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ABRAHAMH.MASLOW

MOTIVATION

AND

PERSONALITY

Copyright

©1970byAbrahamH.Maslow

ReprintedfromtheEnglishEditionbyHarper

&Row,Publishers1954

Thisbookwasmadepossible

bythegenerosityofmy brothers

Harold,Paul,andLew

oftheUniversalContainerCorporation

CONTENTS

fREFACEix

1.APsychologicalApproachtoScience1

3.PrefacetoMotivationTheory19

4.ATheoryofHumanMotivation35

6.TheInstinctoidNatureofBasicNeeds77

7.HigherandLowerNeeds97

8.Psychopathogenesis

andtheTheoryofThreat105

9.IsDestructivenessInstinctoid?117

10.TheExpressiveComponentofBehavior131

12.LoveinSelf-ActualizingPeople181

14.UnmotivatedandPurposelessReactions229

15.Psychotherapy,Health,andMotivation241

16.Normality,Health,andValues265

Psychology281

Dynamics295

BI8L1OGRAPHY329

INDEXOFNAMES355

Il\'DEXOFSUUJECTS360

vii ACIE sixteenyears. importantwayswhichIshalldetailbelow. ception HigherCeilingsforHumanNature.)IfIhad hadtocondensethethesis essence.And the andofFreudianpsychoanalysis. also ix xPreface phyofhumannature,anewimageofman. manifestation of fession:e.g.,law,politics,medicine, andallofthesocialinstitutions: conviction herein,

Imustsayaword

channels reasonIhave takentocallingittheUnnoticedRevolution.) bya values,or ofbeinglife-lovingingeneral. affection, sneer annas. consider very

Prefacexi

despairingbelief be fusal sonalprojection twochapters manydevelopments ofthepastdecade,butespeciallybyMichaelPo lanyi'sgreatbookPersonal

Knowledge(376).Myownbook,ThePsy

arein forscientificwork withpersons. moredifficult outlook be, mildpsychopathology, orisatleastoneaspectofthesyndromeofcog come people, andI ithereasahypothesistobechecked, somethingwhichshouldberela tivelyeasytodo. presented correct tially

Whichpsychologicalmedicines

cureneurosis?Whichprophylaxispre ventsneurosis?

Whicharemostpowerful?

Whichmostbasic?

xiiPreface social way. make direct,personal,subjectiveplausibility.

Andyeti!stilllacksexperimental

verification toputittothetestinthelaboratory. who tionforthetheory. sampling ofsuchreports.) from some testtubesituation?Obviouslyitneedsalifesituationofthetotal disconfirmationwillcomefrom. producersratherthan onmotivationswhichdonotmaketrouble[or thepsychotherapist,e.g., needforsensorystimulations andforactivity,thesheerzestforlife,or

Chaplers

Biological

RootingoftheValue-Life(314).

aretaken health,the (and

Prefacexiii

tendency. tendencies with"personalgrowth,"especiallyfor inexperiencedyoungsters.Icon sider ciate required physics).I bookby passionatelythe constitutefor valueswhicharetobe foundintheveryofhumannatureitself. neededinthesense needs conditionedstimuliwhich canbeusedasabasisuponwhichcanbe to goods. spacefor arighttobe necessary. xivPreface accordwithhisgeneralized optimismorpessimism.Ifindthelatter

Briefly

one. aform myknowledge,has pletetheory ofmotivationmustthisadditionalvariable. easy tivations. clearlytowardwidespreaddownleveIling.

Thelowerneedsarebeing

are suspect. in·groups. I ensue \Vildetobeware transcendent. thebasicneedsdoes

Prf'!acexv

when anteedhappiness problems aswellassolvingproblems. people, findlifeto ofa ture one. .lust

Certainlyhappinessdoescome

andisobtainahleandisreal.Butitlooks asifwemustaccept moreintenseforms.Peakexperiences donotlast,andcannotlast.Intense happinessisepisodic,notcontinuous. ruled ofheaven, happilyeverafter." .mentsin ism,ofwomen'ssuffrage, betheclear xviPreface topass, orpermanenthappinesstobeachieved.

Imustcall

even havealreadyachievedcometobe takenforgranted,tobeforgotten,to it flickedasideby tiveway. girl's totravel,forpersonal·autonomy, andthelike.Themainpointof alternatives. tokeepall yearnsfor,acareer will

Prefacexvii

and discontentedagainforMore! more, femalefulfillments(beingloved, havingthehome,havingthebaby) forexample,thefull individualfulfillment. hasshifted·considerably.

Thegreatadvancesofthelastdecadeorsoin

things loss,etc. ablychangedbythesenewdiscoveries.

Perhapsthese

tionmoreclear simplisticas asimplistictheory givesa leftinthe theanimalsense. aresoweak xviiiPreface analysis weakly discoverit;we ity, ourspecieshood. cerned,thisseemstometo beanextremelystrongargumentinfavor of since ment. a possible. ship. task, of"goodgrowth"ateveryagelevel.

Finally,I

injustice.

Prefacexix

the thenthismeans logicaldefects? theself·esteem willbe ofhelptoothers,especiallytobiologists. sumedit thatthewhole alwayshas meantbeingabletodosomethingaboutit. milled.AlsoI healthy andunhealthyaggression. upon themaswell. Ihave do .conceptto andfor (sick)impulsivity neededtoday,especially byyoungpeople,andbymanyotherswhotend insightwillbe ashelpfultoothersasithasbeentome. Ihave xxPreface tosome principle. beaprofitableexerciseforthetheorist of fusion the toshedperfection isticillusions peace they sionate; edgeable be unashamedaboutbeingopenlyvirtuous,etc. growth-toward-self-actualization,"a quitemeaningfulandresearchable concept.Ihave havesatisfiedmyself tend secretly with straight,metamotivated,i.e.,virtuous, thanaverage).Theyaresecretly uneasy youngpeople,etc.

Prefacexxi

studiescandeterminethis. andsocialdignityarc apttomakeself-actualizationmoreprobable. beenthis:Arethesepeople capableoflivingonlywith"good"people ofcourse remainstobechecked,is ment.I whilealso beingabletohandlebadpeopleasbadpeople. emergedfrommystudy orevento word,theyarecapable remainsconsciolls.M'irades remainmiracleseventhoughoccurringagain andagain. guaranteesfor pursuing explorationsproceededagainsta backgroundofanxiety,conflict,and self-doubt. decades(seeBibliography) sothatthiskindofbasicalarmisnolonger necessary. andtheoreticalproblemsstill confrontus.Theworkthathasbeendone andimpersonalteammethods indicated.Follow-ups,fromthecradle tothegrave,willfurnishtheonly population xxiiPreface wecanfind.

SuchstudiesI

peopletogive etc, momentsofpeak-experience, ofperfectfusion,etc.Suchexpectationswe therefore,mustinevitably andinexorablybreeddisillusionmentalong with

Ibelievealso,

satisfier, need, vulgarandtrivial.

Psychological

correct,truc,real. feels withallits anattainablereality.For thosewhopreferseeingtobeingblind,feelinggoodtofeeling bad, wholenessto psychologicalhealth.

Prefacexxiii

quotesdbs_dbs30.pdfusesText_36

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