[PDF] Fact Sheet: Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources





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How are air pollution emissions controlled?

    These emissions are typically controlled to high efficiencies using a wide range of air pollution control devices. The selection of the appropriate control technology is determined by the pollutant collected, the stationary source conditions, and the control efficiency required.

What devices are used to control particulate emissions?

    The most commonly used devices for controlling particulate emissions include: • electrostatic precipitators (wet and dry types), • fabric filters (also called bag houses), • wet scrubbers, and • cyclones (or multiclones).

What Wet collection devices are used for PM control?

    Wet collection devices used for PM control include venturi scrubbers, bubbling scrubbers, spray towers, and in some instances, wet electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).

What are the sources of air pollution?

    Stationary sources of air pollution emissions, such as power plants, steel mills, smelters, cement plants, refineries, and other industrial processes, release contaminants into the atmosphere as particulates, aerosols, vapors, or gases.

EPA/452/B-02-001

Source: tank or process 0.4x

x = 35 minimum "A" DIAMETER

LONGITUDINAL￿￿ GORED ELBOW

SEAM DUCT

(Solid welded longitudinal seam)

DIMENSIONS:￿￿

8-inch minimum￿￿

A

90-inch maximum

Diameter

STRAIGHT TEE STRAIGHT 90 CROSS

V

DIMENSIONS:￿￿

1" 1"

D

DIMENSIONS:￿￿

V = C + 2￿￿ V = C + 2￿￿

1" Maximum C or D = A Maximum C = A

A A 1" 1" C C

DAMPERS CONCENTRIC REDUCER

(1-inch minimum or ￿￿

ECCENTRIC REDUCER

(4-inch minimum or ￿￿

12-inch maximum) A - B

DIMENSIONS:￿￿

R = 1.5A

Where:

Number of gores

2￿￿

3￿￿

5

For elbows where exceeds 90 , ￿￿

add one gore for each additional￿￿

18 or fraction thereof.

0 - 35 ￿￿

36 - 71 ￿￿

72 - 90

A R

1" 1"

a v lb ( 100 × g lb m sec = . ft air f sec

125 73207 915

.W in. w.c. .hp = W

Some observations about this illustration:

Recall that the precise units for (1.7) 1-17 v w a 0 u VP = 2 Or: u Incidentally, these equations apply to any duct, regardless of its shape. As Burton describes it, static gauge pressure can be thought of as the " stored" energy in a ventilation system. This stored energy is converted to the kinetic energ y of velocity and the losses of friction (which are mainly heat, vibration, and noise). Friction lo sses fall into several categories:[27] Losses through straight duct Losses through duct fittings - elbow tees, reducers, etc. Losses in branch and control device entries Losses in hoods due to turbulence, shock, vena contracta Losses in fans Losses in stacks These losses will be discussed in later sections of this chapter. Generally speaking, much more of the static gauge pressure energy is lost to` friction than is co nverted to velocity pressure energy. It is customary to express these friction losses (? = kVP 1-19 2 Q = u c d 4 Similarly, if a flange were installed around the outside of the duct end, the sur face area through which the air was drawn - and the volume flow rate - would be cut in half. That occurs because the flange would, in effect, block the flow of air from points b ehind it. Hence: From these examples, it should be clear that the hood shape has a direct bearing on the gas flow rate drawn into it. But Equations 1.16 to 1.18 apply only to ho ods with spherical flow patterns. For other hoods, other flow patterns apply - cylindrical, pla nal, etc. We can generalize this relationship between volumetric flow rate and hood design parameter s as follows: x Sh

Hood Type

of Entry ()

Duct end (round) = 4

2 0.93 = 2 x 2 0.50 = 2 x 1.78 = 0.5 1.78 = 2 0.06 1 = u f 0.25 = 1.4 0.25 = 1.4 1.0 = 125 1.78 = 100 0.25 = flow rate drawn into hood (ft = distance from hood to source (ft) = hood capture velocity (ft/min) = hood face velocity (ft/min) = hood slot velocity (ft/min) = hood vace area (ft = width of hood slot (ft) = tank + drainboard surface area (ft = booth cross-sectional area (ft u u vp -vp + = -F 1 2 g (1.21) 1 21 where + k c = = .in. w.c. VP . 1/2

Operation/Hood Type

Tanks, degreasing

Drying oven

Spray booth

Canopy hood

Grinding, abrasive blasting

Slot hood

14 (1.24) where

Q = ftft

n ￿￿(.][ ].ft ,ft u = = = .min 2 where A 1/2

Material(s) Conveyed Minimum Transport Velocity (

t, ft/min)

Gases: very fine, light dusts 2,000

Fine, dry dusts and powders 3,000

Average industrial dusts 3,500

Coarse dusts 4,000-4,500

Heavy or moist dust loading

Material

Aluminum dust (coarse)

Nominal Thickness (inches)

Galv 1 ( -1) (1.28) 1.18 1.8

Material

Non-spiral-wound galvanized

Fiberglass (smooth finish)

ABS and PVC plastic

Concrete

Corrugated flex duct

Radius of Curvature

0.50 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 1/2 15 D .ft

1.18 1.8

￿￿.in. w.c. P where 1/2 u c

1.3.4.2 Calculating Stack Height

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