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01-Feb-2021 Reading the JavaScript for Acrobat API ... Using the JavaScript Debugger console. ... Searching all PDF files in a specific location .
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
10-Mar-2014 An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting. Mendel Cooper ... cut-and-paste from the HTML or pdf rendered versions.
JavaScript_Tutorial.pdf - Tutorialspoint
JavaScript is a lightweight interpreted programming language. This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand.
Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial Ver. 1.0
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UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
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FOR PDF FORMS
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Introduction to Shell Scripting with Bash - Boston University
Bash “help” Bash comes with built in help functionality Just type “help” Read deeper into help chapters by searching specific keywords
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The main topic of this book is the synergy of scripting technologies and the Java platform I describe projects Java developers can use to create a more powerful develop-ment environment and some of the practices that make scripting useful Before I start to discuss the application of scripting in the Java world I summarize some of the theory
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Scripting Languages provide a higher level of abstraction than standard programming languages Compared to programming languages scripting languages do not distinguish between data types: integers real values strings etc Scripting Languages tend to be good for automating the execution of other programs analyzing data running daily backups
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To open a script that’s in an object: Right-click on the object and select Edit from the pie menu Click on the Content tab If no script shows then double-click on the Content folder to open it Double-click on the script Installing a Script Into an Object
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This PDF is an Acrobat stamp file Each page following this one is an individual stamp To be used with Acrobat this file must be copied into one and only one of the two Acrobat Stamp Folders In addition this file may contain JavaScript files that are needed to support dynamic stamp operation Installation
How do I create a script in a PDF document?
- If this is about scripts in PDF documents, the best way to do this is by creating a "document level script" by selecting Tools>JavaScript>Document JavaScripts - then provide a name and click on the Add button. This way, the script gets only defined once when the document is loaded.
Should I send my script out as a PDF?
- A major reason we recommend you send your script out as a PDF is that PDF scripts are not easily editable. And while that is usually an asset, it is an obvious problem if you need to edit the script.
How do I convert PDF scripts into final draft files?
- If you have a Mac, the easiest way to convert PDF scripts into Final Draft files is to use Highland. A major reason we recommend you send your script out as a PDF is that PDF scripts are not easily editable. And while that is usually an asset, it is an obvious problem if you need to edit the script.
How do scripts work in Acrobat?
- All scripts in Acrobat are run in response to an Event. To put this idea into perspective, think about a script on a button. The user pushes the button, which in turn causes the script to run. Every script on a form is like this. Something has to happen to make the script go.
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scriptingMendel Cooper
10 Mar 2014
Revision History
Revision 6.505 Apr 2012Revised by: mc
"TUNGSTENBERRY" releaseRevision 6.627 Nov 2012Revised by: mc
"YTTERBIUMBERRY" releaseRevision 1010 Mar 2014Revised by: mc
"PUBLICDOMAIN" releaseThis tutorial assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, yet progresses rapidly toward an
intermediate/advanced level of instruction . . . all the while sneaking in little nuggets of UNIX® wisdom and lore. It serves as a textbook, a manual for self-study, and as a reference and source of knowledge on shell
scripting techniques. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite active reader participation, under
the premise that the only way to really learn scripting is to write scripts This book is suitable for classroom use as a general introduction to programming concepts. This document is herewith granted to the Public Domain.No copyright!
Dedication
For Anita, the source of all the magic
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Shell Programming!.........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2. Starting Off With a Sha-Bang........................................................................................................3
2.1. Invoking the script............................................................................................................................6
2.2. Preliminary Exercises.......................................................................................................................6
Part 2. Basics.......................................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 3. Special Characters...........................................................................................................................8
Chapter 4. Introduction to Variables and Parameters..................................................................................30
4.1. Variable Substitution......................................................................................................................30
4.2. Variable Assignment.......................................................................................................................33
4.3. Bash Variables Are Untyped..........................................................................................................34
4.4. Special Variable Types...................................................................................................................35
Chapter 5. Quoting...........................................................................................................................................41
5.1. Quoting Variables...........................................................................................................................41
5.2. Escaping..........................................................................................................................................43
Chapter 6. Exit and Exit Status.......................................................................................................................51
Chapter 7. Tests................................................................................................................................................54
7.1. Test Constructs...............................................................................................................................54
7.2. File test operators............................................................................................................................62
7.3. Other Comparison Operators..........................................................................................................65
7.4. Nestedif/then Condition Tests.......................................................................................................70
7.5. Testing Your Knowledge of Tests..................................................................................................71
Chapter 8. Operations and Related Topics....................................................................................................72
8.1. Operators.........................................................................................................................................72
8.2. Numerical Constants.......................................................................................................................78
8.3. The Double-Parentheses Construct.................................................................................................80
8.4. Operator Precedence.......................................................................................................................81
Part 3. Beyond the Basics.................................................................................................................................84
Chapter 9. Another Look at Variables...........................................................................................................85
9.1. Internal Variables............................................................................................................................85
9.2. Typing variables: declare or typeset.............................................................................................104
9.2.1. Another use for declare.......................................................................................................107
9.3. $RANDOM: generate random integer..........................................................................................107
Chapter 10. Manipulating Variables.............................................................................................................119
10.1. Manipulating Strings...................................................................................................................119
10.1.1. Manipulating strings using awk........................................................................................127
10.1.2. Further Reference..............................................................................................................127
10.2. Parameter Substitution................................................................................................................128Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
iTable of Contents
Chapter 11. Loops and Branches..................................................................................................................138
11.1. Loops..........................................................................................................................................138
11.2. Nested Loops..............................................................................................................................152
11.3. Loop Control...............................................................................................................................153
11.4. Testing and Branching................................................................................................................156
Chapter 12. Command Substitution.............................................................................................................165
Chapter 13. Arithmetic Expansion................................................................................................................171
Chapter 14. Recess Time................................................................................................................................172
Part 4. Commands..........................................................................................................................................173
Chapter 15. Internal Commands and Builtins.............................................................................................181
15.1. Job Control Commands..............................................................................................................210
Chapter 16. External Filters, Programs and Commands...........................................................................215
16.1. Basic Commands........................................................................................................................215
16.2. Complex Commands...................................................................................................................221
16.3. Time / Date Commands..............................................................................................................231
16.4. Text Processing Commands........................................................................................................235
16.5. File and Archiving Commands...................................................................................................258
16.6. Communications Commands......................................................................................................276
16.7. Terminal Control Commands.....................................................................................................291
16.8. Math Commands.........................................................................................................................292
16.9. Miscellaneous Commands..........................................................................................................303
Chapter 17. System and Administrative Commands..................................................................................318
17.1. Analyzing a System Script..........................................................................................................349
Part 5. Advanced Topics.................................................................................................................................351
Chapter 18. Regular Expressions..................................................................................................................353
18.1. A Brief Introduction to Regular Expressions..............................................................................353
18.2. Globbing.....................................................................................................................................357
Chapter 19. Here Documents.........................................................................................................................359
19.1. Here Strings................................................................................................................................369
Chapter 20. I/O Redirection...........................................................................................................................373
20.1. Using exec...................................................................................................................................376
20.2. Redirecting Code Blocks............................................................................................................379
20.3. Applications................................................................................................................................384
Chapter 21. Subshells.....................................................................................................................................386Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
iiTable of Contents
Chapter 22. Restricted Shells.........................................................................................................................391
Chapter 23. Process Substitution...................................................................................................................393
Chapter 24. Functions....................................................................................................................................398
24.1. Complex Functions and Function Complexities.........................................................................402
24.2. Local Variables...........................................................................................................................413
24.2.1. Local variables and recursion............................................................................................414
24.3. Recursion Without Local Variables............................................................................................417
Chapter 25. Aliases.........................................................................................................................................420
Chapter 26. List Constructs...........................................................................................................................423
Chapter 27. Arrays.........................................................................................................................................427
Chapter 28. Indirect References....................................................................................................................456
Chapter 29./dev and/proc.............................................................................................................................460
Chapter 30. Network Programming.............................................................................................................469
Chapter 31. Of Zeros and Nulls.....................................................................................................................472
Chapter 32. Debugging...................................................................................................................................476
Chapter 33. Options........................................................................................................................................487
Chapter 34. Gotchas.......................................................................................................................................490
Chapter 35. Scripting With Style..................................................................................................................499
35.1. Unofficial Shell Scripting Stylesheet..........................................................................................499
Chapter 36. Miscellany...................................................................................................................................502
36.1. Interactive and non-interactive shells and scripts.......................................................................502
36.2. Shell Wrappers............................................................................................................................503
36.3. Tests and Comparisons: Alternatives..........................................................................................509
36.4. Recursion: a script calling itself..................................................................................................509
36.5. "Colorizing" Scripts....................................................................................................................512
36.6. Optimizations..............................................................................................................................525
36.7. Assorted Tips..............................................................................................................................528
36.7.1. Ideas for more powerful scripts.........................................................................................528
36.7.2. Widgets..............................................................................................................................539
36.8. Security Issues............................................................................................................................541
36.8.1. Infected Shell Scripts.........................................................................................................541
36.8.2. Hiding Shell Script Source................................................................................................541Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
iiiTable of Contents
Chapter 36. Miscellany
36.8.3. Writing Secure Shell Scripts.............................................................................................541
36.9. Portability Issues.........................................................................................................................541
36.9.1. A Test Suite.......................................................................................................................542
36.10. Shell Scripting Under Windows...............................................................................................543
Chapter 37. Bash, versions 2, 3, and 4..........................................................................................................544
37.1. Bash, version 2............................................................................................................................544
37.2. Bash, version 3............................................................................................................................548
37.2.1. Bash, version 3.1...............................................................................................................551
37.2.2. Bash, version 3.2...............................................................................................................552
37.3. Bash, version 4............................................................................................................................552
37.3.1. Bash, version 4.1...............................................................................................................559
37.3.2. Bash, version 4.2...............................................................................................................560
Chapter 38. Endnotes.....................................................................................................................................564
38.1. Author"s Note..............................................................................................................................564
38.2. About the Author........................................................................................................................564
38.3. Where to Go For Help.................................................................................................................565
38.4. Tools Used to Produce This Book..............................................................................................565
38.4.1. Hardware...........................................................................................................................565
38.4.2. Software and Printware.....................................................................................................565
38.5. Credits.........................................................................................................................................566
38.6. Disclaimer...................................................................................................................................567
Appendix A. Contributed Scripts..................................................................................................................577
Appendix B. Reference Cards........................................................................................................................787
Appendix C. A Sed and Awk Micro-Primer................................................................................................792
C.1. Sed................................................................................................................................................792
C.2. Awk..............................................................................................................................................795
Appendix D. Parsing and Managing Pathnames.........................................................................................798
Appendix E. Exit Codes With Special Meanings.........................................................................................802
Appendix F. A Detailed Introduction to I/O and I/O Redirection.............................................................803
Appendix G. Command-Line Options..........................................................................................................805
G.1. Standard Command-Line Options...............................................................................................805
G.2. Bash Command-Line Options......................................................................................................806
Appendix H. Important Files.........................................................................................................................808Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
ivTable of Contents
Appendix I. Important System Directories..................................................................................................809
Appendix J. An Introduction to Programmable Completion.....................................................................811
Appendix K. Localization...............................................................................................................................814
Appendix L. History Commands...................................................................................................................818
Appendix M. Sample.bashrc and.bash_profile Files.................................................................................820
Appendix N. Converting DOS Batch Files to Shell Scripts.........................................................................837
Appendix O. Exercises....................................................................................................................................841
O.1. Analyzing Scripts.........................................................................................................................841
O.2. Writing Scripts.............................................................................................................................843
Appendix P. Revision History........................................................................................................................853
Appendix Q. Download and Mirror Sites.....................................................................................................856
Appendix R. To Do List..................................................................................................................................857
Appendix S. Copyright...................................................................................................................................858
Appendix T. ASCII Table..............................................................................................................................860
Notes..............................................................................................................................................899Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
vChapter 1. Shell Programming!
No programming language is perfect. There is
not even a single best language; there are only languages well suited or perhaps poorly suited for particular purposes. --Herbert MayerA working knowledge of shell scripting is essential to anyone wishing to become reasonably proficient at
system administration, even if they do not anticipate ever having to actually write a script. Consider that as a
Linux machine boots up, it executes the shell scripts in /etc/rc.d to restore the system configuration andset up services. A detailed understanding of these startup scripts is important for analyzing the behavior of a
system, and possibly modifying it.The craft of scripting is not hard to master, since scripts can be built in bite-sized sections and there is only a
fairly small set of shell-specific operators and options [1] to learn. The syntax is simple -- even austere --similar to that of invoking and chaining together utilities at the command line, and there are only a few "rules"
governing their use. Most short scripts work right the first time, and debugging even the longer ones is
straightforward. In the early days of personal computing, the BASIC language enabled anyone reasonably computer proficient to write programs on an early generation of microcomputers. Decades later, the Bash scripting language enables anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of Linux orUNIX to do the same on modern machines.
We now have miniaturized single-board computers with amazing capabilities, such as the Raspberry Pi. Bash scripting provides a way to explore the capabilities of these fascinating devices.A shell script is a quick-and-dirty method of prototyping a complex application. Getting even a limited subset
of the functionality to work in a script is often a useful first stage in project development. In this way, the
structure of the application can be tested and tinkered with, and the major pitfalls found before proceeding to
the final coding in C C++ Java , Perl, orPython
Shell scripting hearkens back to the classic UNIX philosophy of breaking complex projects into simpler
subtasks, of chaining together components and utilities. Many consider this a better, or at least more
esthetically pleasing approach to problem solving than using one of the new generation of high-powered
all-in-one languages, such as Perl , which attempt to be all things to all people, but at the cost of forcing you to alter your thinking processes to fit the tool.According to Herbert Mayer, "a useful language needs arrays, pointers, and a generic mechanism for building
data structures." By these criteria, shell scripting falls somewhat short of being "useful." Or, perhaps not. . . .
When not to use shell scripts
Chapter 1. Shell Programming!1
Resource-intensive tasks, especially where speed is a factor (sorting, hashing, recursion [2] ...)·
Procedures involving heavy-duty math operations, especially floating point arithmetic, arbitrary precision calculations, or complex numbers (use C++ orFORTRAN
instead)·Cross-platform portability required (use
C or Java instead)· Complex applications, where structured programming is a necessity (type-checking of variables, function prototypes, etc.)· Mission-critical applications upon which you are betting the future of the company·Situations where
security is important, where you need to guarantee the integrity of your system and protect against intrusion, cracking, and vandalism· Project consists of subcomponents with interlocking dependencies·Extensive file operations required (
Bash is limited to serial file access, and that only in a particularly clumsy and inefficient line-by-line fashion.)· Need native support for multi-dimensional arrays· Need data structures, such as linked lists or trees· Need to generate / manipulate graphics or GUIs· Need direct access to system hardware or external peripherals·Need port or socket I/O·
Need to use libraries or interface with legacy code·Proprietary, closed-source applications (Shell scripts put the source code right out in the open for all
the world to see.)· If any of the above applies, consider a more powerful scripting language -- perhaps Perl TclPython
Ruby -- or possibly a compiled language such as C C++ , or Java . Even then, prototyping the application as a shell script might still be a useful development step.We will be using Bash, an acronym
[3] for "Bourne-Again shell" and a pun on Stephen Bourne"s now classicBourne
shell. Bash has become a de facto standard for shell scripting on most flavors of UNIX. Most of the principles this book covers apply equally well to scripting with other shells, such as theKorn Shell
, from which Bash derives some of its features, [4] and theC Shell
and its variants. (Note thatC Shell
programmingis not recommended due to certain inherent problems, as pointed out in an October, 1993 Usenet post by Tom
Christiansen.)
What follows is a tutorial on shell scripting. It relies heavily on examples to illustrate various features of the
shell. The example scripts work -- they"ve been tested, insofar as possible -- and some of them are even useful
in real life. The reader can play with the actual working code of the examples in the source archive scriptname.sh or scriptname.bash [5] give them execute permission ( chmod u+rx scriptname ), then run them to see what happens. Should the source archive not be available, thencut-and-paste from the HTML or pdf rendered versions. Be aware that some of the scripts presented here
introduce features before they are explained, and this may require the reader to temporarily skip ahead for
enlightenment. Unless otherwise noted, the author of this book wrote the example scripts that follow.His countenance was bold and bashed not.
--Edmund SpenserAdvanced Bash-Scripting GuideChapter 1. Shell Programming!2
Chapter 2. Starting Off With a Sha-Bang
Shell programming is a 1950s juke box . . .
--Larry WallIn the simplest case, a script is nothing more than a list of system commands stored in a file. At the very least,
this saves the effort of retyping that particular sequence of commands each time it is invoked.Example 2-1.
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