Advanced C Programming
i. What are examples of C statements processed in this phase? The C compiler translates the pre-processed source into assembler code.
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Programming Examples. Revised Bloom's. Taxonomy Level. − Remembering Define advanced C programming concepts like pointers data structures. 2. Apply the ...
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memory address of another variable. In above example 'ptr' is a pointer variable because it stores the address of another variable '
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• Program example: Addition.c (part 1/2). /* Addition.c – Note: Letters in integer constants are case-insensitive! EECS22: Advanced C Programming Lecture 2.
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EECS22: Advanced C Programming Lecture 5. (c) 2011 R. Doemer. 2. Lecture 5 • Program example: Cylinder.c (part 1/3). /* Cylinder.c: cylinder functions.
Advanced C
For example a printing code of 92-1 shows that the first printing of the book occurred in 1992. Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Prentice Hall Computer
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Recursion is emphasized with numerous programming examples and diagrams. course for the beginning C programmer eager to advance their skills in any.
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step-by-step guidance on programming a computer in C for a variety of functions. Advanced C Programming by Example John W. Perry 1998-01-01.
Advanced C Programming - Profiling
25 ??? 2008 Advanced C Programming. Profiling ... Analyse the runtime behavior of the program ... Kernel samples instruction pointer (IP).
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WHY LEARN PROGRAMMING. 7. WHY LEARN C. 8. C/C++ EXAMPLES The CLP: Advanced Programming in C curriculum is designed for students who already have a good.
Advanced C Programming
Proling
Sebastian Hack
hack@cs.uni-sb.deChristoph Weidenbach
weidenbach@mpi-inf.mpg.de25.11.2008computer science
saar land u niversity1 TodayProling
Invasive Proling
Non-Invasive Proling
Tools gprof gcov valgrind oproleConclusion
2What is a Proler?
Analyse the runtime behavior of the program
IWhich parts (functions, statements, ...)
of a program take how long? IHow often are functions called?
IWhich functions call which
IConstruct the dynamic call graph
IMemory consumption
IMemory accesses
Imemory leaks
ICache performance
3Invasive Proling
IModify the program (code instrumentation)
IInsert calls to functions that record data
IAdvantages:
IVery precise
ITheoretically at the instruction level
IPrecise call graph
IDisadvantages:
IPotentially very high overhead
IDepends on the instrumentation code that is insertedICannot prole already running systems
(long running servers)ICan only prole application (not complete system)
4Non-Invasive Proling
IStatistic sampling of the program
IUse a xed time interval
orHa rdwarep erformancecounters (CPU feature)
to trigger sampling events IRecord instruction pointer at each sampling event
IAdvantages:
ISmall overhead
IHardware assisted
ICan prole the whole system (even the kernel!)
IDisadvantages:
I not precise+\only" statistical dataICall Graph possibly not complete
+some functions are never sampled 5Proles
IFlat Prole
How much time does the program spend in which function? ICall Graph
Which function calls which function how often?
IAnnotated Sources
Annotate each source line with number of executions 6 gprof IMixture of invasive and statistical proling
Invasive Part
I gccinserts calls to a functionmcountinto prologue of each function ICompile with-gand-pg
I mcountcan gure out its caller+we can construct the call graph I mcountcounts the number of invocations for each function ICall tomcountis the only instrumentation
+almost as ecient as normal build I After program is run, there is a le calledgmon.outcontaining proling data I Evaluate contents ofgmon.outwithgprof name-of-program 7 gprofStatistical Part
IKernel samples instruction pointer (IP)
on each timer interrupt (100/s) I Increments a counter in a histogram of address ranges +cannot track the exact location where timer interrupt happened I Provides a frequency distribution over code locations IBeware of low samplerate
I Short running programs will mostly not provide meaningful data I Accumulation of several prole runs is possible:$ ./test_program $ mv gmon.out gmon.sum $ ./test_program $ gprof -s ./test_program gmon.out gmon.sum 8 gcov IAnalyses coverage of program code
IWhich line was executed how often
IHelps for nding code that
I can prot from optimizationsIthat is notcovered b ytest cases
IUse GCC
ags I -fprofile-arcs: collect info about jumps I-ftest-coverage: collect info about code coverage IAttention:
Multiple co delines might b emerged to one instruction 100: 12:if (a != b)100: 13: c = 1;
100: 14:else
100: 15: c = 0;
9 valgrind IJIT-compiler / translator:
I Construct intermediate representation from x86 assembly codeIAdd instrumentation code
ICompile back to x86
IDone while program is loaded
IIs not only a proler!
INo compiler
ags / recompilation needed (though-g -fno-inlineadvisable to analyse output) I Program runtime can degrade drastically due to instrumentation code and recompilation I can escape to debugger on certain events +very handy when debugging memory leaks IDisadvantage:
I program might run an order of magnitude slower Iprogram might consume an order of magnitude more memory 10 valgrind Tools memcheck IRedirects calls tomallocand the like
IKeeps track of all allocated memory
I Instruments references to warn about \bad" memory accesses I uninitializedIalready freed
IDetects memory leaks
IWarns about jumps taken upon uninitialized values
cachegrind IInstruments memory accesses
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