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Lua i Lua is an open source language built on top of C programming language. Lua has its value across multiple platforms ranging from large server systems to small mobile applications. This tutorial covers various topics ranging from the basics of Lua to its scope in various applications. This tutorial is designed for all those readers who are looking for a starting point to learn Lua. It has topics suitable for both beginners as well as advanced users. It is a self-contained tutorial and you should be able to grasp the concepts easily even if you are a total beginner. However it would help if you have a basic understanding of working with a simple text editor and command line.

Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com Lua ii

About the Tutorial ..................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................... i

Prerequisites .............................................................................................................................................. i

Copyright & Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii

1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 1

Features .................................................................................................................................................... 1

How Lua is Implemented? ......................................................................................................................... 1

Learning Lua .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Some Uses of Lua ...................................................................................................................................... 2

2. ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 3

Try it Option Online .................................................................................................................................. 3

Local Environment Setup .......................................................................................................................... 3

Text Editor ................................................................................................................................................ 3

The Lua Interpreter ................................................................................................................................... 4

The Lua Compiler ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Installation on Windows ........................................................................................................................... 4

Installation on Linux.................................................................................................................................. 4

Installation on Mac OS X ........................................................................................................................... 5

Lua IDE ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

3. BASIC SYNTAX ....................................................................................................................... 7

First Lua Program ...................................................................................................................................... 7

Tokens in Lua ............................................................................................................................................ 8

Comments ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Lua iii

Identifiers ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 9

Whitespace in Lua ................................................................................................................................... 10

4. VARIABLES .......................................................................................................................... 11

Variable Definition in Lua ........................................................................................................................ 11

Variable Declaration in Lua ..................................................................................................................... 12

Lvalues and Rvalues in Lua ...................................................................................................................... 13

5. DATA TYPES ........................................................................................................................ 14

Type Function ......................................................................................................................................... 14

6. OPERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 16

Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................. 16

Relational Operators ............................................................................................................................... 17

Logical Operators .................................................................................................................................... 20

Misc Operators ....................................................................................................................................... 22

Operators Precedence in Lua .................................................................................................................. 22

7. LOOPS ................................................................................................................................. 25

while loop ............................................................................................................................................... 26

for loop ................................................................................................................................................... 27

repeat...until loop ................................................................................................................................... 29

nested loops ........................................................................................................................................... 31

Loop Control Statement .......................................................................................................................... 32

break statement ..................................................................................................................................... 33

The Infinite Loop ..................................................................................................................................... 34

8. DECISION MAKING .............................................................................................................. 35

if statement ............................................................................................................................................ 36

Lua iv

if...else statement ................................................................................................................................... 37

The if...else if...else Statement ................................................................................................................ 39

nested if statements ............................................................................................................................... 40

9. FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 42

Defining a Function ................................................................................................................................. 42

Function Arguments ................................................................................................................................ 43

Calling a Function .................................................................................................................................... 43

Assigning and Passing Functions ............................................................................................................. 44

Function with Variable Argument ........................................................................................................... 45

10. STRINGS .............................................................................................................................. 46

String Manipulation ................................................................................................................................ 47

Case Manipulation .................................................................................................................................. 48

Replacing a Substring .............................................................................................................................. 48

Finding and Reversing ............................................................................................................................. 49

Formatting Strings .................................................................................................................................. 49

Character and Byte Representations ....................................................................................................... 50

Other Common Functions ....................................................................................................................... 51

11. ARRAYS ............................................................................................................................... 52

One-Dimensional Array ........................................................................................................................... 52

Multi-Dimensional Array ......................................................................................................................... 53

12. ITERATORS .......................................................................................................................... 56

Generic For Iterator ................................................................................................................................ 56

Stateless Iterators ................................................................................................................................... 56

Stateful Iterators ..................................................................................................................................... 58

Lua v

13. TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 60

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 60

Representation and Usage ...................................................................................................................... 60

Table Manipulation ................................................................................................................................. 62

Table Concatenation ............................................................................................................................... 62

Insert and Remove .................................................................................................................................. 63

Sorting Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 64

14. MODULES ............................................................................................................................ 66

What is a Module? .................................................................................................................................. 66

Specialty of Lua Modules ........................................................................................................................ 66

The require Function ............................................................................................................................... 67

Things to Remember ............................................................................................................................... 68

Old Way of Implementing Modules ........................................................................................................ 68

15. METATABLES ....................................................................................................................... 70

__index ................................................................................................................................................... 70

__newindex ............................................................................................................................................ 71

Adding Operator Behavior to Tables ....................................................................................................... 72

__call ...................................................................................................................................................... 74

__tostring ............................................................................................................................................... 75

16. COROUTINES ....................................................................................................................... 76

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 76

Functions Available in Coroutines ........................................................................................................... 76

What Does the Above Example Do? ........................................................................................................ 78

Another Coroutine Example .................................................................................................................... 78

Lua vi

17. FILE I/O................................................................................................................................ 81

Implicit File Descriptors .......................................................................................................................... 82

Explicit File Descriptors ........................................................................................................................... 83

18. ERROR HANDLING ............................................................................................................... 86

Need for Error Handling .......................................................................................................................... 86

Assert and Error Functions ...................................................................................................................... 87

pcall and xpcall ....................................................................................................................................... 88

19. DEBUGGING ........................................................................................................................ 90

Debugging - Example .............................................................................................................................. 93

Debugging Types ..................................................................................................................................... 94

Graphical Debugging ............................................................................................................................... 95

20. GARBAGE COLLECTION ....................................................................................................... 96

Garbage Collector Pause ......................................................................................................................... 96

Garbage Collector Step Multiplier ........................................................................................................... 96

Garbage Collector Functions ................................................................................................................... 96

21. OBJECT ORIENTED ............................................................................................................... 99

Introduction to OOP................................................................................................................................ 99

Features of OOP ...................................................................................................................................... 99

OOP in Lua .............................................................................................................................................. 99

A Real World Example........................................................................................................................... 100

Creating a Simple Class ......................................................................................................................... 100

Creating an Object ................................................................................................................................ 101

Accessing Properties ............................................................................................................................. 101

Accessing Member Function ................................................................................................................. 101

Complete Example ................................................................................................................................ 101

Lua vii

Inheritance in Lua ................................................................................................................................. 102

Overriding Base Functions .................................................................................................................... 103

Inheritance Complete Example ............................................................................................................. 103

22. WEB PROGRAMMING ....................................................................................................... 106

Applications and Frameworks ............................................................................................................... 106

Orbit ..................................................................................................................................................... 106

Creating Forms ...................................................................................................................................... 109

WSAPI ................................................................................................................................................... 110

Xavante ................................................................................................................................................. 111

Lua Web Components ........................................................................................................................... 113

Ending Note .......................................................................................................................................... 113

23. DATABASE ACCESS ............................................................................................................ 115

MySQL db Setup ................................................................................................................................... 115

Importing MySQL .................................................................................................................................. 115

Setting up Connection ........................................................................................................................... 115

Execute Function................................................................................................................................... 116

Create Table Example ........................................................................................................................... 116

Insert Statement Example ..................................................................................................................... 117

Update Statement Example .................................................................................................................. 117

Delete Statement Example ................................................................................................................... 117

Select Statement Example .................................................................................................................... 117

A Complete Example ............................................................................................................................. 118

Performing Transactions ....................................................................................................................... 119

Start Transaction................................................................................................................................... 119

Rollback Transaction ............................................................................................................................. 119

Commit Transaction .............................................................................................................................. 119

Lua viii

Importing SQLite ................................................................................................................................... 120

Setting Up Connection .......................................................................................................................... 120

Execute Function................................................................................................................................... 120

Create Table Example ........................................................................................................................... 120

Insert Statement Example ..................................................................................................................... 121

Select Statement Example .................................................................................................................... 121

A Complete Example ............................................................................................................................. 121

24. GAME PROGRAMING ........................................................................................................ 124

Corona SDK ........................................................................................................................................... 124

Gideros Mobile ..................................................................................................................................... 125

ShiVa3D ................................................................................................................................................ 125

Moai SDK .............................................................................................................................................. 126

LOVE ..................................................................................................................................................... 126

CryEngine .............................................................................................................................................. 126

An Ending Note ..................................................................................................................................... 127

25. STANDARD LIBRARIES ........................................................................................................ 128

Basic Library .......................................................................................................................................... 128

Modules Library .................................................................................................................................... 131

String manipulation .............................................................................................................................. 132

Table manipulation ............................................................................................................................... 132

File Input and output ............................................................................................................................ 132

Debug facilities ..................................................................................................................................... 132

26. MATH LIBRARY .................................................................................................................. 133

Trigonometric Functions ....................................................................................................................... 135

Other Common math Functions ............................................................................................................ 136

Lua ix

27. OPERATING SYSTEM FACILITIES......................................................................................... 138

Common OS functions .......................................................................................................................... 139

Lua 10 Lua is an extensible, lightweight programming language written in C. It started as an in-house project in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and

Waldemar Celes.

It was designed from the beginning to be a software that can be integrated with the code written in C and other conventional languages. This integration brings many benefits. It does not try to do what C can already do but aims at offering what C is not good at: a good distance from the hardware, dynamic structures, no redundancies, ease of testing and debugging. For this, Lua has a safe environment, automatic memory management, and good facilities for handling strings and other kinds of data with dynamic size. Lua provides a set of unique features that makes it distinct from other languages.

These include:

Extensible

Simple

Efficient

Portable

Free and open

Example Code

print("Hello World!") Lua consists of two parts - the Lua interpreter part and the functioning software system. The functioning software system is an actual computer application that can interpret programs written in the Lua programming language. The Lua interpreter is

1. OVERVIEW

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