Where-to-Start Word Test
0. 1. 1 2. 008 by Irene C. Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell. P Start here.” Place a card under the first word in the appropriate word list.
Where-to-Start Word Test
0. 1. 1 2. 008 by Irene C. Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell. P with the Level 1 list
Title Description Quick start Menu
3 mars 2020 sexlbl. Female . label list sexlbl sexlbl: 0 Male. 1 Female. We see that female is stored as a byte. It is a numeric variable.
Homework 3 Solutions
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Zero-based numbering is a way of numbering in which the initial element of a sequence is assigned the index 0 rather than the index 1 as Numbering sequences starting at 0 is quite common in mathematics notation
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The List::IsEmpty function method tests whether the list is empty or not Syntax Result = list IsEmpty( ) Return Value Returns 1 if the list contains zero
Does list index start from 0 or 1?
Indexing in Python starts at 0, which means that the first element in a sequence has an index of 0, the second element has an index of 1, and so on. For example, if we have a string "Hello", we can access the first letter "H" using its index 0 by using the square bracket notation: string[0] .Why do lists start at 0?
Origin. Martin Richards, creator of the BCPL language (a precursor of C), designed arrays initiating at 0 as the natural position to start accessing the array contents in the language, since the value of a pointer p used as an address accesses the position p + 0 in memory.Do lists in Python start at 0 or 1?
python lists are 0-indexed. So the first element is 0, second is 1, so on. So if the there are n elements in a list, the last element is n-1. Remember this- The ArrayList starts out empty with a size of 0. With arrays, you use the length field to get the number of items in the array.
Options for encode
Options f ordecode
Remar ksand e xamples
Ref erences
Also see
Description
encodecreates a new variable namednewvarbased on the string variablevarname, creating, adding to, or just using (as necessary) the value labelnewvaror, if specified,name.Do notuseencodeif varnamecontains numbers that merely happen to be stored as strings; instead, usegeneratenewvar =real(varname)ordestring; see[U] 24.2 Categorical string variables,[ FN]String functions, and [ D]destring. decodecreates a new string variable namednewvarbased on the "encoded" numeric variable varnameand its value label.Quick start
Generate numericnewv1from stringv1, using the values ofv1to create a value label that is applied tonewv1 encode v1, generate(newv1)Same as above, but name the value labelmylabel1
encode v1, generate(newv1) label(mylabel1) Same as above, but refuse to encodev1if values exist inv1that are not present in preexisting value labelmylabel1 encode v1, generate(newv1) label(mylabel1) noextend Convert numericv2to stringnewv2using the value label applied tov2to generate values ofnewv2 decode v2, generate(newv2) Menu encode Data>Create or change data>Other variable-transformation commands>Encode value labels from string variable decodeData>Create or change data>Other variable-transformation commands>Decode strings from labeled numeric
variable 12encode - Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa
Syntax
String variable to numeric variable
encodevarnameif in, generate(newvar)label(name) noextendNumeric variable to string variable
decodevarnameif in, generate(newvar)maxlength(#)Options for encode
generate(newvar)is required and specifies the name of the variable to be created. label(name)specifies the name of the value label to be created or used and added to if the named value label already exists. Iflabel()is not specified,encodeuses the same name for the label as it does for the new variable. noextendspecifies thatvarnamenot be encoded if there are values contained invarnamethat are not present inlabel(name). By default, any values not present inlabel(name)will be added to that label.Options for decode
generate(newvar)is required and specifies the name of the variable to be created. maxlength(#)specifies how many bytes of the value label to retain;#must be between 1 and32,000. The default ismaxlength(32000).
Remarks and examplesstata.com
Remarks are presented under the following headings: encode decodeVideo example
encode encodeis most useful in making string variables accessible to Stata"s statistical routines, most of which can work only with numeric variables.encodeis also useful in reducing the size of a dataset. If you are not familiar with value labels, read[U] 12.6.3 Value labels. The maximum number of associations within each value label is 65,536. Each association in a value label maps a string of up to 32,000 bytes to a number. For plainASCIItext, the number of bytes is equal to the number of characters. If your string has other Unicode characters, the number of bytes is greater than the number of characters. See[U] 12.4.2 Handling Unicode strings. If yourvariable contains string values longer than 32,000 bytes, then only the first 32,000 bytes are retained
and assigned as a value label to a number. encode- Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa3Example 1
We have a dataset on high blood pressure, and among the variables issex, a string variablecontaining either "male" or "female". We wish to run a regression of high blood pressure on race, sex,
and age group. We typeregress hbp race sex agegrpand get the message "no observations". . use https://www.stata-press.com/data/r18/hbp2 . regress hbp sex race age_grp no observations r(2000);Stata"s statistical procedures cannot directly deal with string variables; as far as they are concerned,
all observations onsexare missing.encodeprovides the solution: . encode sex, gen(gender) . regress hbp gender race age_grpSourceSS df MS Number of obs = 1,121
F(3, 1117) = 15.15
Model2.01013476 3 .67004492 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual49.3886164 1,117 .044215413 R-squared = 0.0391Adj R-squared = 0.0365
Total51.3987511 1,120 .045891742 Root MSE = .21027 hbpCoefficient Std. err. t P>|t| [95% conf. interval] gender.0394747 .0130022 3.04 0.002 .0139633 .0649861 race-.0409453 .0113721 -3.60 0.000 -.0632584 -.0186322 age_grp.0241484 .00624 3.87 0.000 .0119049 .0363919 _cons-.016815 .0389167 -0.43 0.666 -.093173 .059543 encodelooks at a string variable and makes an internal table of all the values it takes on, here "male" and "female". It then alphabetizes that list and assigns numeric codes to each entry. Thus 1 becomes "female" and 2 becomes "male". It creates a newintvariable (gender) and substitutes a1 wheresexis "female", a 2 wheresexis "male", and amissing(.) wheresexisnull(""). It
creates a value label (also namedgender) that records the mapping1$femaleand2$male. Finally,encodelabels the values of the new variable with the value label.Example 2It is difficult to distinguish the result ofencodefrom the original string variable. For instance, in
our last two examples, we typedencode sex, gen(gender). Let"s compare the two variables: . list sex gender in 1/4sex gender1.female female
2..3.male male
4.male male
They look almost identical, although you should notice the missing value for gender in the second observation.4encode - Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa
The difference does show, however, if we telllistto ignore the value labels and show how the data really appear: . list sex gender in 1/4, nolabelsex gender1.female 1
2..3.male 2
4.male 2
We could also ask to see the underlying value label: . label list gender gender:1 female
2 male
genderreally is a numeric variable, but becauseallStata commands understand value labels, the variable displays as "male" and "female", just as the underlying string variablesexwould.Example 3 We can drastically reduce the size of our dataset by encoding strings and then discarding the underlying string variable. We have a string variable,sex, that records each person"s sex as "male" and "female". Because female has six characters, the variable is stored as astr6. We canencodethesexvariable and usecompressto store the variable as abyte, which takesonly 1 byte. Because our dataset contains 1,130 people, the string variable takes 6,780 bytes, but the
encoded variable will take only 1,130 bytes. . use https://www.stata-press.com/data/r18/hbp2, clear . describe Contains data from https://www.stata-press.com/data/r18/hbp2.dtaObservations: 1,130
Variables: 7 3 Mar 2022 06:47Variable Storage Display Value name type format label Variable labelid str10 %10s Record identification number city byte %8.0g City year int %8.0g Year age_grp byte %8.0g agefmt Age group race byte %8.0g racefmt Race hbp byte %8.0g yn High blood pressure sex str6 %9s SexSorted by: . encode sex, generate(gender) encode- Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa5 . list sex gender in 1/5 sex gender1.female female
2..3.male male
4.male male
5.female female
. drop sex . rename gender sex . compress variable???was????now???? (3,390 bytes saved) . describe Contains data from https://www.stata-press.com/data/r18/hbp2.dtaObservations: 1,130
Variables: 7 3 Mar 2022 06:47Variable Storage Display Value name type format label Variable labelid str10 %10s Record identification number city byte %8.0g City year int %8.0g Year age_grp byte %8.0g agefmt Age group race byte %8.0g racefmt Race hbp byte %8.0g yn High blood pressure sex byte %8.0g gender SexSorted by:Note: Dataset has changed since last saved.
The size of our dataset has fallen from 24,860 bytes to 19,210 bytes.Technical note In the examples above, the value label did not exist beforeencodecreated it, because that is not required. If the value label does exist,encodeuses your encoding as far as it can and adds new mappings for anything not found in your value label. For instance, if you wanted "female" to be encoded as 0 rather than 1 (possibly for use in linear regression), you could type . label define gender 0 "female" . encode sex, gen(gender) You can also specify the name of the value label. If you do not, the value label is assumed to have the same name as the newly created variable. For instance, . label define sexlbl 0 "female" . encode sex, gen(gender) label(sexlbl)6encode - Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa
decodedecodeis used to convert numeric variables with associated value labels into true string variables.Example 4
We have a numeric variable namedfemalethat records the values 0 and 1.femaleis associated with a value label namedsexlblthat says that 0 means male and 1 means female: . use https://www.stata-press.com/data/r18/hbp3, clear . describe femaleVariable Storage Display Value
name type format label Variable labelfemale byte %8.0g sexlbl Female . label list sexlbl sexlbl:0 Male
1 Female
We see thatfemaleis stored as abyte. It is a numeric variable. Nevertheless, it has an associated value label describing what the numeric codes mean, so if wetabulatethe variable, for instance, it appears to contain the strings "male" and "female": . tabulate femaleFemaleFreq. Percent Cum.
Male695 61.61 61.61
Female433 38.39 100.00
Total1,128 100.00
We can create a real string variable from this numerically encoded variable by usingdecode: . decode female, gen(sex) . describe sexVariable Storage Display Value
name type format label Variable labelsex str6 %9s FemaleWe have a new variable calledsex. It is a string, and Stata automatically created the shortest possible
string. The word "female" has six characters, so our new variable is astr6.femaleandsexappear indistinguishable: . list female sex in 1/4female sex1.Female Female
2..3.Male Male
4.Male Male
encode- Encode string into n umericand vice ver sa7 But when we addnolabel, the difference is apparent: . list female sex in 1/4, nolabelfemale sex1.1 Female
2..3.0 Male
4.0 Male
Example 5
decodeis most useful in instances when we wish to match-merge two datasets on a variable that has been encoded inconsistently. For instance, we have two datasets on individual states in which one of the variables (state) takes on values such as "CA" and "NY". The state variable was originally a string, but along the way the variable was encoded into an integer with a corresponding value label in one or both datasets. We wish to merge these two datasets, but either 1) one of the datasets has a string variable for state and the other an encoded variable or 2) although both are numeric, we are not certain that the codings are consistent. Perhaps "CA" has been coded 5 in one dataset and 6 in another. Becausedecodewill take an encoded variable and turn it back into a string,decodeprovides the solution:use first(load the first dataset) decode state, gen(st)(make a string state variable) drop state(discard the encoded variable) sort st(sort on string) save first, replace(save the dataset) use second(load the second dataset) decode state, gen(st)(make a string variable) drop state(discard the encoded variable) sort st(sort on string) merge 1:1 st using first(merge the data)Video example How to convert categorical string variables to labeled numeric variablesReferences
Cox, N. J., and C. B. Schechter. 2018.
Speaking Stata: Se vensteps for v exatiousstring v ariables .Stata Journal18:981-994.
Schechter, C. B. 2011.
Stata tip 99: T akinge xtracare with encode
.Stata Journal11: 321-322.Also see
[D]compress- Compress data in memory [D]destring- Convert string variables to numeric variables and vice versa [D]generate- Create or change contents of variable [U] 12.6.3 Value labels [U] 24.2 Categorical string variablesquotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25[PDF] list the basic ingredients for baking and explain their roles
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