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claims that reason is insufficient to find certainty.
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Blaise Pascal (16231662)
Blaise Pascal was the middle child of an upper-class magistrate in ClermontFerrand, France. His mother died when he was three years old, and five years laterEtienne, an excellent amateur mathematician, edu-
cated young Blaise at home. Etienne first taught young Blaise Latin and Greek, deciding to wait on his own love, mathematics, until his son was older.By the age of twelve, however, Blaise had figured
out many of the principles of Euclidian geometry on his own. His father finally relented and bought Blaise a copy of Euclid, which he devoured. Over the next several years, father and son attended weekly mathe- matical lectures and were regular guests at important intellectual salons in Paris. In 1638, the family under- went another trauma when Etienne Pascal was forced by a conflict with the powerful Cardinal Richelieu toJacqueline, performed so well in a child
the Cardinal that their father was given a pardon and installed as tax commissioner for Rouen.At Rouen Blaise Pascal began to concentrate on
mathematics. While still a teenager, he wrote his first book (on conic sections in geometry) and developed a plan for a calculating machine to help his father with his tax work. In 1644 he built the first of the no small feat contributions to mathematics and computing ma- chines were so important that a major contemporary programming language is named in his honor. Pascal also experimented on the nature of a vacuum show-In 1647 Pascal became seriously ill and returned
to Paris with his younger sister to recover. Following vent, leaving Pascal alone. Over the next several years Pascal seemed to drift: he outwardly enjoyed the social life of Paris as a successful mathematician and eligible bachelor, but he was inwardly dissatis- fied. Although he had undergone a conversion in1 Pensées and Other
Writings, tr. Honor Levi (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1995), 178.
1646 under the influence of the Jansenists, a group of
devout Catholics, Pascal still found himself without direction. On the night of November 23, 1654, Pascal had a remarkable second conversion experience, the description of which he sewed inside his coat: From about half past ten in the evening until about half past midnight. Fire.God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not
of philosophers and scholars.Certainty, joy, certainty, emotion, sight, joy
God of Jesus Christ. ...
Oblivious to the world and to everything except
GOD....
This is life eternal, that they might know you,
the only true God, and him whom you sent,Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ
I have cut myself off from him forever. I have fled from him, denied him, crucified him.Let me never be cut off from him.
He can only be kept by the ways taught in the
Gospel. Sweet and total renunciation.
Total submission to Jesus Christ and my director.
I will not forget thy word. Amen.1
Pascal committed himself to living out his faith by doing good works. He wrote a remarkable series of Provincial Letters defending the Jansenists against the Jesuits. Pascal also worked on one of the first regularlyscheduled public transit services, with profits for the poor; the line became operational most important mature work was his Apology for the Christian Religion, the completed portion of which is now known as the Pensées (Thoughts). Colle39, the Pensées is considered a French classicdes-
pite its fragmentary character. Touching on numer- ous areas of religious and philosophical thought, thePensées
imm 109claims that reason is insufficient to find certainty.