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ISGOTT

International Safety Guide for

Oil Tankers and Terminals

Fifth Edition

INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPING

OIL COMPANIES INTERNATIONAL MARINE FORUM

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PORTS AND HARBORS

ii INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

First Published 1978

Second Edition 1984

Third Edition 1988

Third Edition Revised 1991

Fourth Edition 1996

Fifth Edition 2006

© International Chamber of Shipping, London

and

Oil Companies International Marine Forum, Bermuda

1978, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1996, 2006

ISBN 13: 978 1 85609 291 3

ISBN 10: 1 85609 291 7

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)is a voluntary organisation comprising national shipowners' associations. It represents approximately two thirds of the world's merchant tonnage. Established in 1921, ICS is the trade association for the shipping industry, its interests covering all aspects of maritime affairs, particularly marine safety, ship design and construction, pollution prevention and maritime law. ICS has consultative status with several inter-governmental organisations, including the International Maritime Organization. The Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)is a voluntary association of oil companies having an interest in the shipment and terminalling of crude oil and oil products. OCIMF is organised to represent its membership before, and consult with, the International Maritime Organization and other government bodies on matters relating to the shipment and terminalling of crude oil and oil products, including marine pollution and safety. The International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH) is a voluntary world- wide association of port authorities, founded in 1955. Current membership includes

219 regular and 138 associate members encompassing 87 countries. IAPH is

committed to the exchange and promotion of ideas and technical knowledge on issues of concern to those who work in ports and related industries. Its consultative status with UN and other organisations, including IMO, is a positive benefit in this regard. International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals - 5th ed.

1. Tankers - Safety measures

2. Petroleum shipping terminals - Safety measures

I. International Association of Ports and Harbors

II. International Chamber of Shipping

III. Oil Companies International Marine Forum

623.8'245

ISBN-10 1856092917

Published and Printed by

WITHERBY & CO. LTD.

32/36 Aylesbury Street

London ECIR 0ET, United Kingdom

Tel No: +44 (0)20 7251 5341

Fax No: +44 (0)20 7251 1296

www.witherbys.comNotice of Terms of Use

While the information and advice given in this guide (Guide) has been developed using the best information

currently available, it is intended purely as guidance to be used at the user's own risk. No warranties or

representations are given nor is any duty of care or responsibility accepted by the International Chamber

of Shipping (ICS), the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), the International Association

of Ports and Harbors (IAPH), the members or employees of ICS, OCIMF, IAPH or by any person, firm,

company or organisation who or which has been in any way concerned with the furnishing of information

or data, the compilation or any translation, publishing, supply or sale of the Guide, for the accuracy of any

information or advice in the Guide or any omission from the Guide or for any consequence whatsoever resulting

directly or indirectly from compliance with, adoption of, or reliance on guidance contained in the Guide even

if caused by failure to exercise reasonable care. One of the main functions of the international associations that have prepared this publication is to represent the industry's interests at regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) and the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH) all contribute significantly to the work of IMO through their active participation in IMO meetings. IMO provides the forum for developing and adopting and, thereafter, reviewing and updating, as may be necessary, the world-wide regulatory framework within which shipping operates. In the years since the adoption by IMO of the SOLAS and MARPOL Conventions, the safety and security record and the environmental performance of the tanker industry has improved considerably. Such an improvement, however, cannot be brought about by regulation alone; it is also testimony to the good practices adopted and constantly refined by industry, and the dedication to safety and environmental protection of the people it employs. This commitment to continuous improvement, a concept embraced by the IMO International Safety Management (ISM) Code, is demonstrated by the industry's efforts to keep the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals - or ISGOTT, as it is widely known within the tanker industry - updated. It therefore gives me great pleasure to introduce this revised edition of the Guide. For many years, IMO has recognized ISGOTT as one of the principal industry reference manuals on the safe operation of oil tankers and the terminals that serve them, and it is referred to in many IMO regulations and recommendations. This new, fifth edition continues to provide best known safety practices on the operation of oil tankers and terminals but now also embraces a risk based control philosophy. By enhancing risk awareness, ISGOTT now seeks to foster an environment where the uncertainties associated with some shipboard operations are reduced not solely by prescription, but also by encouraging seafarers and their employers to identify the risks in everything they are doing and to then implement fit-for-purpose risk reduction measures. This puts the focus back on people and is, therefore, entirely consistent with the ISM Code and IMO's strategy related to the human element. I am confident that this new edition of ISGOTT will not only contribute to the further improvement of the tanker industry's excellent safety record but will also bring us closer to the goal of zero accidents to which we all aspire. I, therefore, commend it to all interested parties.

Efthimios E. Mitropoulos

Secretary-General

International Maritime Organization

iii

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

iii

FOREWORD

iv INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

Safety is critical to the tanker industry.The International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals(ISGOTT) has become the standard reference work on the safe operation of oil tankers and the terminals they serve. To remain so, the Guide must keep abreast of changes in ship design and operating practice, and reflect the latest technology and legislation. In this text, the Fifth Edition, account has been taken of latest thinking on a number of issues including the generation of static electricity and stray currents; the use of mobile telephones and pagers, which are now ever present; the use of new materials for mooring lines and emergency towing-off pennants; the toxicity and the toxic effects of benzene and hydrogen sulphide; and, importantly, the introduction of the principles underlying the International Safety Management (ISM) Codeand the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. The Ship/Shore Safety Check-List has been completely revised to better reflect the individual and joint responsibilities of the tanker and the terminal. The Guide is now divided into four sections: "General Information"; "Tanker Information"; "Terminal Information" and the "Management of the Tanker and Terminal Interface". Care has been taken to ensure that, where the guidance given in previous editions was still relevant and accurate, it has not been changed or deleted in moving to the new format. The authors believe that ISGOTT continues to provide the best technical guidance on tanker and terminal operations. All operators are urged to ensure that the recommendations in this Guide are not only read and fully understood, but also followed.

International Chamber of Shipping

12 Carthusian Street

London EC1M 6EZ

United Kingdom

www .marisec.org

Oil Companies International Marine Forum

27 Queen AnneÕs Gate

London SW1H 9BU

United Kingdom

www .ocimf.com

International Association of Ports and Harbors

7 th

Floor, South Tower

New Pier Takeshiba

1-16-1, Kaigan

Minato-ku

Tokyo 105-0022

Japan www .iaphworldports.org v

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

INTRODUCTION TO

THE FIFTH EDITION

vi INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

FOREWORDiii

INTRODUCTION TO THE FIFTH EDITIONv

PURPOSE AND SCOPExxi

BIBLIOGRAPHYxxiii

DEFINITIONSxxv

PART 1: GENERAL INFORMATION1

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM3

1.1 Vapour Pressure3

1.1.1 True Vapour Pressure 3

1.1.2 Reid Vapour Pressure 4

1.2 Flammability4

1.2.1 General 4

1.2.2 Flammable Limits 4

1.2.3 Effect of Inert Gas on Flammability 5

1.2.4 Tests for Flammability 6

1.2.5 Flashpoint 6

1.2.6 Flammability Classification of Petroleum 6

1.3 Density of Hydrocarbon Gases8

CHAPTER 2 HAZARDS OF PETROLEUM9

2.1 Flammability9

2.2 Density9

2.3 Toxicity9

2.3.1 Introduction 9

2.3.2 Liquid Petroleum 10

2.3.3 Petroleum Gases 10

2.3.4 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 11

2.3.5 Benzene and Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12

2.3.6 Hydrogen Sulphide (H

2 S) 13

2.3.7 Mercaptans 18

2.3.8 Gasolines Containing Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) or Tetramethyl Lead (TML) 18

2.3.9 Inert Gas 18

2.3.10 Oxygen Deficiency 19

2.4 Gas Measurement20

2.4.1 Introduction 20

2.4.2 Measurement of Hydrocarbon Concentration 20

2.4.3 Flammable Gas Monitors (Explosimeters) 21

2.4.4 Non-Catalytic Heated Filament Gas Indicators (Tankscopes) 24

vii

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

CONTENTS

2.4.5 Inferometer (Refractive Index Meter) 25

2.4.6 Infra-red (IR) Instruments 26

2.4.7 Measurement of Low Concentrations of Toxic Gases 27

2.4.8 Fixed Gas Detection Installations 28

2.4.9 Measurement of Oxygen Concentrations 29

2.4.10 Use of Oxygen Analysers 29

2.4.11 Multi-gas Instruments 31

2.4.12 Personal Gas Monitors 31

2.4.13 Gas Sample Lines and Sampling Procedures 31

2.5 Hydrocarbon Gas Evolution and Dispersion33

2.5.1 Introduction 33

2.5.2 Gas Evolution and Venting 34

2.5.3 Gas Dispersion 36

2.5.4 Variables Affecting Dispersion 37

2.5.5 Minimising Hazards from Vented Gas 41

2.5.6 Loading Very High Vapour Pressure Cargoes 43

2.6 Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide 45

2.6.1 Pyrophoric Oxidation 45

2.6.2 Formation of Pyrophors 46

2.6.3 Prevention of Pyrophoric Ignition in Inerted Cargo Tanks 46

2.7 The Hazards Associated with the Handling, Storage and 47

Carriage of Residual Fuel Oils

2.7.1 General 47

2.7.2 Nature of Hazard 48

2.7.3 Flashpoint and Headspace Flammability Measurement 48

2.7.4 Precautionary Measures 49

2.7.5 Hydrogen Sulphide Hazard in Residual Fuel Oils 49

CHAPTER 3 STATIC ELECTRICITY 51

3.1 Principles of Electrostatics 51

3.1.1 Summary 51

3.1.2 Charge Separation 52

3.1.3 Charge Accumulation 53

3.1.4 Electrostatic Discharge 53

3.1.5 Electrostatic Properties of Gases and Mists 57

3.2 General Precautions Against Electrostatic Hazards 57

3.2.1 Overview 57

3.2.2 Bonding 58

3.2.3 Avoiding Loose Conductive Objects 59

3.3 Other Sources of Electrostatic Hazards 59

3.3.1 Filters 59

3.3.2 Fixed Equipment in Cargo Tanks 59

3.3.3 Free Fall in Tanks 60

3.3.4 Water Mists 60

3.3.5 Inert Gas 61

3.3.6 Discharge of Carbon Dioxide 61

3.3.7 Clothing and Footwear 62

3.3.8 Synthetic Materials 62

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL HAZARDS FOR SHIP AND TERMINAL 63

4.1 General Principles 63

4.2 Control of Potential Ignition Sources 64

4.2.1 Naked Lights 64

4.2.2 Smoking 64

4.2.3 Galley Stoves and Cooking Appliances 66

4.2.4 Engine and Boiler Rooms 66

viii INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

4.3 Portable Electrical Equipment 67

4.3.1 General 67

4.3.2 Lamps and Other Electrical Equipment on Flexible Cables 67

(Wandering Leads)

4.3.3 Air Driven Lamps 67

4.3.4 Torches (Flashlights), Lamps and Portable Battery Powered Equipment 68

4.3.5 Cameras 68

4.3.6 Other Portable Electrical Equipment 68

4.4 Management of Electrical Equipment and Installations in 69

Dangerous Areas

4.4.1 General 69

4.4.2 Dangerous and Hazardous Areas 69

4.4.3 Electrical Equipment 70

4.4.4 Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment 70

4.4.5 Electrical Repairs, Maintenance and Test Work at Terminals 72

4.5 Use of Tools 73

4.5.1 Grit Blasting and Mechanically Powered Tools 73

4.5.2 Hand Tools 73

4.6 Equipment Made of Aluminium 74

4.7 Cathodic Protection Anodes in Cargo Tanks 74

4.8 Communications Equipment 74

4.8.1 General 74

4.8.2 Ship's Radio Equipment 74

4.8.3 Ship's Radar Equipment 75

4.8.4 Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) 76

4.8.5 Telephones 76

4.8.6 Mobile Telephones 77

4.8.7 Pagers 77

4.9 Spontaneous Combustion 77

4.10 Auto-Ignition 78

4.11 Asbestos 78

CHAPTER 5 FIRE-FIGHTING 79

5.1 Theory of Fire-Fighting 79

5.2 Types of Fire and Appropriate Extinguishing Agents 79

5.2.1 Class A - Ordinary (Solid) Combustible Material Fires 79

5.2.2 Class B - Fires Involving Flammable and Combustible 79

Hydrocarbon Liquids

5.2.3 Class C - Electrical Equipment Fires 80

5.2.4 Class D - Combustible Metal Fires 81

5.3 Extinguishing Agents 81

5.3.1 Cooling Agents 81

5.3.2 Smothering Agents 81

5.3.3 Flame Inhibiting Agents 84

CHAPTER 6 SECURITY 85

6.1 General85

6.2 Security Assessments 85

6.3 Responsibilities Under the ISPS Code 85

6.4 Security Plans 86

ix

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006CONTENTS

PART 2: TANKER INFORMATION 87

CHAPTER 7 SHIPBOARD SYSTEMS 89

7.1 Fixed Inert Gas Systems 89

7.1.1 General 89

7.1.2 Sources of Inert Gas 89

7.1.3 Composition and Quality of Inert Gas 89

7.1.4 Methods of Replacing Tank Atmospheres 90

7.1.5 Cargo Tank Atmosphere Control 91

7.1.6 Application to Cargo Tank Operations 92

7.1.7 Precautions to be Taken to Avoid Health Hazards 97

7.1.8 Cargo Tank Protection Against Over/Under-Pressure 97

7.1.9 Emergency Inert Gas Supply 98

7.1.10 Product Carriers Fitted with an Inert Gas System 99

7.1.11 Cold Weather Precautions for Inert Gas Systems 99

7.1.12 Inert Gas System Failure 100

7.1.13 Inert Gas Plant Repairs 101

7.2 Venting Systems 102

7.2.1 General 102

7.2.2 Tank Over-Pressurisation and Under-Pressurisation 102

7.3 Cargo and Ballast Systems 104

7.3.1 Operation Manual 105

7.3.2 Cargo and Ballast System Integrity 105

7.3.3 Loading Rates 106

7.3.4 Monitoring of Void and Ballast Spaces 107

7.4 Power and Propulsion Systems 107

7.5 Vapour Emission Control (VEC) Systems 108

7.6 Stern Loading and Discharging Arrangements 108

CHAPTER 8 SHIP'S EQUIPMENT 109

8.1 Shipboard Fire-Fighting Equipment 109

8.1.1 General 109

8.1.2 Tanker Fixed Fire-Fighting Installations - Cooling 109

8.1.3 Tanker Fixed Fire-Fighting Installations - Smothering 109

8.1.4 Portable Fire Extinguishers 110

8.2 Gas Testing Equipment 111

8.2.1 Introduction 111

8.2.2 Summary of Gas Testing Tasks 112

8.2.3 The Provision of Gas Measuring Instruments 112

8.2.4 Alarm Functions on Gas Measuring Instruments 113

8.2.5 Sampling Lines 113

8.2.6 Calibration 113

8.2.7 Operational Testing and Inspection 114

8.2.8 Disposable Personal Gas Monitors 115

8.3 Lifting Equipment 115

8.3.1 Inspection and Maintenance 115

8.3.2 Training 115

CHAPTER 9 MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY AND EMERGENCIES 117

9.1 The International Safety Management (ISM) Code 117

9.2 Safety Management Systems 118

9.2.1 Risk Assessment 118

x INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006

9.3 Permit to Work Systems 119

9.3.1 General 119

9.3.2 Permit to Work Systems - Structure 120

9.3.3 Permit to Work Systems - Principles of Operation 120

9.3.4 Permit to Work Forms 121

9.3.5 Work Planning Meetings 121

9.4 Hot Work 122

9.4.1 Control of Hot Work 122

9.4.2 Hot Work Inside a Designated Space 122

9.4.3 Hot Work Outside a Designated Space 122

9.4.4 Hot Work in Dangerous or Hazardous Areas 124

9.5 Welding and Burning Equipment 130

9.6 Other Hazardous Tasks 130

9.7 Management of Contractors 131

9.8 Repairs at a Facility Other Than a Shipyard 131

9.8.1 Introduction 131

9.8.2 General 131

9.8.3 Supervision and Control 132

9.8.4 Pre-Arrival Planning 132

9.8.5 Mooring Arrangements 132

9.8.6 Shore Facilities 133

9.8.7 Pre-Work Safety Meeting 133

9.8.8 Work Permits 134

9.8.9 Tank Condition 134

9.8.10 Cargo Lines 134

9.8.11 Fire-Fighting Precautions 135

9.8.12 Safety Officer 135

9.8.13 Hot Work 135

9.9 Shipboard Emergency Management 136

9.9.1 General 136

9.9.2 Tanker Emergency Plan 136

9.9.3 Actions in the Event of an Emergency 138

CHAPTER 10 ENCLOSED SPACES 141

10.1 Definition and General Caution 141

10.2 Hazards of Enclosed Spaces 141

10.2.1 Assessment of Risk 141

10.2.2 Respiratory Hazards 142

10.2.3 Hydrocarbon Vapours 142

10.2.4 Toxic Gases 143

10.2.5 Oxygen Deficiency 144

10.2.6 Products of Inert Gas 144

10.3 Atmosphere Tests Prior to Entry 144

10.4 Control of Entry into Enclosed Spaces 145

10.5 Safeguards for Enclosed Space Entry 146

10.6 Emergency Procedures 147

10.6.1 Evacuation from Enclosed Spaces 147

10.6.2 Rescue from Enclosed Spaces 147

10.6.3 Resuscitation 148

10.7 Entry into Enclosed Spaces with Atmospheres Known or 148

Suspected to be Unsafe for Entry

xi

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006CONTENTS

10.8 Respiratory Protective Equipment 149

10.8.1 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) 149

10.8.2 Air Line Breathing Apparatus 150

10.8.3 Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) 150

10.8.4 Cartridge or Canister Face Masks 151

10.8.5 Hose Mask (Fresh Air Breathing Apparatus) 151

10.8.6 Equipment Maintenance 151

10.8.7 Stowage 152

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