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Mercury pollution – where does it come from? The largest source of emissions to the atmosphere is currently coal fired power stations, however, the widespread  Questions associées

  • What is mercury pollution?

    Mercury is a persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic pollutant. When released into the environment, it accumulates in water laid sediments where it converts into toxic methylmercury and enters the food chain.

  • What is the source of mercury pollution in environment?

    Sources of Mercury
    Alkali and metal processing, incineration of coal, and medical and other waste, and mining of gold and mercury contribute greatly to mercury concentrations in some areas, but atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of mercury over most of the landscape.

  • What is an example of mercury pollution?

    Once it is released into the environment, for example through coal burning, mercury can circulate through air, land, water and animals for thousands of years. The current levels of mercury in the atmosphere are up to 500 % above natural levels.
  • The main source to most aquatic environments in the U.S. is from atmospheric deposition (rain, snow, dry particles). Some water bodies also receive mercury from direct discharge of industrial wastes, mining wastes, or naturally occurring mercury minerals.

Preventive Measures against Environmental

Mercury Pollution and Its Health Effects

JA

PAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION

October 2001

Study Group Members

Hirokatsu Akagi Director, Department of International Affairs and

Environmental Sciences, National Institute for

Minamata Disease Suminori Akiba Professor, Department of Public Health, Kagoshima

Universit

y , School of Medicine Kimiyoshi Arimura Associate Professor, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University, School of Medicine Hiroshi Satoh

Professor, Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku

University School of Medicine Sadao Togashi Professor, Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, Shigakukan University Akira Naganuma Professor, Department of Molecular and Biochemical

Toxicolog

y , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Makoto Futatsuka Professor, Department of Public Health, Kumamoto University School of Medicine Akito Matsuyama Department of International Affairs and Environmental

Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease Tetsuo Ando Assistant, Kagoshima University, School of Medicine Mineji Sakamoto Chief, Survey Section, Department of Epidemiology,

National Institute for Minamata Disease Observer

Norihisa Hara Director, Special Environmental Disease Office,

Environmental Health Department, Environmental

Policy Bureau, Ministry of the Environment Ryo Takagi Senior Officer, Special Environmental Disease Office,

Environmental Health Department, Environmental

Policy Bureau, Ministry of the Environment Yoko Iwasaki Senior Officer, Special Environmental Disease Office,

Environmental Health Department, Environmental

Policy Bureau, Ministry of the Environment

Preventive Measures against Environmental Mercury

Pollution and Its Health Effects

Contents

Preface 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

3

Section 1 Chemical Properties of Mercury

3

Item 1 Inorganic mercury

3

1. Definition of inorganic mercury

3

2. Physical and chemical properties and toxicity of

some inorganic mercury compounds 3

2-1 Metallic mercury

3

2-2 Mercury (I) chloride (Mercurous chloride)

3

2-3 Mercury (II) chloride (Mercuric chloride)

3

2-4 Mercury (I) oxide (Mercurous oxide)

4

2-5 Mercury (II) oxide (Mercuric oxide, mercuric oxide red,

mercuric oxide yellow) 4

Item 2 Organic mercury

4

1. Definition of organic mercury

4

2. Physical and chemical properties and toxicity of

some organic mercury compounds 4

2-1 Methylmercury compounds

4

2-2 Phenyl mercury compounds

4

2-3 Methoxyethyl mercury compounds

5

2-4 Dialkyl mercury

5

Section 2 Biochemical Characteristics and

T oxicities of Mercury and its Compounds 5

Item 1 Inorganic mercury

5

1. Metallic mercury

5

2. Inorganic mercury compounds

6

2-1 Mercury (I) chloride

6

2-2 Mercury (II) chloride

6

2-3 Mercury (II) oxide

6

Item 2 Organic mercury

7

2. Phenyl mercury compounds

7

3. Methoxyethyl mercury compounds

7

4. Dimethyl mercury

8

Section 3 Use of Mercury

8

Section 4 Pollution Sources

8

Item 1 Man-made pollution

8

Item 2 Pollution from natural sources

9 Section 5 Transport and Methylation in the Environment 10

Item 1 Mercury in the environment

10

Item 2 Methylation in the environment

10

Section 6 Routes of Exposure

12 Item 1 Exposure to and intake of inorganic mercury 12

Item 2 Exposure to and intake of organic mercury

12 Section 7 Signs and Symptoms, and Treatment for Poisoning 13

Item 1 Inorganic mercury poisoning

13

1. Exposure to high concentrations of mercury vapor

13

2. Repeated exposure to mercury vapor

13

3. Exposure to inorganic mercury compounds

13

Item 2 Organic mercury poisoning

14

1. Poisoning by methylmercury

14

2. Poisoning by organic mercury other than methylmercury

15

Item 3 Treatment

15

1. Inorganic mercury

15

1-1 Treatment at acute stage

15

1-2 Treatment at chronic stage: Stimulation of mercury excretion from

the body using chelating agents 15

2. Organic mercury

16 3.

Treatment protocol

16

3-1 DMSA

16

3-2 DMPS

16

4. Evaluation of effectiveness for various chelating agents

17

5. Reference

17

Section 8 Past Examples of Pollution

18

Item 1 Inorganic mercury

18

1. Workplace

18

2. General Environment

18

Item 2 Organic mercury

19

1. Acetoaldehyde factory in Switzerland

19

2. Report by Hunter and Russell

19

3. Minamata disease

19

4. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq

21

5. Amazon river area

21

Section 9 Risk Evaluation

21

Item 1 Metallic mercury vapor

22

Item 2 Inorganic mercury compounds

23

Item 3 Methylmercury compounds

23

1. Adults

23

1-2 Table. Various Indices showing the Threshold Value for Onset of

Symptoms in Human Body 24

2. Fetuses

24

3. Infants

25

Chapter 2 Pollution Prevention Measures

27
Section 1 Background Levels and Target Samples for Monitoring 27

Section 2 Monitoring

27

Item 1 Environment samples

27

1. Soil

27

1-1 Collection points and method

27

1-2 Sample storage

28

1-3 Evaluation of soil contamination

28

2. Water

28

2-1 Collection points and method

28

2-2 Sample storage

28

2-3 Mercury contamination evaluation

29

3. Atmosphere

29

3-1 Collection points and method

29

3-2 Sample storage

29

3-3 Atmosphere contamination evaluation

29

Item 2 Biological samples

30

1. Significance of biological samples

30
2. T arget organisms 30

2-1 Sample storage method

30

2-2 Contamination evaluation

31

3. Benthos (Annelida)

31

3-1 Collection method

31

3-2 Storage method

31

3-3 Contamination evaluation

31

4. Plants

32

4-1 Sample storage

32

4-2 Plant contamination evaluation

32

Item 3 Work places

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