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89Primate Conservation 2016 (30): 89-101
Going, Going, Gone...Is the Iconic Ring-tailed LemurLemur catta) Headed for Imminent Extirpation?
Lisa Gould
1 and Michelle L. Sauther 2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada 2Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USAAbstract: The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) was once widely distributed throughout the south-central, far south,
and southwest regions of Madagascar. This species is known for its marked ecological plasticity and ability t o survive in a variety of habitats. Over the past decade, however, habitat destruction, forest fragmentation, hunting for subsistence or the illegal bushmeat trade, and live capture for the illegal pet trade have increased, resulting in extirpation or drastic reduction of populations through out its geographic range. Recent mining activities in one region have result ed in further serious threats to remaining populations. In this paper, we discuss (1) population numbers and information on population exti rpations, gathered over approximately the pastsix years, to illustrate the alarming decline of this well-known lemur, and (2) how the formerly accepted geographic range of L.
catta now requires considerable revision. Population information was collecte d via on-the-ground surveys and censuses, or from reports byresearchers at 34 sites where L. catta is or was recently present. Only three sites are known to contain popul
ations of more than 200 animals. At 12 sites, populations number 30 or fewer individuals, and at 15 sites , L. catta has been recently extirpated, or populations are highly precarious and may become extinct in the very near future. Populations at three previousl ydesignated range limits have been extirpated. Many populations are surviving in small, isolated forest fragments, allowing for no
male dispersal. With an estimate of just 2,000-2,400 individuals remaining in Madagascar, this iconic lemur may well become
extinct in the wild in the near future, or at the very least, exist at o nly two or three widely dispersed sites.Key Words:
Lemur catta, local extinction, forest fragments, population decline, hunting, pet t rade This paper is dedicated to the memory of Robert W. Sussman (1941-2016), highly respected scholar and pioneer of lemur studies.
Introduction
Populations of the iconic ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) were once widespread throughout varied habitats in south- ern, southwest and south-central Madagascar, largely due to this species' considerable ecological plasticity (Sauther et al.1999; Sussman
et al. 2003, 2006; Goodman 2006; Gould2006; Gould and Gabriel 2015; Gould et al. 2015; Sauther
et al. 2015). Lemur catta inhabits at least seven distinct habitats (Goodman et al. 2006; Gould 2006; Cameron and Gould 2013), and is able to adapt to local environmental extremes and natural disasters, for example, arid open spinybush, with temperatures reaching or exceeding 45°C and with little available water (Sauther et al. 1999; Gould et al.
2011; Kelley 2011; LaFleur 2012), severe droughts (Gould
et al.1999), and cyclones (LaFleur and Gould 2009). How-
ever, anthropogenic habitat loss in the geographic range of L. catta is steadily increasing (Sussman et al. 2003; Harper et al.2007; La Fleur 2013), and in 2003, Sussman
et al. noted that remaining populations were unevenly distributed with very low densities. Since then, loss of forest cover through- out southern Madagascar has only increased, largely due to anthropogenic deforestation (Sussman et al. 2006; Bodin et al. 2006; Harper et al. 2007; Kelley et al. 2007; ONE et al.2013a, 2013b), with little regeneration due to the xero-
et al.2000; Fenn 2003). Average rates of annual forest loss
in protected areas (national parks and special reserves) in L. catta's geographic range were reported as 0.28% per year from 2000-2005, and 0.22% per year from 2005-2010 (ONE et al. 2013a, 2013b); however, these data do not takeGould and Sauther
90into account the considerable amount of unprotected area in which L. catta has been reported. Furthermore, an increase in serious droughts in the south over the past decade has also exacerbated habitat loss (Elmqvist et al. 2007; Tengo and von Heland 2014). Sussman et al. (2006) estimated that L. catta habitat loss totaled 10% between 1985 and 2000, with a 20% reduction in the total population. In 2001, Sussman et al. (2003) conducted a broad survey of L. catta in the south-western and far southern portions of its geographic range. At that time, forest fragmentation was noted as a marked threat to L. catta population survival. Since mentation throughout southern Madagascar has been docu- mented (Bodin et al. 2006; Harper et al. 2007; Cameron and ity, ring-tailed lemurs in some regions are able to live, and in some cases, even thrive, in small fragments, particularly sacred forests"small patches containing Malagasy ances- tral graves and tombs. Such forests range in size from <1 to