mk-build-deps -s sudo -r -i € debdifff hello_1.0-{1,2}_amd64.changes € rmadison libicu52quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20
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