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The major difference between indemnity (non- network based coverage) and managed care plans (network-based coverage) concerns choice of doctors hospitals
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COMPUTER NETWORKS [R15A0513] LECTURE NOTES MALLA
What is the requirement to make this frame collision-free? Solution. Average Three methods have been devised to answer these questions: the 1-persistent ...
Multiple Choice Questions of Computer Networking
b) File download c) E-mail d) Internet telephony. View Answer. Answer: d Answer: a. Explanation: None. Computer Networks Questions & Answers – Network ...
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andcontrolling 2 LLCprocessing mediaaccess DataLink for creatinglogical logical MAC topologies Thenetworkinterfacecardaddresscalledthehardware addressisprotocol-independentandisusuallyassigned thefactory Thisaddressistechnicallycalledthemedia accesscontroladdress(MAC)becauseitisfoundonthe MACsublayeroftheDataLinklayer DataLink 00-0C-F1-5E-B
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The Five Key Aspects Of Networking d Data communications: signals over wires and bits over signals d Networks: packets over bits d Internets: datagrams over packets d Network programming: application data over the Internet d Cross-functional concepts and technologies: network con?guration control and management
What are the five aspects of networking?
- The Five Key Aspects Of Networking d Data communications: signals over wires and bits over signals d Networks: packets over bits d Internets: datagrams over packets d Network programming: application data over the Internet d Cross-functional concepts and technologies: network con?guration, control, and management
What are the techniques used in computer networks?
- d Several techniques have been invented – Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – Coaxial cable – Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) d All are used in computer networks Computer Networks and Internets -- Module 326Spring, 2014 Copyright ?2014.
What are the different types of networks?
- Local Area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs) Personal Area Networks (PANs) Wireless Networks d Note: the terminology is qualitative because some technologies span multiple categories Computer Networks and Internets -- Module 462Spring, 2014 Copyright ?2014. All rights reserved. Personal Area Network (PAN)
What is the early network equipment vendor answer?
- d The early network equipment vendor answer – The network is independent of computers – We will create network equipment and interface hardware that connects computers to our network – We will build device drivers for your operating system – You only need to use our network
Networking Fundamentals
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-2Objectives•Describe the function and operation of a hub, a switch and a
router•Describe the function and operation of a firewall and a gateway•Describe the function and operation of Layer 2 switching,Layer 3 switching, and routing•Identify the layers of the OSI model•Describe the functionality of LAN, MAN, and WAN networks•Identify the possible media types for LAN and WAN connections
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-3What is a Network?•A network refers to two or more connected computers that
can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these resources. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-4Types of NetworksLocal Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-5WAN TechnologiesCircuit-switched
Asynchronous serial. ISDN Layer 1
TELEPHONE
COMPANY
Leased Line
Synchronous serial
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-6WAN Technologies (Cont.)Broadband Access
SERVICE
PROVIDER
Cable, DSL, Wireless WANFrame-Relay
Synchronous serial
SERVICE
PROVIDER
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-7Network Topologies: Bus TopologySEGMENT
TerminatorTerminator
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-8Network Topologies: Star Topology Hub © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-9Network Topologies:Extended Star Topology
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-107654321The OSI Model - Why a Layered Network Model?
•Reduces complexity•Standardizes interfaces•Facilitates modular engineering•Ensures interoperable technology•Accelerates evolution•Simplifies teaching and learning
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-11The Seven Layers of the OSI ModelApplication Layers (Upper
Layers):•Network Processes to Applications•Data Representation•InterHost Communication
7654321
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-12 7654 321
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
End To End Connections:•Handles transportation issues between hosts•Ensures data transport reliability•Establishes, maintains and terminates virtual circuits•Provides reliability through fault detection and recovery•Information flow control
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-137654321
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Data Delivery:•Provides connectivity and pathselection between two host systems•Routes data packets•Selects best path to deliver data•The Network layer prioritizes data known as Quality of Service (QoS)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-147654321
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Access to Media:•Defines how data is formatted for transmission and how access to the network is controlled
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-157654321
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysicalThe Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)Binary Transmission:•Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-16Twisted-PairCoaxial
Outer jacket
BNCConnectorCopper Conductor
Braided Copper Shielding
Plastic Insulation
Fiber Optics
Outer jacket
Plastic Shield
Glass and Fiber Cladding
Kevlar Reinforcing Material
SCConnectorOuter jacket
Twisted-Pair
Color-Coded Plastic Insulation
RJ-45Connector
Physical Media Types
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-17Wireless
Physical Media Types (Cont.)
EI Q 0Q&PYH"&H"
ETHERNET BACKBONE
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-18Physical Media ComparisonTwisted Pair
Coaxial
Fiber Optic
Wireless
LANBandwidth
Up to 1 Gbps 10-100 MbpsUp to
10 Gbps
or higherUp to54 Mbps
Distance
Up to 100 m Up to 500 m Up to 60 kmUp to 100 m
Price Least expensiveInexpensiveMost expensiveModerate© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-19Hub or Repeater•A hub (concentrator) is a device that repeats the signals it
receives on one port to all other ports. It is a central connection point for several network devices. Hub © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-20Hub (Multiport Repeater) © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-21Network Interface Card© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-22WAN - Physical Layer Implementations•Physical layer implementations vary•Cable specifications define speed of link
Cisco HDLC PPP Frame RelayISDN BRI (with
PPP)DSL Modem
Cable ModemEIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
X.21 V.24 V.35
HSSI RJ-48Note: ISDN BRI cable
pinouts are different than the pinouts for Ethernet.The RJ-48 and RJ-45
look the same, but the pinouts are different. RJ-11Note: Works
over telephone line BNCNote: Works
over CableTV line
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-23 WANPhysical Media
Wall Jack
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-24Data Link Layer•Data Link layer protocols create, transmit, and receive
packets. This layer is also responsible for logical MAC addressing and LLC processing, creating logical topologies, and controlling media access. 2Data Link
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-25MAC Address•The network interface card address, called the hardware
address, is protocol-independent and is usually assigned at the factory. This address is technically called the media access control address (MAC) because it is found on theMAC sub layer of the Data Link layer.
2Data Link
MAC Address Hardware Address=00-0C-F1-5E-BE-F2
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-26Data Link Devices •The Data Link layer is manipulated by two devices: bridges
and switches. These are more complex and more expensive than their Physical layer counterparts, but they do have advantages.SwitchesBridges
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-27Switch•When a switch receives data the switch examines the data
link header for the MAC address of the destination station and forwards it to the correct port. This opens a path between ports that can use the full bandwidth of the topology.© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-28Network Layer•The network layer provides connectivity and path selection
between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks 3Network
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-29Network Layer (Cont.)•IP is a standard that defines the manner in which the network
layers of two hosts interact. IP addresses are 32 bit long, hierarchical addressing scheme. 3Network
IP Address Logical Address
=192.168.6.17© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-30Network Layer Devices •The devices that operate at the Network layer are routers and
Layer 3 Switches
Router
Layer 3 Switch
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SMBUF-31quotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_7[PDF] networkx print degree of node
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