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ANADVANCED

ENGLISHGRAMMAR

WITHEXERCISES

GEORGELYMANI_QITTREDGE

GURNEYPROFESSOROFENGLISHLITERATUREIN

HARVARDUNIVERSITY

AND

FRANKEDGARFARLEY

GINNANDCOMPANY

COPYRIGHT,1913,BYGEORGELYMANKITTREDGE

ANDFRANKEDGARFARLEY

ENTEREDATSTATIONERS`HALL

ALLRIGHTSRESERVED

Egcwxé

LCControlNumber

tmp96027991 metcuazumcnes

GINNANDCOMPANY0PRO'

PRIETORSBOSTONU.S.A.

PREFACE

expressionofthought(pp.163 studentsofEnglishcomposition. language. ivPREFACE errorisespeciallyprevalent. tocndanythingthatthevolumecontains. ofclausesinsentencesofdifferentkinds.

Mr.C.L.Hooper,oftheChicagoNormalSchool.

CONTENTS

secondcolumntothepagesoftheExercises]

INTRODUCTION

TEXT

LanguageandGrammar

GrammarandUsage

SummaryofGeneralPrinciplesxvu

ENGLISHGRAMMAR

PARTONE^THEPARTSOFSPEECHINTHE

SENTENCE

TheSentenceSubjectandPredicate

KindsofSentences

TheEightPartsofSpeechDecned

TheSameWordasDifferentPartsofSpeech.

IncnitivesandParticiples.

ComparativeImportanceofthePartsofSpeech.

SimpleandCompleteSubjectandPredicate

CompoundSubjectandPredicate.

SubstitutesforthePartsofSpeech

Phrases^Noun,Verb,Adjective,Adverbial

Clauses^IndependentandSubordinate

CompoundandComplexSentences

CompoundComplexSentences

ClausesasPartsofSpeech.

Summary'

ofDecnitions

PARTTWO^INFLECTIONANDSYNTAX

CHAPTERI^INFLECTION

IndectioninGeneral

SummaryofIndections

CONTENTS

CHAPTERIINOUNS

ClassiccationCommonNounsandProperNouns

IndectionofNouns

Gender

Number

Person

Case

NominativeCase

PossessiveCase

ObjectiveCase

ParsingofNouns

CHAPTERIIIPRONOUNS

CaseofPersonalPronouns

AdjectivePronounsDemonstratives

AdjectivePronounsIndecnites

RelativePronouns

TheRelativePronounWhat

CompoundRelativePronouns

InterrogativePronouns

ParsingofPronouns

CHAPTERIVADJECTIVES

ClassiccationofAdjectives

AdjectivestheArticles

ComparisonofAdjectives

IrregularComparison

CHAPTERVADVERBS

ClassiccationofAdverbs

RelativeandInterrogativeAdverbs

ComparisonofAdverbs

UseoftheComparativeandSuperlative

Numerals^Adjectives,Nouns,Adverbs

CONTENTS

CHAPTERVIVERBS

ClassiccationofVerbs

AuxiliaryVerbsVerb-Phrases

TransitiveandIntransitiveVerbs

CopulativeVerbs

IndectionofVerbs

TenseofVerbs

PresentandPastTenses

Weak(Regular)andStrong(Irregular)Verbs

PersonandNumber.

ThePersonalEndings

ConjugationofthePresentandthePast

SpecialRulesofNumberandPerson

TheFutureTenseShallandWill

CompleteorCompoundTenses

VoiceActiveandPassive

ConjugationoftheSixTenses

UseofthePassiveVoice

ProgressiveVerb-Phrases

EmphaticVerb-Phrases

MoodofVerbs.

IndicativeMood

ImperativeMood

SubjunctiveMood^Forms

UsesoftheSubjunctive

PotentialVerb-Phrases(ModalAuxiliaries)

SpecialRulesforShouldandWould

TheIncnitive

TheIncnitiveasaNoun

TheIncnitiveasaModicer

TheIncnitiveClause

ParticiplesFormsandConstructions

NominativeAbsolute

VerbalNounsin-ing(ParticipialNouns)

CHAPTERVIIPREPOSITIONS

ListofPrepositions

SpecialUsesofPrepositionsTEXTvii

iiiCONTENTS

CHAPTERVIIICONJUNCTIONSTEXT

Coordinate(orCoordinating)Conjunctions

Subordinate(orSubordinating)Conjunctions

CorrelativeConjunctions

CHAPTERIXINTERJECTIONS

Interjections

ExclamatoryExpressions

CHAPTERX^CLAUSESASPARTSOFSPEECH

ClausesasPartsofSpeech

AdjectiveClauses

AdverbialClauses

Noun(orSubstantive)Clauses

ClausesofPlaceandTime

CausalClauses

ConcessiveClauses

ClausesofPurposeandResult

ConditionalSentences

FormsofConditions

PresentandPastConditions

FutureConditions

ClausesofComparison

IndirectDiscourse

IndirectQuestions

PARTTHREE^ANALYSIS

CHAPTERI^THESTRUCTUREOFSENTENCES

AnalysistheElements

SimpleSentences

CompoundSentences

CONTENTS

TEXT

ComplexSentences

CompoundandComplexClauses

CompoundComplexSentences

CHAPTERII^ANALYSISOFSENTENCES

SimpleSentences

CompoundSentences

ComplexSentences

CompoundComplexSentences

CHAPTERIIIMODIFIERS

ModicersinGeneral

ModicersoftheSubject

ModicersofthePredicate

CHAPTERIVCOMPLEMENTS

UseofComplements

TheDirectObject

ThePredicateObjéctive`

ThePredicateNominative

ThePredicateAdjective

CHAPTERV^MODIFIERSOFCOMPLEMENTSANDOF

MODIFIERS

ModicersofComplements

ModicersofOtherModicers

CHAPTERVIulNDEPENDENTELEMENTS

FourKindsofIndependentElements

ParentheticalExpressions

CHAPTERVII^COMBINATIONSOFCLAUSES

GeneralPrinciples

CoordinationandSubordination

Clauses^Simple,Compound,Complex

CONTENTS

TEXT

CompoundandComplexSentences.

CompoundComplexSentences

VarietiesoftheComplexSentence

SpecialComplicationsinComplexSentences

CHAPTERVIIIELLIPTICALSENTENCES

EllipsisinClausesandSentences

VarietiesofEllipsis

ExamplesofEllipticalConstructions

EXERCISES

ExercisesonPartOne

ExercisesonPartTwo

ExercisesonPartThree

APPENDIX

ListsofVerbs

ConjugationoftheVerbto

ConjugationoftheVerbto

UseofCapitalLetters

RulesofPunctuation

RulesofSyntax

TheEnglishLanguage

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

LANGUAGEANDGRAMMAR

I.THENATUREorLANGUAGE

orwrittenwords. windinstrument. X1 xiiINTRODUCTION andgestures. beover. glewords.Toexpress ,ourthoughtswemustputwordsto

THENATUREOFLANGUAGExiii

thosegroupswhichmakeupconnectedSpeech. tion(forCharlesmayormaynotcome). is,etc. tobeindected. xivINTRODUCTION

Henry`stoindicateownershiporpossession.

ofstrucktoCharles.

ThetrainfromBostonhasjustarrived.

ThetrainforBostonhasjustarrived.

thesenseunmistakable. initsmeaning. iscalleditsconstruction. ofwords. tionsofwords. subjects,inectionandsyntax.

GRAMMARANDUSAGExv

plicityisenormous.

II.GRAMMARANDUSAGE

sc1enceofexactreasoning.

1Comparepp.316-317.

xviINTRODUCTION bythegreatmajorityofeducatedpersons. bycarefulwriters. becorrectwithoutbeingstiltedoraffected.1 thelanguage. xviiiINTRODUCTION eachlanguage. speech. calledphrases,clauses,andsentences. sentenceiscalleditsconstruction. to,from,is,etc. constructionsofwords. structionsofwords. andwriters.

ENGLISHGRAMMAR

PARTONE

THEPARTSOFSPEECHIN

THESENTENCE

THESENTENCE

thought.

Fireburns.

Wolveshowl.

Rainisfalling.

Charlesiscourageous.

Patient_effortremovesmountains.

Londonisthelargestcityintheworld.

touseslovenlylanguage. byafullpause.

2THESENTENCE

parts,asubjectandapredicate. nevercondescendtouseslovenlylanguage predicatearenecessarytomakeasentence. clamatory.

DickenswroteDavidCopperceld.

Thearmyapproachedthecity.

2.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.

Whoisthatocicer

DoesArthurMoorelivehere

Openthewindow.

Pronouncethevowelsmoredistinctly.

emotionintheformofanexclamationorcry.

Howcalmtheseais

Whatanoisetheenginemakes1

THEPARTSOFSPEECH3

ofvoice. andhearerwithoutbeingexpressed. emphaticas,Youopenthewindow. cate,butsometimesthepredicateprecedes.

HerecomesTom.

NextcameEdward.

Overwentthecarriage.

ininterrogativesentences.

Whe_reisyourboat

THEPARTSOFSPEECH

expressionofthought.

Savagebeastsroamedthroughtheforest.

4NOUNSANDPRONOUNS

I.NOUNS

8.Anounisthenameofaperson,place,orthing.

song.

II.PRONOUNS

son,place,orthingwithoutnamingit. name. thepronounhis]

Eleanorisvisitingheraunt.

Thebookhaslostitscover.

Thetrapperssatroundtheircampcre.

[Theirhastwoantecedents,connectedbyand]

ADJECTIYES5

m.ADJECTIVES limits.

13.An.

rangeofitsmeaning. calleddecnitiveadjectives.2

IV.VERBS

concerningaperson,place,orthing.3

Thewindblows.Herjewelssparkled.

Thehorsesran.Tomclimbedatree.

Thecreblazed.Thedynamiteexploded.

Thetreatystillexists.

Thebookliesonthetable.

Nearthechurchstoodanelm.

Myauntsuc`ersmuchfromheadache.

however,limit,eventhosethatalsodescribe. VERBS verb,tomakeanassertion

Youwillsee.

Thetreehasfallen.

Wemighthaveinvitedher.

Ourdriverhasbeendischarged.

theinectionofverbs. orwords.

WherewasWashingtonborn

Theboatwasslowlybutsteadilyapproaching.

thepredicatedescribeorde%nethesubject.

Goldisametal.

Charlesismyfriend`sname.

Thecolorsofthisbutterdyarebrilliant.

Ironbecomesredinthecre.

Ourconditionseemeddesperate.

Bertramprovedagoodfriendinthisemergency.

Mysoulgrowssadwithtroubles.SHAKSPERE.

8PREPOSITIONS

W.PREPOSITIONS

relationtosomeotherwordinthesentence.

Aprepositionissaidtogovernitsobject.

andriveristheobjectoftheprepositionon.

Overhillanddaleheran.

Hewasclledwithshameanddespair.

vn.CONJUNCTIONS whichitconnects. vm.INTERJECTIONS

DIFFERENTPARTSOFSPEECH9

THESAMEWORDASDIFFERENTPARTSOFSPEECH

ofspeechitbelongs. another. itsclassi%cationasapartofSpeech. prepositions.

I.NOUNSANDADJECTIVES

NOUNSADJECTIVES

Thatbrickisyellow.Hereisabrickhouse.

II.NOUNSANDVERBS

NOUNSVERBS

Itisthecallofthesea.Yecallmechief.

sail,shape,Sleep,spur,test,watch,wound.

10DIFFERENTPARTSOFSPEECH

III.ADJECTIVESANDADVERBS

ADJECTIVESADVERBS

Thatisafastboat.Thesnowismeltingfast.

DrawastraightlineThearrowdewstraight.

Earlycomersgetgoodseats.Tomawokeearly.

IV.ADJECTIVESANDPRONOUNS

ADJECTIVESPRONOUNS

Thismanlooksunhappy.Thisisthesergeant.

Thatbookisadictionary.Thatisakangaroo.

V.ADVERBSANDPREPosrTIONs

ADVERBSPREPOSITIONS

Wewentbelow.Belowuslaythevalley.

TheweedsSprangup.Wewalkedupthehill.

Thecalmlastedforthreedays.

CalmwordsShowquietminds.

Calmyourangryfriend.

Wrongseldomprospers.

Youhavetakenthewrongroad.

EdwardoftenSpellswordswrong.

Youwrongmebyyoursuspicions.

NOUN.Theoutsideofthecastleisgloomy.

ADJECTIVE.Wehaveanoutsidestateroom.

ADVERB.Themessengeriswaitingoutside.

PRErosrrmN.Ishallrideoutsidethecoach.

INFINITIVESANDPARTICIPLES11

ADJECTIVE.Thatboatisasloop.

PRONOUN.Thatismyuncle.

CONJUNCTION.Yousaidthatyouwouldhelpme.

ADJECTIVE.NeitherroadleadstoUtica.

PRONOUN.Neitherofusarrivedintime.

CONJUNCTION.NeitherTomnorIwaslate.

PREPOSITION.Iamwaitingforthetrain.

INTERJECTION.Hurrah!thebattleiswon.

NOUN.Iheardaloudhurrah.

VERB.Theenemy&ees.Ourmenhurrah.

INFINITIVESANDPARTICIPLES

adjective). sentencesTostrugglewasuseless.

Toescapeisimpossible.

Toexerciseregularlypreservesthehealth.

fortoexerciseregularly. andarecalledincnitives.

12INFINITIVESANDPARTICIPLES

signoftheincnitive. verb-phrases

Marymayrecite.

Jackcanswim.

ofverbs. shatter,andl sinkingasaformoftheverbsink.Theybothex natureofadjectives. suchawayastodescribeorlimitasubstantive. describesorlimits. withtheinectionofverbs

SIMPLEANDCOMPLETESUBJECT

Tomiscoming.Yourbookisfound.

ofverbs. accordancewiththeusualpractice.

SIMPLEANDCOMPLETESUBJECTANDPREDICATE

(nounsandpronouns)andverbs. asentence. foradverbs.

14SIMPLEANDCOMPLETESUBJECT

iftherewerenothingtoconnect. everusinganinterjection.

Charlesswims.

both,willcontainmorethanoneword.Thus,

YoungCharlesswimsslowly

areincluded. ing,fOrmsthecompletesubject. meaning,formsthecompletepredicate.

16SUBSTITUTESFORPARTSOFSPEECH

SUBSTITUTESFORPARTSOFSPEECH

PHRASES

TheFatherofWatersistheMississippi.

Agirlwithblueeyesstoodatthewindow.

Youarelookingwell.

girl. andmodicesstood.

Arelookingcouldbereplacedbytheverblook.

predicate,iscalledaphrase.

Aphraseisoftenequivalenttoapartofspeech.

looking,averb-phrase.

Yourumbrellaisinthecorner.

Hehasaheartofoak.

Acupwithabrokenhandlestoodontheshelf.

Myhouseofcardsfelltothefloorinaheap.

CLAUSESCOMPOUNDANDCOMPLEXSENTENOES

andaphrasedoesnot.

CLAUSES17

thatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.

Thelightningdashedandthethunderroared.

Thetrainstartedwhenthebellrang

thatbetweentheclausesinthesecond. orrank,andthesentenceiscalledcompound. asentenceissaidtobecomplex.

8CLAUSES

lastcardisappeared. itselfasacomplexsentence. despair. calledacompoundcomplexsentence.1 Q thatcontainsasubjectandapredicate. otherclausesaresaidtobeindependent.

Sentencesmaybesimple,compound,orcomplex.

bothofwhichmaybecompound. isindependent_andtherestsubordinate.

CLAUSES19

I.SIMPLESENTENCES

Ironrusts.GeorgeVisking.

subjectandpredicatearecompound.]

II.COMPOUNDSENTENCES

conjunctionand] it.[Twoclausesjoinedbybut.] me.[Twoclausesjoinedbyeitheror.] nor),but,for.

III.COMPLEXSENTENCES

Exampleswillbefoundin48-50.

CLAUSESASPARTSorSPEECH

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