Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular relationship. These relationships can be: sequential (time), ...Subordinating conjunctions: Introduce adverb clauses Either the dependent clause or the independent clause may come first in t...
Conjunctions: One possible order A comma is used before the conjunction In academic writing, do not begin a sentence with a c...
Transitions and Conjunctive adverbs: Joins two sentences separated by a period or two clauses separated by a semi-colon. Only ...
Prepositions: Is followed by a noun or noun phrase Either clause may appear first ex: He didn't come to class due to his illness
Conjunctions: One possible order A comma is used before the conjunction In academic writing, do not begin a sentence with a c...
Transitions and Conjunctive adverbs: Joins two sentences separated by a period or two clauses separated by a semi-colon. Only ...
Prepositions: Is followed by a noun or noun phrase Either clause may appear first ex: He didn't come to class due to his illness
What is a logical connector?
- Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular relationship. These relationships can be: sequential (time), reason and purpose, adversative (opposition and/or unexpected result), condition. Within each category, the words used to join the ideas or clauses are used differently, with different grammar and punctuation.
What is a logistic connector?
- LOGICAL CONNECTORS Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular relationship. These relationships can be: sequential(time), reason and purpose, adversative (opposition and/or unexpected result), condition.
What are the three types of logical consequences?
- The three forms of logical consequences that we have most commonly used in our experiences working with students with challenging behavior are wasted time, extra practice, and think time. This is certainly not an exhaustive list, but will give an idea of how to go about providing logical consequences and some tools to work with.
What is a connection reference?
- A connection reference is automatically created when you create new connections from the flow and canvas app designers. Canvas apps and flows added from outside solutions will not automatically be upgraded to use connection references. Connection references get associated with canvas apps only at the time a data source is added to the app.
Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular relationship. These relationships can be: sequential(time), reason and purpose, adversative (opposition and/or unexpected result), condition.
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CBR availableduringtheconnectionlifetimeanda •ExamplesofCBRapplicationsinclude: -Videoconferencing -Interactive audio (telephony) -Audio/video distribution (television, distance learning, pay-per view) -Audio/video retrieval (video-on-demand, audio library) 22
UBR service. thecapacitynotconsumedbyotherservices. 26
AAL
AAL 38
PNNI topology. aboutthecurrentstateoflinksandnodesinthe networktobuildanetworkdatabase. 42
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11/21/2014
1ATM Logical Connections: VCC
agenerictermusedtodescribeunidirectional transportofATMcellsassociatedbyacommon uniqueidentifiervalue. sizecellsisexchangedovertheconnection. 7ATM Logical Connections: VPC
VPChasseveraladvantages:
•Increasednetworkperformance. •Reducedprocessingtime. •Shorterconnectionsetuptime. 811/21/2014
2ATM Logical Connections
VP/VCC
9VP/VCC Setup
information. 1011/21/2014
3VP/VCC Setup
11VCC Uses
•Between end users -End to end user data -Control signals •Between end user and network -Control signaling •Between network entities -Network traffic management -Routing 1211/21/2014
4VP/VCC Characteristics
andcelldelayvariation. cellwithinaVCCispreserved. arenotviolated. 13ATM Cells
NetworkInterface)andNNI(Network-Network
Interface).
•FixedandSmallsizecell: -Smallcellscanbeswitchedmoreefficiently 1411/21/2014
5ATM Cell Format
15ATM Cell Format
•Genericflowcontrol - couldbeusedtoassistthecustomerin12-bitsatthenetwork-networkinterface.
forroutingtoandfromtheenduser. 1611/21/2014
6ATM Cell Format
•Payload type (PT) -is a 3-bit field indicates the type of information in payload field -The first bit indicates the type of ATM cell that follows. A first bit set to 0 indicates user data; a bit set to 1 indicates operations, administration & management (OA&M) data. -The second bit indicates whether the cell experienced congestion in its journey from source to destination. -The third bit indicates the last cell in a block for AAL in user ATM cells. •Cell loss priority (CLP) is used to provide guidance to the network in the event of congestion. -0 --high priority, should not be discarded unless no other alternative is available. -1 --this cell can be discarded in case of congestion. 17Header Error Control (HEC)
•8 bit error control field, calculated on remaining 32 bits of header •The HEC uses the polynomial to generate the code. As the input to the calculation is only 32 bits, it not only allows the code to be used to detect errors, but also to correct them 1811/21/2014
7HEC operation
Whenacellarrives,HECiscalculated.
willcorrectitandmovestodetectionmode. longaserroredcellsarereceived. correctionmode. 19ATM Services
categorieshavebeendefinedbytheATMForum: • Real-time service • Constant bit rate (CBR) • Real-time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) • Non Real-time service • Non-real-time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) • Available bit rate (ABR) • Unspecified bit rate (UBR) 2011/21/2014
8Real-Time Services
anddelayvariation(jitter). 21CBR availableduringtheconnectionlifetimeanda •ExamplesofCBRapplicationsinclude: -Videoconferencing -Interactive audio (telephony) -Audio/video distribution (television, distance learning, pay-per view) -Audio/video retrieval (video-on-demand, audio library) 22
11/21/2014
9 rt-VBR constraineddelayanddelayvariation.rt-VBR •e.g.compressedvideo -Producesvaryingsizedimageframes -Original(uncompressed)framerateconstant -Socompresseddataratevaries 23Non-real-time services
2411/21/2014
10 nrt-VBR service,theendsystemspecifiessometraffic characteristicssuchas: -Peakcellrate -Sustainableoraveragerate -MeasureofhowburstytrafficisQoSinlossanddelay.
bankingtransactions. 25UBR service. thecapacitynotconsumedbyotherservices. 26
11/21/2014
11 ABR minimumcellrate(MCR). unusedcapacityisthensharedamongallABR sources. •e.g.LANinterconnection 27ATM Bit Rate Services
2811/21/2014
12Physical layer in ATM
Physical layer in ATM includes two sublayers:
•Physical Medium (PM) sublayer. •Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer. 29Physical layer in ATM
Physical Medium (PM) sublayer
(e.g.,multimodeorsinglemodefiber) •Specifybittiming,linecoding. 3011/21/2014
13Physical Layer Interfaces
•Three major categories of physical layer interfaces for ATM networks: -The existing PlesiochronousDigital Hierarchy (PDH): (over copper media) •DS-1 (1.544 Mbps) •DS-3 (44.736 Mbps) •E1 (2.048 Mbps) •E3 (34.368 Mbps) •E4 (139.264 Mbps) -The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH): (over fiber optic) •STS-3 (155.52 Mbps) •STS-12 (622.080 Mbps) -Physical media used on the local premises for ATM LANs 31Physical layer in ATM
Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer
-Cell-based -PDH/SDH/SONET-based transmissionsystem. •HECgeneration/verification fromPMsublayer 3211/21/2014
14Cell Based Physical Layer
•No framing imposed •Continuous stream of 53 octet cells •Cell delineation and header error control -The cell delineation function maintains ATM cell boundaries, allowing devices to locate cells within a stream of bits. 33SDH Based Physical Layer
STM-1(STS-3)frame
•CancarryATMandSTMpayloads 3411/21/2014
15ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
•The use of ATM creates the need for an adoption layer to support information transfer protocols not based on ATM. -Segmentation and re-assembly -Handle lost and misinsertedcells -Flow control and timing 35AAL
AAL layer is organized in two logical sublayers:
•Convergence sublayer(CS) -Support for specific applications -AAL user attaches at SAP •Segmentation and re-assembly sublayer(SAR) -Packages and unpacks info received from CS into cells 3611/21/2014
16 AAL 37AAL 38
11/21/2014
17AAL Protocols
orconnectionless. ATM. X.25.ATMadaptationlayerprotocol.39
ATM LANs
or25Mbps.AdvantagesofATMLANs:
"background"classofservice. 4011/21/2014
18ATM Routing
QualityofService(QoS)routesbasedonQoS
requirementsspecifiedinthecallrequest. tools 41PNNI topology. aboutthecurrentstateoflinksandnodesinthe networktobuildanetworkdatabase. 42
11/21/2014
19PNNI Network Database
mustreceiveregularupdatesfromothernodes. information. 43PNNI Network Database
adjacencybetweenPNNInodes.ShortestPathFirst(OSPF)protocol.
throughPTSE. 4411/21/2014
20Single Grouping
•A single peer group topology is a PNNI network in which all nodes share PTSEs with all other nodes. 45Hierarchical Grouping
•A hierarchical PNNI network is a topology that interconnects multiple PNNI peer groups to form a larger network.The peer group collects, stores and processes PTSEs for only those nodes in the same peer group. 4611/21/2014
21PNNI Operation
clearedorforwarded: progresses. 47PNNI Operation
trafficmetricsparameters. specifyapath.DTLisincludedintheconnectionsetup.
48quotesdbs_dbs47.pdfusesText_47