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LATVIAN GRAMMAR

ANDRA KALNAČA

ILZE LOKMANE

ISBN 978-9934-18-635-6

LATVIAN GRAMMAR

ANDRA KALNAČA, ILZE LOKMANE

"Latvian Grammar" was written to make information about the Latvian language and its grammatical system more easily available not only within Latvia, but also beyond its borders. A modern grammar of Latvian written in English is as important for native speakers of Latvian as for those who have learned Latvian as a second language and is of great value for anyone interested in the culture and history of Latvia or the Latvian language itself. The need for a reference grammar of Latvian written in English is especially important right now due to the existence of a large Latvian diaspora community abroad, particularly in English-speaking countries where children and young people are educated in the language of their home countries rather than in Latvian. A Latvian grammar written in English will also be useful for those who are learning Latvian as a foreign language and wish to learn more about its grammatical system and unique features so that they are able to use Latvian more eectively and speak it more correctly. Likewise, "Latvian Grammar" will be a useful reference and source for examples for teachers of Latvian - both those who teach it to speakers as a school or university subject and those who teach it as a foreign language. Latvian also is a rather unique combination of ancient as well as relatively new features, which are of interest to researchers abroad and are important for the typological, cognitive, pragmatic, functional, and contrastive analysis of language.

Andra Kalnaa

is Professor of Latvian Linguistics at the University of Latvia, Rga, Latvia. Her research interests relate to morphology, morphosyntax and morphophonology, functional and cognitive grammar, modality and evidentiality, her core work is focused on

Latvian grammar and the theory of grammar.

Ilze Lokmane is Associate Professor of General Linguistics at the University of Latvia, Rga, Latvia. Her research interests relate to syntax, morphosyntax, pragmatics, functional and cognitive grammar, modality and evidentiality, her core work is focused on Latvian grammar and the theory of pragmatics.

ANDRA KALNAflA, ILZE LOKMANE

LATVIAN GRAMMAR

ANDRA KALNAflA, ILZE LOKMANE

LATVIAN GRAMMAR

University of Latvia Press

Rfiga 2021

UDK 811.174`3

Ka270

ɟLatvian GrammarҮ

Contents

.................................................. 8 ............................................. 14 ....................................... 16 ...................... 20 1.

MORPHOPHONOLOGYɟ......................... 25

.................................... 25 ............... 25 ........................... 28 ................................. 30 ............................... 31 .............................. 36

ϩ........ 44

ϧ...................................... 47

1.2 ......... 50 ....................................... 50 ....................................... 54 2.

MORPHOLOGY ɟ ...............................

................................... 63 . . . . 76 ................................................ 83 ............................... 83 ....................................... 84 ......................................... 102 ............................................ 104 ................................... 125 . . . . . . . . . 148 ............................... 148 ...................................... 156 . . 160 ................................... 165 .............................................. 172 ................................. 183 .............................. 203 ................................. 205

ϧ ................................ 207

ϧ.................................. 212

................................. 215 ................................................. 217 ............................... 217 ...................................... 221 .......................................... 226 ........................................... 230 ........................................... 240

ϩ.................................... 272

.......................................... 281 ................................... 301 ............................................... 316 ............................... 316 ...................................... 322 ................................... 324 ........................................... 330 .............................................. 355 ........................................... 366 ........................................... 377 3. SYNTAX ...................................... 385 .................................... 385 ............................... 385 ................................. 386 ................................ 402 .................................. 406 ................................. 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 ............................ 420 ................. 423 ............................. 432 ......................................... 448 ................... 454 .............. 463 ............................... 463 ............................... 464 ............................... 465 .............................. 470 .............................. 474 ................................. 476 ............................. 478 ............................... 478 ................ 485 .............. 488 ..................................... 500 ............................... 500 ............................... 502 ................................. 510

Final thoughts

............................................... 534 ...................................................... 535 ................................................. 546

Latviešu valodas gramatika.

............................ 553 .................................................... 558 8

Introduction

10 and 21

11߂ر

12 and 21 google.lv 13 tu and ࠭ ěϩ ě. 14

Acknowledgements

15 16

Abbreviations and symbols

17 18

Map of Latvian dialects

(created by Edmundas Trumpa 2021)

Central dialect:

Vidzeme central subdialects

Semigallic subdialects

Curonic subdialectsLivonic dialect:

Vidzeme Livonic subdialects

Courland Livonic subdialectsHigh Latvian dialect:

Selonic subdialects

Latgalic subdialects

Dialects of the Latvian language

RĪGA

VALMIERA

DURBE

GROBIŅA

PRIEKULE

AUCESTRENČI

MAZSALACA

RŪJIENA

PĻAVIŅAS

VIESĪTE

AKNĪSTE

SUBATE

ILŪKSTEVARAKĻĀNI

VIĻĀNIKĀRSAVALEJASCIEMS

APE

ZILUPE

AIZPUTEKANDAVA

SABILE

CĒSISVALKA

OGRE

BAUSKA

JELGAVA

DOBELEKULDĪGA

LIEPĀJASALDUSVENTSPILS

TALSI

JŪRMALA

SALACGRĪVAAINAžI

LIMBAžI

SMILTENE

GULBENEALŪKSNE

BALVI LUDZA

RĒZEKNE

PREIĻI

KRĀSLAVA

DAUGAVPILSJĒKABPILSSIGULDA

VALDEMĀRPILS

PILTENE

TUKUMS

Z E M G A L E V I D Z E M E L A T G A L E K U R Z E M E B a l t i c S e a G u lf of R i g a L ITH U A N I A E ST O N I A R U S S I A BE L A R U S

MADONA

JAUNJELGAVA

C O U R L A N D 20

Letter-sound correspondence in Standard Latvian

(adapted from Auziņa 2013a: 25-26)

LettersIPAExamples

OrthographyIPA

Vowels and diphthongs

aľsals ľ ae divi ੫ola੫৸ľ ugunsϧС ੫iela ੫ľ

ľ੫laiksľ੫৸

ľ੫augsľ੫

੫meita 21

LettersIPAExamples

OrthographyIPA

੫sev ੫

ɬ੫boikotsɬ੫ɬ߾

Consonants

dddabaľľ

СgalsСľ

hľľ llegleϧ mans ľ nnnaudaľ੫ľ

غbungasغ

rrҮ৸Сľ sens ߑ߂šalleߑ tur valstsľ߾ 22

List of tables

Table 1.1

.......... 37

Table 1.2

č.............. 38

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

ϫ.............. 40

Table 1.7

ϧ....................... 41

Table 1.8

̌Ү........... 46

Table 1.9

̌Нč.......... 46

Table 1.10

Table 1.11

Table 1.12

nest .... 57

Table 1.13

̌........... 57

Table 2.1

................................. 84

Table 2.2

................................... 85

Table 2.3

..................................... 86

Table 2.4

....................................... 87

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

ϫ........... 137

Table 2.7

............. 140

Table 2.8

ϧ....................... 142

Table 2.9

........... 147

Table 2.10

Table 2.11

Table 2.12

ϫ̌............ 152

Table 2.13

Table 2.14

ϧ.......... 170

23Table 2.15 ........ 171

Table 2.16

Ү..................... 177

Table 2.17

̌࠭ .......... 184

Table 2.18

sevis .........................

Table 2.19

Table 2.20

kas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Table 2.21

Table 2.22

Table 2.23

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Table 2.24

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Table 2.25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Table 2.26

........................................ 224

Table 2.27

............................... 225

Table 2.28

............................... 225

Table 2.29

and .......................... 226

Table 2.30

iet ............................... 226

Table 2.31

dot .................................. 226

Table 2.32

.......................................... 228

Table 2.33

ϩ ..... 228

Table 2.34

ϩ ....... 228

Table 2.35

Table 2.36

.................................. 230

Table 2.37

ϧ........ 231

Table 2.38

ϧ ........ 232

Table 2.39

.... 232

Table 2.40

tikt ..... 233

Table 2.41

......................... 242

Table 2.42

...................... 245

Table 2.43

Table 2.44

................... 250

Table 2.45

................ 250

Table 2.46

....................... 255

24Table 2.47 ϧ ............ 260

Table 2.48

.............. 260

Table 2.49

............................ 263

Table 2.50

......................... 264

Table 2.51

........................... 264

Table 2.52

.............. 265

Table 2.53

........... 266

Table 2.54

......................... 266

Table 2.55

Table 2.56

Table 2.57

Table 2.58

Table 2.59

Table 2.60

Table 2.61

Table 2.62

Table 2.63

Table 2.64

Table 2.65

ϫ.................... 307

Table 2.66

ϧ ................... 313

Table 2.67

ϧ................. 316

25

ANDRA KALNAflA

1. MORPHOPHONOLOGY

1.0

Introductory remarks

1.0.1

Allomorphs, their structure, and functions

invariant allomorphs 26
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