[PDF] STUDY OF POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS EVENTS DURING HEAVY





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GENEVA

2003CERN 2003-001

28 February 2003

Theoretical Physics

Division

ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE

CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

STUDY OF POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS EVENTS

DURING HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS AT THE LHC:

REPORT OF THE LHC SAFETY STUDY GROUP

J.-P. BlaizotCEA/Saclay-Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France J. IliopoulosÉcole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France

J. Madsen,University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark

G.G. Ross,University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

P. Sonderegger,CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

H.-J. Specht,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany GENVA203CR 3-30A1R-8Feb 38RA2CFr30CuayTTuhCoFtbFiAyTTc

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3CTa u DRNa-T3N e V 3CN NaNVyF u -3 VN?r2VNb e V 3CN -o?rTVs DT--l nC2- DTF Ée V C2yCα

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3 T VTayN e RTVTDN3NV- 0CNVN 1r8s -3VTayN ?rTVs DT33NV 2- aNyT32AN8F uCTVyNbl i 0NANVP 23 CT-

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0 r8b a 3 1N T18N 3 NT3 rR aru8N2 2abNva23N8F Tab uTr-N T b2-T-3NVl nC2- 2- 1NuTr-N 3CN -TDN

va23N -2=N NeeNu3- 3CT3 bN-3T1282=N -DT88 -3VTayN8N3- VN8T32AN 3 1r8s DT33NV g-NN É.é T1 ANw Tu3 A2T

-rRRVN--2 a e 3CN -o?rTVs 0TANerau32 a aNTV 3CN -3VTayN8N3 -rVeTuNl nC2- VNbruN- 3CN T1rabTauN e aNyT32AN8F uCTVyNb -o?rTVs- 3 T bNyVNN 3CT3 DTsN- 3CN 3 3T8 -3VTayN8N3 uCTVyN R -232AN e V T ANVF 02bN VTayN e 1TVF a arD1NV-l S aNyT32AN -3VTayN8N3 0 r8b -2DR8F -3 R yV 02ay 1F aru8Nr- u a-rDR32 a 0CNa 23- DT-- VNTuCNb 3CN R -232AN8F uCTVyNb DT--oVNy2DNP Tab a b2-T-3NV- 0 r8b CTRRNal nCN uT8ur8T32 a- 1NC2ab 3C2- TVyrDNa3 0NVN RNVe VDNb 023C2a 3CN kxn 1Ty D bN8P 1r3

3CN TVyrDNa3 2- 82sN8F 3 1N DruC D VN yNaNVT88F AT82b 1NuTr-N 23 -2DR8F VN82N- a 3CN ?rTa3rD

DNuCTa2uT8 NeeNu3 3CT3 DT--2AN RTV32u8N 0TANerau32 a- TVN -rRRVN--Nb T3 T 1Ty 1 rabTVFl

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eNVNa3 BTA rV Tab u 8 rV DTF 8NTb 3 e VDT32 a e ?rTVs c RNV RT2V-P VN-r832ay 2a T Fu 8 rVG BTA rVo8 usNbH -3T3N 3CT3 2- D VN 1 rab 3CTa F Vb2aTVFH -3VTayN ?rTVs DT33NV gdwl nCN TVyrDNa3-

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xa RV2au2R8NP T-3V RCF-2uT8 1-NVAT32 a- DTF u a-3VT2a 3CN R 3Na32T8 b2-T-3NV -uNaTV2 - e V Ta TuuN8NVT3 V

82sN3CNtic1NuTr-N-2D28TVu ab232 a-DTF uurV2a-RTuNl EN-CT88VNA2N0CNVN3CNVN8NATa3TVyrDNa3-l

2.2.1 Cosmic rays

c -D2uoVTF RV uN--N- VNTuC 3CN NaNVy2N- Tab NaNVyF bNa-232N- 3CT3 0288 1N Nau ra3NVNb T3 3CN tic TabP

3CNVNe VNP 3CNF DTF RV A2bN 82D23- a R --218N b2-T-3NV -uNaTV2 -l zruC 82D23- CTAN 1NNa b2-ur--Nb 2a

UNe-l gBw Tab gmw Tab DruC e 3CN TaT8F-2- TRR82N- T8- 3 3CN ticl UNuNa3 VN-r83- 13T2aNb 023C T

bN3Nu3 V Tbb2ay 32DNo eoB2yC3 2ae VDT32 a 3 Ta TVVTF 8TVyN Na ryC 3 VNTuC NaNVy2N- T3 Tab T1 AN 3CN

saNN gIwP TRRV TuC2ay 3CN ticoN?r2AT8Na3 NaNVyF VNy2 aP u avVD 023C 2DRV ANb TuurVTuF 3CT3 CNTAF

2 a- CTAN -3TV3Nb 3 b D2aT3N 3CN -RNu3VrDl S83C ryC 3CN RVNu2-N uCND2uT8 u DR -232 a 2- a 3 sa 0aP

3CN TANVTyN AT8rN eAu VVN-R ab- 3 3CT3 e DTyaN-2rDP 023C 2 a- T3 8NT-3 T- CNTAF T- 2V a e VD2ay T

-r1-3Ta32T8 RTV3l EN -rDDTV2=N 1V2NBF CNVN 3CN DT2a u au8r-2 a-P 3Ts2ay 2a3 Tuu ra3 3CN VNuNa3 bT3T eV D Uixcl nCN vV-3 TVyrDNa3 2- 1T-Nb a 3CN 1-NVAT32 a 3CT3 C2yCoNaNVyF u -D2u VTF- u 882bN e3Na 023C 3CN

-rVeTuN e T-3V RCF-2uT8 1hNu3- -ruC T- 3CN D al nCN 3 3T8 arD1NV e -ruC u 882-2 a- a 3CN D a 2-

CryN u DRTVNb 3 0CT3 2- N,RNu3Nb T3 3CN tic TabP -2auN 3CN D a 2- -3288 3CNVN Tab DTbN r3 e Vb2aTVF

DT33NVP aN DTF 3VF 3 r-N 23- N,2-3NauN 3 Vr8N r3 3CN R --212823F e TaF bTayNV r- RV uN-- T3 3CN ticl

nCN TVyrDNa3 2- ?r23N u aA2au2ayP 1r3 aN uTa -3288 NATbN 23 2a -NANVT8 0TF-l C2V-3P 3CN s2aNDT32u u ab232 a- TVN a 3 2bNa32uT8l S u DR8N, CTbV a2u -F-3NDP 82sN T -3VTayN8N3P

D A2ay VTR2b8F 3CV ryC DT33NVP 0288 a 3 -rVA2AN u 882-2 a- 023C aru8N2P - a8F -3VTayN8N3- aNTV8F T3 VN-3

VN8T32AN 3 -rVV rab2ay DT33NV TVN R 3Na32T88F bTayNV r-l S3 3CN ticP 3CNF TVN 3CN aN- RV bruNb 023C

T8D -3 =NV VTR2b23F 0C28N a 3CN D a 3CNF TVN 3CN aN- 2a 3CN 3TVyN3 eVTyDNa3T32 a VNy2 al nCNVNe VNP

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sa 0a CTbV a- 3CN-N b2-3V21r32 a- eT88 82sN T R 0NV aNTV 3CN 82D232ay AT8rN- e 3CN VTR2b23FP - 3CN Tr3C V-

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P ÉBé

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2a3NVAT8él nCN F0 V-3ouT-N -uNaTV2 H 0T- T--rDNb 1F 3CN Tr3C V- e UNel gmw 023C 3CN N,3VNDN uT-N e T

RrVN8F uNa3VT8 RV bru32 a>

bΠ by=pδ(y-Y/2)P É.é

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u 882bNVl EN 0Ta3 3 NDRCT-2=NP C 0NANVP 3CT3 0N u a-2bNV -ruC T b2-3V21r32 a 3 1N 3 3T88F raVNT82-32uP

T83C ryC 23 uTaa 3 1N V2y V r-8F b2-RV ANbl

nCN -Nu ab b2eeNVNauN 1N30NNa 3CN s2aNDT32uT8 u ab232 a- a 3CN D a Tab T3 3CN tic CT- 3 b

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1N T3 8NT-3 T- 82sN8F T3 S NaNVyF -C r8b a 3 1N Ta 2DR V3Ta3 eTu3 Vl EN -CTVN 3C2- R2a2 aP T83C ryC 0N uTaa 3 y2AN T V2y V r-

RV el ÅNANV3CN8N--P 2e aN u a-2bNV- a8F u -D2u VTF- C2332ay 3CN -rVeTuN e 3CN D a 023C NaNVy2N-

N?rT8 3 V C2yCNV 3CTa 3CT3 e 3CN ticP aN Dr-3 RTF T RNaT83F eTu3 V y2ANa 1F 3CNE -3.4

1NCTA2 rV e

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r3l nCN Tr3C V- e UNel gmw CTAN u a-2bNVNb T -Nu ab - rVuN e bT3TP aTDN8F 3CT3 e 3CN u 882-2 a- e

u -D2u VTF- 2a -RTuNP 0CNVN -Nu abTVF u 882-2 a- uTaa 3 bN-3V F 3CN -3VTayN8N3-l nCN 1 rab e -3VTayN8N3

RV bru32 a Tab yV 03C e 88 0- eV D 3CN eTu3 3CT3 3CNF 0288 1N NANa3rT88F -0NR3 rR 2a -3TV e VDT32 a

Tab 8NTb 3 3CN -r1-N?rNa3 bN-3Vru32 a e 3CN -3TV T- 23 2- u aANV3Nb 2a3 -3VTayN DT33NVl nC2- 0 r8b 1N

bN3Nu3T18N T- T -rRNVa ATo82sN NANa3l KN-R23N 3CN N,3VNDN8F -DT88 uV --o-Nu32 a e V 2a3NV-3N88TV u -D2uo

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13T2a -2ya2vuTa3 1 rab- a -3VTayN8N3 RV bru32 a Tab yV 03Cl i 0NANVP 3C2- 1 rab b N- a 3 TRR8F 2e

3CN RV bruNb -3VTayN8N3 2- ra-3T18N rabNV 1TVF a ND2--2 a 023C T 82eN32DN -C V3NV 3CTa 3CN 32DN 23 3TsN-

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3CN u au8r-2 a 3CT3 3CN 82yC3N-3 Tab D -3 VNTb28F RV bruNb -3VTayN8N3- 0 r8b bNuTF 023C T DruC -C V3NV

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0 r8b R -N T RV 18NDP 1r3 3CNF TVN DruC CTVbNV 3 RV bruNl

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bTayNV r- RV uN--N- 2a CNTAFo2 a u 882bNV- 82sN Uixc V 3CN ticP 1r3 3CN 0 V-3ouT-N -uNaTV2 uTaa 3 1N

N,u8rbNb 1T-Nb a 3CN-N bT3T T8 aNl

2.2.2 Astrophysics

S-3V RCF-2uT8 1-NVAT32 a- -N3 2abNRNabNa3 1 rab- a 3CN N,2-3NauN e bTayNV r- -3VTayN8N3- A2T 3CVNN

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3CTa aNr3V a -3TV-P RV A2ay 3CT3 - DN u DRTu3 1hNu3

2-T aNr3V a -3TV VT3CNV 3CTa T ?rTVs -3TV

0 r8b Vr8N r3 3CN CFR 3CN-2- e T1- 8r3N8F -3T18N -3VTayN ?rTVs DT33NVl

z3VTayN -3TV- 023C DT--N- -2ya2vuTa38F 1N8 0 B - 8TV DT-- TVN DT2a8F u avaNb 1F 3CN -3V ay

2a3NVTu32 a-P 023C yVTA23F R8TF2ay T 8N-- 2DR V3Ta3 V 8Nl i 0NANVP e V 3CN u DRTu3 1hNu3 DT--N-

3FR2uT88F uVNT3Nb 2a -rRNVa AT N,R8 -2 a- ÉM≈1.4- 8TV DT--N-éP yVTA23F 2- b D2aTa3 e V -3VTayN

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2aA 8AN bN3T28Nb u DRTV2- a- e Rr8-TV V IoVTF 12aTVF VTb22 Tab DT--N-D 3CN y823uC RCNa DNa a

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1-NVANb É3C ryC 3CNV RCT-N 3VTa-232 a- D2yC3 D2D2u 3CN -2yaT3rVNél

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