Histoire et Civilisation

[PDF] l'art egyptien résumé pdf

[PDF] halloween cycle 2

[PDF] trick or treat

[PDF] halloween ce1

[PDF] carte du royaume uni en anglais

[PDF] halloween ce2

[PDF] exposé sur les civilisations précolombiennes

[PDF] les trois grandes civilisations precolombiennes

[PDF] las civilizaciones precolombinas

[PDF] civilisations précolombiennes pdf

[PDF] histoire des civilisations anciennes pdf

[PDF] le grand livre de l'histoire des civilisations pdf

[PDF] les différentes civilisations

[PDF] l'histoire des civilisations tout simplement pdf

[PDF] le choc des civilisations résumé

Histoire et Civilisation - Egypte

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Њ IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

IL{hLw9 9 /LL[L{!Lhb ʹ

9Dt9 9 twh/I9 hwL9b

Lbwh5.../Lhb

IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ǝğƭƷĻ ĭğƩ źƓƷĻƩƭĻĭƷźƚƓ ĻƓƷƩĻ !ŅƩźƨǒĻͲ !ƭźĻ ĻƷ ƌ͸9ǒƩƚƦĻ͵ 9ƓƷƚǒƩĽ ƦğƩ ƦƌǒƭźĻǒƩƭ ƒĻƩƭ͵

ǒƩƨǒźĻͲ {ǤƩźĻͲ [źĬğƓͲ LƭƩğŀƌͲ tğƌĻƭƷźƓĻͲ WƚƩķğƓźĻͲ LƩğƨ ĻƷ LƩğƓ͵ 5ğƓƭ ƌ͸ğƓƷźƨǒźƷĽ ƦƌǒƭźĻǒƩƭ

ŭƩğƓķĻƭ ƩĽŭźƚƓƭ ķĽŅźƓźĻƭ ƦğƩ ƌĻǒƩ ƦğǤƭğŭĻ ĻƷ ƌĻǒƩ ĭƌźƒğƷ ʹ !ƓğƷƚƌźĻͲ ƌĻǝğƓƷͲ aĽƭƚƦƚƷğƒźĻͲ

LƩğƓ͵ aĽƭƚƦƚƷğƒźĻͲ ƦğǤƭ ĻƓƷƩĻ ƌĻƭ ķĻǒǣ ŅƌĻǒǝĻƭͲ ƷƩğǝĻƩƭĽĻ ƦğƩ ƌĻ ƷźŭƩĻ ĻƷ ƌ͸9ǒƦŷƩğƷĻͲ ķĻƭ

ƒƚƓƷğŭƓĻƭ ğƓğƷƚƌźĻƓƓĻƭ ğǒ ŭƚƌŅĻ ƦĻƩƭźƨǒĻ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚźƷğƷźƚƓ ƦğƩ ƌ͸ŷƚƒƒĻ Ʀğƭ ŅğĭźƌĻ ĭğƩ ĭƌźƒğƷ

ƒǤƷŷĻ ƒĽƭƚƦƚƷğƒźĻƓΜ ĭŷğźƓĻ ķĻ ƒƚƓƷğŭƓĻ ķǒ ğŭƩƚƭ ΛƭĽƦğƩĻ LƩğƨ ĻƷ LƩğƓΉƦĻƩƭĻΜ ğǒ ƓƚƩķ

ƦƌğƷĻğǒ ΛǒƩƨǒźĻΜ !ƩƒĽƓźĻ ĻƷ YǒƩķźƭƷğƓ͵ ƚƓĻ ķĻ ƭƷĻƦƦĻ ĻƷ ķĽƭĻƩƷͲ ƌĻ ƌĻǝğƓƷ Λ{źƓğſΜ ŭğǩğ͵

wĻƌźĽ Ġ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ķƚƓĭ !ŅƩźƨǒĻͲ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƩĽŭźƚƓ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ ĭ͸ĽƷğźƷ ĭĻƌƌĻ ƚǓ ĽƷğźƷ ƌĻ bźƌ͵

9ŭǤƦƷĻ ķĻ ΏЍ

Ļ { Ɔǒƭƨǒ͸Ġ ƌğ ĭƚƓƨǒľƷĻ ƦğƩ !ƌĻǣğƓķƩĻ ƌĻ DƩğƓķ͵

/I!tLw9 ???? [9 /!5w9 b!...w9[

ĻƓ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ ƭĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƓƷƩĻ ğǒƷƚǒƩ ķǒ bźƌ ƨǒź ŅƚƩƒĻ ǒƓĻ ƭƚƩƷĻ ƚğƭźƭ͵ 5ĽƭĻƩƷ ў ВЎіͲ ķĽƭĻƩƷ

ğƩğĬźƨǒĻΉķĻ ƌ͸ĻƭƷͲ ĭŷğźƓĻ ķĻ ƒƚƓƷğŭƓĻͲ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ ƌĻ ƦƩƚƌƚƓŭĻƒĻƓƷ ķǒ ƩźŅƷ 9ƭƷ ğŅƩźĭğźƓͲ ĭǒƌƒźƓĻ ğ

ЋБАƒ͵ 5ĽƭĻƩƷ [źĬǤƨǒĻΉƚĭĭźķĻƓƷğƌͲ źƓƭƷğƌƌĽ ƭǒƩ ķĻ ƌğƩŭĻƭ ƦƌğƷĻğǒǣ ĭğƌĭğźƩĻƭ ĻƓƷƚǒƩĽƭ ķĻ

Ņƚźƭ Ĳğ ƩĻƆğźƌƌź ĻƷ ĭƩĽĻ ķĻƭ hğƭźƭ ƨǒź ƭĻƩǝĻƓƷ ķĻ ƩĻƌğź ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğǒǣ͵ ğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ bźƌͲ ƌĻ Ʀƌǒƭ ƌƚƓŭ

ŅƌĻǒǝĻ ķ͸!ŅƩźƨǒĻͲ ЏЏЎЉƉƒ ķĻ ƌƚƓŭ ǝĻƓğƓƷ ķǒ ĭƥǒƩ ķĻ ƌ͸!ŅƩźƨǒĻ ƭĻ ƷĻƩƒźƓğƓƷ ĻƓ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ bźƌ

.ƌĻǒ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ƭĻƭ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ķğƓƭ ƌĻƭ ƌğĭƭ ķ͸9ƷŷźƚƦźĻ ĻƷ ƌĻ .ƌğƓĭ ğǒ YĻƓǤğ͵ /ƚƓŅƌǒĻƓƷ Ġ

YŷğƩƷƚǒƒͲ ğŅŅƌǒĻƓƷ ʹ !ƷĬğƩğ ƭĻ ƆĻƷƷĻ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ bźƌ Ġ ЌЉЉƉƒ ķĻ YŷğƩƷƚǒƒͲ ĭƚǒƩ ķǒ bźƌ ƒğƩƨǒĽ

ĭźƩĭǒƌğƷźƚƓ ĻƷ ƓğǝźŭğƷźƚƓͲ ŅğǒƷ ğƌƚƩƭ ƌĻƭ ĭƚƓƷƚǒƩƓĻƩ͵ [Ļ bźƌ ĻƭƷ ǒƓĻ ƌƚƓŭǒĻ ƦƌğźƓĻ ŅĻƩƷźƌĻ

Ļ ķĻ ƉƒͲ ğǒ ƓƚƩķ ƚƓ ğ ƌĻ ķĻƌƷğͲ źƌ ğ Ћ ĬƩğƓĭŷĻƭʹ ƌğ ĬƩğƓĭŷĻ ķĻ ƩƚƭĻƷƷĻ ĻƷ 5ğƒźĻƷƷĻ͵ !ǝğƓƷ źƌ

Ǥ ĻƓ ğǝğźƷ ƦƌĻźƓƭ ƒğźƭ ĻƌƌĻƭ ƚƓƷ ĽƷĽ ķĽƷƚǒƩƓĽĻƭ ƚǒ Ɠ͸ĻǣźƭƷĻƓƷ Ʀƌǒƭ ΛƷğƓźƷźƨǒĻΜ͵ tƌǒƭ ŭƩğƓķĻ

[͸ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƓĻƒĻƓƷ ğ źƓŅƌǒĻƓĭĽ ƌğ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ƷƩĻ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ ŷğĬźƷĻƩ ƦƩļƭ ķǒ bźƌ͵

9ƌĽƦŷğƓƷźƓĻ ў !ƭƭƚǒğƓ ΛЊĻƩĻ ĭğƷğƩğĭƷĻΜ ƦƚźƓƷ ķ͸ĻƓƷƩĽĻ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ ƚǒƭ ƌĻƭ ğƓƭ ƌĻ bźƌ ƭĻ

ĭŷğƩŭĻ ķ͸Ļğǒǣ ǝĻƓğƓƷ ķ͸9ƷŷźƚƦźĻ ĻƷ ƦƩƚǝƚƨǒĻ Ġ ƌğ ƒź ƆǒźƌƌĻƷ ķĻ ŅğĲƚƓ ƷƩļƭ ƩĽŭǒƌźļƩĻ ķĻƭ

9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ƒĻƷƷĻƓƷ ƌĻƭ ƭĻƒĻƓĭĻƭ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ ƌźƒƚƓ ĻƷ ķĽƭ ağƩƭΉ!ǝƩźƌͲ ƭğƓƭ źƩƩźŭğƷźƚƓ Ĳğ ǝğ

ŭĻƩƒĻƩ͵ 9Ɠ ğǝƩźƌΉƒğźͲ ƌğ ƷĻƩƩĻ ǝğ ĭƩğƨǒĻƌĻƩͲ Ĳğ ğļƩĻ ĻƷ ƌ͸Ļğǒ ǝğ ƦĽƓĽƷƩĻƩ ķĻķğƓƭ͵ aźƌźĻǒ

ƦƩƚƦźĭĻ Ġ ƌğ ƒźƭĻ ĻƓ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ͵ YĻƒĻƷ ў ƷĻƩƩĻ ƓƚźƩĻ ΛƌźƒƚƓΜ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ ƌĻ Ɠƚƒ ĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ƦƚǒƩ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵

ķĻ Ѝ ƒƚźƭ͵ !ƉŷĻƷ ʹ LƓƚƓķğƷźƚƓ ΛƓĻǞ ǤĻğƩΜͲ tĻƩĻƷ ʹ ŭĻƩƒźƓğƷźƚƓͲ /ŷĻƒƚǒ ʹ wĽĭƚƌƷĻ͵ [ğ ĭƩǒĻ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Ћ IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

hĭĭǒƦğƷźƚƓ ķǒ ƭƚƌ ʹ ƚƓ ǝźƷ ƭǒƩƷƚǒƷ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ ķĻƌƷğͲ ǩƚƓĻƭ Ġ ƌ͸ğĬƩź ķĻ ƌ͸źƓƚƓķğƷźƚƓ ΛĬǒƷĻƭ ķĻ

Ņźƌ ķĻƭ ƭźļĭƌĻƭͲ ƌ͸ŷğĬźƷğƷ ƭĻ ƭǒƦĻƩƦƚƭĻ ĻƷ ŅƚƩƒĻ ķĻƭ ƷĻƌƌƭ͵ ΛĻƌƌ ƭĢƓ ĻƌΏIğŭğƩͲ ğƓźƭΜ ķğƓƭ ƌğ

ǝğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ bźƌ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ źƓĭƚƓƓǒͲ źƌ ğ ķźƭƦğƩǒ ĭğƩ źƌ ĽƷğźƷ ĻƓ ĬƩźƨǒĻ ĭƩǒĻ ķƚƓĭ Ĳğ ƭĻ ķĽƭźƓƷļŭƩĻ ƚǓ

ğƌƚƩƭ ƩĻĭƚǒǝĻƩƷ ƦğƩ ƌĻ ƌźƒƚƓ ķĻƭ ĭƩǒĻƭ͵ bĽĭƩƚƦƚƌĻƭ ƭƚƓƷ ĻƓ ķĻŷƚƩƭ ķĻ ƌğ ƦƌğźƓĻ ğƌƌǒǝźğƌĻͲ

ķğƓƭ ƌĻ Ĭğƭ ķĽƭĻƩƷͲ ƨǒź ĬƚƩķĻ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ Ġ ƌ͸ƚǒĻƭƷ ķǒ bźƌ ΛƩźǝĻ ķĻƭ ƒƚƩƷƭΜ LƓŅƌǒĻƓĭĻ ƌğ ƦĻƓƭĽĻͲ

ƌĻǒƩ ǝźƭźƚƓ ķǒ ƒƚƓķĻ͵ [͸9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ǝğ ķźƭƷźƓŭǒĻƩ ƌğ IğǒƷĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ Λƌğ ƭǒķͲ ƌǤƭΜ ĻƷ ƌğ .ğƭƭĻΏ

9ŭǤƦƷĻ ΛƌĻ ķĻƌƷğͲ ƌƚƷǒƭΜ ķǒƩğƓƷ ƷƚǒƷĻ ƌ͸ŷźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓƓĻ ƌĻ ƦŷğƩğƚƓ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ ƌĻ Ʃƚź ķĻ ƌğ ĬğƭƭĻ

ĻƷ ŷğǒƷĻͲ Ʃƚź ķĻƭ ķĻǒǣ ƷĻƩƩĻƭ͵ 5Ļǒǣ ķĽĻƭƭĻ ʹ hǒğķƆźƷ ΛĬƚǒƷƚΜ ĻƷ bĻƉŷĬĻƷ Λ9ƌƉğĬͲ ŷΏĻΜ͵ ƚƓƷ

ķźƭƷźƓŭǒĻƩ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ ŅĻƩƷźƌĻ ĻƷ ƌĻƭ ķĽƭĻƩƷƭͲ YĻƒĻƷ ĻƷ 5ĻĭŷĻƩĻƷ ΛƷĻƩƩĻ ƩƚǒŭĻΜ ƷĻƩƩĻ ķĻ

ĭƚƓƷƩğƭƷĻ͵ hƦƦƚƭźƷźƚƓ ĻƓƷƩĻ Ћ ğǣĻƭ ʹ ƭǒķΏ ƓƚƩķ ĭĻƌǒź ķǒ bźƌ ĻƷ ĻƭƷ ΏƚǒĻƭƷ ƌğ ĭƚǒƩƭĻ ķǒ ƭƚƌĻźƌ͵

5ğƓƭ ƌğ ĭƚƭƒƚŭƚƓźĻ ƌĻ ƒƚƓķĻ ĻƭƷ źƭƭǒƭ ķĻ ƌğ ķźŅŅĽƩĻƓĭźğƷźƚƓ ĻƓƷƩĻ Ћ ĽƌĽƒĻƓƷƭͲ ƭƚƩƷĻ ķĻ

ŷğƩƒƚƓźĻǒƭĻ ĻƓ ĭƚƓƷƩğƭƷĻ ğǝĻĭ ƌğ aĽƭƚƦƚƷğƒźĻ͵ źŭƩĻ ĻƷ 9ǒƦŷƩğƷĻ ƷƩļƭ ķźŅŅĽƩĻƓƷͲ ƌĻƭ ĭƩǒĻƭ

ķĻƭƷƩǒĭƷĻǒƩƭ͵ [Ļƭ ƒĽƭƚƦƚƷğƒźĻƓƭ ĭƩğźŭƓĻƓƷ ƌĻǒƩƭ ķźĻǒǣ ĻƷ ƌĻƭ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓƭ ƒĻƷƷĻƓƷ ƷƚǒƷĻ ƌĻǒƩ

CƌƚƩĻʹ ğĭğĭźğƭͲ ƭǤĭƚƒƚƩĻͲ ƦğƌƒźĻƩƭͲ ƷğƒğƩźƭ ƒğźƭ ƓĻ ŅƚǒƩƓźƭƭĻƓƷ Ʀğƭ ķĻ ƒğƷĽƩźğǒǣ ķĻ

ƒğƓźĻƩ͵ [ğ ĭƚƓƭĽƨǒĻƓĭĻ ĭ͸ĻƭƷ ƨǒĻ ƌĻƭ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓƭ źƒƦƚƩƷĻƓƷ ķǒ Ĭƚźƭ ĻƷ ķĻƭ ĭļķƩĻƭ ķǒ [źĬğƓ͵

[͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ğ ĭŷğƓŭĽͲ ƌĻƭ ĻƭƦļĭĻƭ ǝĽŭĽƷğƌĻƭ ĻƷ ğƓźƒğƌĻƭ ƩĽƦğƓķǒĻƭ ğǒƆƚǒƩķ͸ŷǒź ƚƓ ĽƷĽ

ƌ͸ĢƓĻ͵ [ğ ƭğƨƨźǤğͲ ƩƚǒĻ Ġ Ļğǒ ğǒƭƭź Ġ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻ ŭƩĻĭƨǒĻ͵ DğƒƚǒƭͲ ĬǒŅŅƌĻƭ źƓƷƩƚķǒźƷƭ ķ͸źƓķĻ ğǒ

/I!tLw9 ???? 9Dth[hDL9ʹ b!L{{!b/9 5͸...b9 5L{/Lt[Lb9

wĻķĽĭƚǒǝĻƩƷĻ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ Ġ ƌğ ƩĻƓğźƭƭğƓĭĻ͵ DƩĢĭĻ ğǒǣ ƩƚƒğźƓƭ ƚƓƷ ƩĻķĽĭƚǒǝƩĻ ƷƚǒƷͲ źƌƭ ƚƓƷ

ƩğƒĻƓĽƭ ķĻƭ ƒƚƓǒƒĻƓƷƭ ʹ ЊЌ ƚĬĽƌźƭƨǒĻƭ͵ 9ĭƩźƷǒƩĻ źƌƌźƭźĬƌĻͲ Ĳğ ƒļƓĻ ƌĻƭ ŭĻƓƭ Ġ ǝƚǤğŭĻƩ͵

9ǣƦĽķźƷźƚƓ ķ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ЊАВБ Ώ ЊБЉЊ ƒĻƓĽĻ ƦğƩ bğƦƚƌĽƚƓ .ƚƓğƦğƩƷĻͲ ƚƓ ƌ͸ĽƌƚźŭƓĻ ĭğƩ ƷƩƚƦ

ƦƚƦǒƌğźƩĻ͵ Lƌ ķƚźƷ ƦƩĻƓķƩĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ğǒǣ ƚƷƷƚƒğƓ ƦƚǒƩ ĭƚǒƦĻƩ ƌğ ƩƚǒƷĻ ķĻƭ LƓķĻƭ ğǒǣ ğƓŭƌğźƭͲ

Ĳğ ƭĻ ƭƚƌķĻ ƦğƩ ǒƓ ĽĭŷĻĭ ĭğƩ ƌğ ŅƌƚƷƷĻ ŅƩğƓĲğźƭĻ ĻƭƷ ķĽƷƩǒźƷĻ Λ.ğƷğźƌƌĻƭ 5͸!ĬƚǒƉźƩΜ źƌƭ ƭƚƓƷ

ĭƚźƓĭĽƭͲ bğƦƚƌĽƚƓ ƨǒźƷƷĻ ƌĻ ƦğǤƭ ĻƷ ƩĻƓƷƩĻ ĻƷ ŅźƓğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷƚǒƷĻ ƌ͸ğƩƒĽĻ ŅƩğƓĲğźƭĻ ƭĻ ƩĻƓķ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Ќ IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

ŅƚƩƒĻƓƷ ƌğ ĭƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ ķĻƭ ƭĭźĻƓĭĻƭ ĻƷ ķĻƭ ğƩƷƭ͵ Lƌƭ ķƚźǝĻƓƷ ķƩĻƭƭĻƩ ǒƓ źƓǝĻƓƷğźƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷ

ķǒ ƦğǤƭğŭĻͲ ŷźƭƷƚźƩĻͲ Ͷ CƚƓķĻ ƌ͸źƓƭƷźƷǒƷ ķ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ķĻƭƷźƓĻ Ġ ƦƩƚƦğŭĻƩ ĻƓ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ ƌĻƭ źķĽĻƭ ķĻƭ

ķĻƭĭƩźƦƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ tƌǒƭ ŭƩğƓķĻ ĻƓƷƩĻƦƩźƭĻ ķ͸ĽķźƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻ͵ tƩĻƒźļƩĻ Ņƚźƭ ƨǒ͸ƚƓ

ƦǒĬƌźĻ ķĻƭ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷƭ ķĻ ǝğƌĻǒƩ ƭĭźĻƓƷźŅźƨǒĻ͵ 5ĽĭƚǒǝĻƩƷĻ ķĻ ƌğ ƦźĻƩƩĻ ķĻ ƩƚƭĻƷƷĻ

ķĽĭƚǒǝĻƩƷĻ ĻƓ ЊАВВ ƦğƩ ǒƓ ƚŅŅźĭźĻƩ ķğƓƭ ƌğ ǝźƌƌĻ ķĻ wğĭŷźķ ΉwƚƭĻƷƷĻ͵ ƚǒƷ Ġ ĽƷĽ ƭğźƭź ƦğƩ ƌĻƭ

ķ͸ǒƓ Ʃƚź ŭƩĻĭͲ ƭǒĭĭĻƭƭĻǒƩ ķ͸!ƌĻǣğƓķƩĻ ЊВЏ ğǝ W/ źƌ ĻƭƷ ĽĭƩźƷ ĻƓ ƷƩƚźƭ ĽĭƩźƷǒƩĻƭ ķźŅŅĽƩĻƓƷĻƭ͵ 9Ɠ

9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ŷźĽƩƚŭƌǤƦŷźƨǒĻͲ ĽĭƩźƷǒƩĻ ķĽƒƚƷźƨǒĻ ΛĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ķĻ Ʒƚǒƭ ƌĻƭ ƆƚǒƩƭΜ ĻƷ ĻƓ ŭƩĻĭ͵ WĻğƓ

CƩğƓĲƚźƭ /ŷğƒƦƚƌƌźƚƓ ΛЊАВЉΏЊБЌЋΜ ƭ͸źƓƷĽƩĻƭƭĻ ğǒǣ ĽĭƩźƷƭͲ ƌğ ĭƌĻŅ ĻƭƷ ķğƓƭ ƌğ ƌğƓŭǒĻ ĭƚƦƷĻ ʹ

ƌğƓŭǒĻ ķĻƭ ĭŷƩĽƷźĻƓƭ ķ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ 5ĻƩƓźļƩĻ ĽƷğƦĻ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓ ğƓĭźĻƓ͵ Lƌ ĭƚƒƦƩĻƓķ ƨǒĻ

ĭğƩƷƚǒĭŷĻ͵ tĻƷźƷ Ġ ƦĻƷźƷ źƌ ğƩƩźǝĻ Ġ ƌźƩĻ ƌĻƭ ŷźĽƩƚŭƌǤƦŷĻƭ͵ Lƌ ƦǒĬƌźĻ ƭĻƭ ƩĽƭǒƌƷğƷ ķğƓƭ ǒƓĻ ƌĻƷƷƩĻ

Ġ aƩ 5ğĭźĻƩ ΛƭĻĭƩĽƷğźƩĻ źƓƭƷźƷǒƷ ķĻƭ ƌĻƷƷƩĻƭΜ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƌĻƷƷƩĻ ƒğƩƨǒĻ ƌ͸ğĭƷĻ ķĻ ƓğźƭƭğƓĭĻ ķĻ

/I!tLw9 ???? [9 /!5w9 /Iwhbh[hDLv...9

/Ļ ƨǒĻ ƌ͸ƚƓ ğƦƦĻƌƌĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ !ƓƷźƨǒĻ ĭƚƒƒĻƓĭĻ ğǒ LļƒĻ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻ Џ ƒźƌƌĽƓğźƩĻͲ ƌƚƩƭ ķĻ

ƌ͸ǒƓźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ƦğƩ bğƩƒĻƩ aĽƓļƭͲ ĻƓ ĭƚƓĭƚƒźƷğƓĭĻ ğǝĻĭ ƌ͸źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽĭƩźƷǒƩĻͲ

Ɔǒƭƨǒ͸ğǒǣ źƓǝğƭźƚƓƭ ğƩğĬĻƭ ķǒ LLļƒĻ ƭźļĭƌĻ͵

wĻƒğƩƨǒĻƭʹ

· ...ƓĻ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻ ƓĻ ķƚźƷ Ʀğƭ ľƷƩĻ źĭź ƦƩźƭĻ ķğƓƭ ƭƚƓ ƭĻƓƭ ĻǣğĭƷ͵ 9Ɠ ĻŅŅĻƷͲ Ġ ķĻ ƓƚƒĬƩĻǒƭĻƭ

· [ğ ЊЊļƒĻ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ ƭĻ ƦğƩƷğŭĻ ĻƓƷƩĻ ƌğ tƩĻƒźļƩĻ tĽƩźƚķĻ LƓƷĻƩƒĽķźğźƩĻ ƌĻ aƚǤĻƓ 9ƒƦźƩĻ͵

· [ğ LLļƒĻ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻ ĻƭƷ źƓĻǣźƭƷğƓƷĻ͵

Њ͵ {h...w/9{ /Iwhbh[hDLv...9{

ağƓĽƷŷƚƓ ķĻ {ĻĬĻƓƓǤƷƚƭͲ ƦƩľƷƩĻ ĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓͲ ķźǝźƭğ ƌĻƭ ƌźŭƓĽĻƭ ķĻ Ʃƚźƭ ĻƓ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ͵ /ĻƩƷğźƓƭ

ƌĻ ƭźƷǒĻƩğźĻƓƷ ƭƚǒƭ tƷƚƌĽƒĽĻ LLͲ ğǒ LLLĻ ƭźļĭƌĻ͵ hƩ ğǒĭǒƓ ğǒƷĻǒƩ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻ Ɠ͸ĻƓ ŅğźƷ ğƌƌǒƭźƚƓͲ

ĭĻ ƨǒź ƦƚƩƷĻ Ġ ĭƩƚźƩĻ ƨǒ͸źƌ ğǒƩğźƷ ƦƌǒƷƝƷ ǝĽĭǒ Ġ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻ ķĻ ƌğ ķƚƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƩƚƒğźƓĻ͵ Lƌ ğ ĽĭƩźƷ

΅ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ Ά Λ!źŭǤƦƷźğƉğΜͲ ƥǒǝƩĻ ƦĻƩķǒĻ ƨǒĻ ƌ͸ƚƓ ƓĻ ĭƚƓƓğŽƷ ƨǒ͸Ġ ƦğƩƷźƩ

ķ͸ĻǣƷƩğźƷƭ ĭźƷĽƭ ΛĻƷ ƦğƩŅƚźƭ ĭƚƓƷƩğķźĭƷƚźƩĻƭΜͲ ƓƚƷğƒƒĻƓƷ ĭŷĻǩ ķĻƭ ğǒƷĻǒƩƭ ŭƩĻĭƭ ΛCƌğǝźǒƭ

WƚƭļƦŷĻͲͶΜ ĻƷ ķĻƭ ğǒƷĻǒƩƭ ĭŷƩĽƷźĻƓƭ͵ [Ļƭ !ƓƓğƌĻƭ ƩƚǤğƌĻƭ ķĻ aĻƒƦŷźƭ ƭƚƓƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĽĻƭ ƭǒƩ

ƌğ tźĻƩƩĻ ķĻ tğƌĻƩƒĻͲ ŅƩğŭƒĻƓƷ ķĻ ķğƌƌĻ ķƚǒĬƌĻΏŅğĭĻ ĻƓ ƦźĻƩƩĻ ƓƚźƩĻͲ ķƚƓƷ ƌĻ ƦƩźƓĭźƦğƌ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Ѝ IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

ƒƚƩĭĻğǒ ĻƭƷ ĻǣƦƚƭĽ Ġ tğƌĻƩƒĻ ĻƷ ķƚƓƷ ķĻƭ Ʒğƭ ķ͸ğǒƷƩĻƭ ŅƩğŭƒĻƓƷƭ ƭƚƓƷ ĽƦğƩƦźƌƌĽƭ Ġ

tğƌĻƩƒĻͲ Ġ [ƚƓķƩĻƭ ĻƷ ğǒ /ğźƩĻ͵ [Ļƭ ğƓƓğƌĻƭ ƓğƩƩĻƓƷ ƌĻƭ ĽǝĽƓĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƒğƩƨǒğƓƷ ķĻ ĭŷğƨǒĻ

ğƓƓĽĻ ķĻ ƩļŭƓĻ ķĻƭ ƭƚǒǝĻƩğźƓƭ ķĻ ƌğ L

5Ļ ƌğ ЊĻ Ġ ƌğ ЎĻ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻ

ķźƭĭǒƷğĬƌĻ͵ tƚǒƩ ƌĻƭ ƷƩƚźƭ ƦƩĻƒźļƩĻƭ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭͲ ƦƚǒƩ ĭŷğƨǒĻ ğƓƓĽĻͲ ƌźƒźƷĽĻ ƦğƩ ǒƓ ƷƩğźƷ

ĽƦƚƓǤƒĻ ğǝĻĭͲ ĻƓ ķĻƭƭƚǒƭͲ ƌğ ŷğǒƷĻǒƩ ķĻ ƌğ ĭƩǒĻ ķǒ bźƌ͵ ...Ɠ ƷƩğźƷ ǝĻƩƷźĭğƌ ķƩƚźƷ ƩĻƦƩĽƭĻƓƷğƓƷ

ĽǝĽƓĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵ tğƩƒź ƌĻƭ ĽƌĽƒĻƓƷƭ ƨǒź ƦĻƩƒĻƷƷƩƚƓƷ ķĻ ƩĻĭƚƓƭƷźƷǒĽ ƌ͸IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ķĻ ƌğ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ

9ǣĻƒƦƌĻʹ ƌĻ /ğƓƚƓ ķĻ ǒƩźƓ ĻƭƷ ǒƓ ƦğƦǤƩǒƭ ķĽĭƚǒǝĻƩƷ ĻƓ ЊБЋЋ ƦğƩ ƌ͸ğǝĻƓƷǒƩźĻƩ .ĻƩƓğƩķźƓƚ

5ƩƚǝĻƷƷź ğƦƦğƩĻƒƒĻƓƷ ĻƓ ĬƚƓ ĽƷğƷ ƒğźƭ ƨǒź ŅǒƷ ƷƩļƭ ƒğƌ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĽ ĻƷ ķƚƓƷ źƌ ƓĻ ƩĻƭƷĻ

ĽĭƩźƷǒƩĻ ĭǒƩƭźǝĻͲ ğǒ ƩĻǝĻƩƭ ķ͸ǒƓ ƩĻƌĻǝĽ ķĻ ƷğǣĻ ƭƚǒƭ wğƒƭļƭ LL͵

[Ļƭ ğǒƷƩĻƭ ĻǣĻƒƦƌĻƭ ķĻ ƌźƭƷĻƭ ƩƚǤğƌĻƭ ƭƚƓƷ ƓƚƒĬƩĻǒǣ͵ hƓ ƦĻǒƷ ĭźƷĻƩ ƌğ ƌźƭƷĻ ķĻ ƚǒƷŷƒƝƭźƭ

LĻƩ Ġ YğƩƓğƉͲ ƚǒ ĻƓĭƚƩĻ ĭĻƌƌĻ ķĻ {ĻƷŷź LĻƩ Ġ !ĬǤķƚƭ͵ {ǒƩ ĭĻƷƷĻ ķĻƩƓźļƩĻ ƚƓ ƦĻǒƷ ǝƚźƩ ƌĻ

ƦŷğƩğƚƓ {ĻƷŷź LĻƩ ğźƓƭź ƨǒĻ ƭƚƓ ŅźƌƭͲ ŅǒƷǒƩ wğƒƭļƭ LLͲ ƌĻǝğƓƷ ƌĻƭ ĬƩğƭ ƦƚǒƩ ŷƚƓƚƩĻƩ ƭĻƭ

ğƓĭľƷƩĻƭ͵ hƓ ƩĻƒğƩƨǒĻƩğ ƨǒĻ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƌźƭƷĻ ĻƭƷ ƌƚźƓ ķ͸ľƷƩĻ ĻǣŷğǒƭƷźǝĻ ĻƷ ƓĻ ĭƚƓƭƷźƷǒĻ Ʀğƭ

Ʀƌǒƭ ƒğƩƨǒğƓƷƭ ķƚƓƷ ĭĻƩƷğźƓƭ ƩĻƌļǝĻƓƷ ķ͸ğźƌƌĻǒƩƭ ķǒ ƒǤƷŷĻ͵ hƓ ƓƚƷĻƩğ ğǒƭƭź ƌ͸ğĬƭĻƓĭĻ

ķ͸!ƉŷĻƓğƷƚƓͲ ƌĻ ƦŷğƩğƚƓ ƒğǒķźƷ Λ͵ ƌ͸ŷźƭƷƚźƩĻ ķǒ bƚǒǝĻƌ 9ƒƦźƩĻΜͲ ĻƷ ķĻƭ ƭĻƭ ƭǒĭĭĻƭƭĻǒƩƭ

ΛƚǒƷğƓƉŷğƒƚƓͲ !ǤͲͶΜ 5͸ğǒƷƩĻƭ ƌźƭƷĻƭ ƭĻ ƷƩƚǒǝĻƓƷ ĽŭğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ ƷĻƒƦƌĻ ķĻ wğƒƭļƭ LL Ġ

Ћ͵ 5!9{ !{whbhaLv...9{

[Ļƭ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓƭ Ɠ͸źƓƷƩƚķǒźƭĻƓƷ Ʀğƭ ķĻ ƆƚǒƩ ĭƚƒƦƌĽƒĻƓƷğźƩĻ Ʒƚǒƭ ƌĻƭ Ѝ ğƓƭ ƦƚǒƩ ŅğźƩĻ

ĻƭƷ ķĻ ЊЍЏЉ ğƓƓĽĻƭ ΛЌЏЎ - ЍΜ͵ Lƌ ĻǣźƭƷĻ ǒƓ ĽǝļƓĻƒĻƓƷ ğƭƷƩƚƓƚƒźƨǒĻ ŅźǣĻ ƨǒź ƭ͸ğŭźƷ ķĻ ƌğ

ƌĻǝĻƩ ŷĽƌźğƨǒĻ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽƷƚźƌĻ {źƩźǒƭ Λ{ƚƷŷźƭ ķĻƭ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓƭΜͲ ƨǒź ĭƚƩƩĻƭƦƚƓķ ğǒ ķĽĬǒƷ ķĻ ƌğ ĭƩǒĻ

ķǒ bźƌ͵ /Ļƌğ ĭƚƩƩĻƭƦƚƓķ ğǒƭƭź ğǒ ķĽĬǒƷ ķĻ ƌğ ĭƩǒĻ ķǒ bźƌ͵ hĬƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ źƒƦƚƩƷğƓƷĻ ĭğƩ ƌĻ

ĭğƌĻƓķƩźĻƩ ķĽĭğƌğƓƷ ƒğźƭ ƌĠ ƚƓ ğ ǒƓ ƦƚźƓƷ ŅźǣĻ ğǝĻĭ ƌğ ƌĻǝĻƩ ŷĽƌźğƨǒĻ ķĻ {ƚƷŷźƭ͵ hƓ ƦƚƭƭļķĻ

ƭ͸ĽƷğźƷ ƌĻǝĽĻ Ġ ƷĻƌƌĻ ŷĻǒƩĻ ĻƷ Ġ ƷĻƌƌĻ ƆƚǒƩ ķǒ ĭğƌĻƓķƩźĻƩ ƒƚĬźƌĻ͵ tƚǒƩ ƌğ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ƦŷğƩğƚƓźƨǒĻ

ƚƓ ƦƚƭƭļķĻ ǒƓĻ ķğƷĻ ķĻ ĭĻ ƷǤƦĻ ğǒ aƚǤĻƓΏ9ƒƦźƩĻ ĻƷ Ѝ ķğƷĻƭ ğǒ bƚǒǝĻƌ 9ƒƦźƩĻ͵ hƓ ğ Ʀǒ

ķĽƷĻƩƒźƓĻƩ ƨǒĻ ƌ͸ğƓ А ķĻ {ĽƭƚƭƷƩźƭ LLL ĭƚƩƩĻƭƦƚƓķ Ġ ƌ͸ğƓƓĽĻ ЊБАЋ !ǝ͵ WΏ/͵

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Ў IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

Ќ͵ [9 twh.[:a9 59{ 5b!{L9{ t!w![[:[9{

[ƚƩƭ ķĻ ƩğƩĻƭ ƒğźƭ ƓƚƷğĬƌĻƭ ƦĽƩźƚķĻƭ ķĻ ƌ͸ŷźƭƷƚźƩĻ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻͲ ƌĻƭ ĽǝĽƓĻƒĻƓƷƭ ǝƚǒƌǒƩĻƓƷ

ķĻƭ ğǒƷƩĻƭ͵ bƚǒƭ ƦƩĻƓķƩƚƓƭ źĭź ƌ͸ĻǣĻƒƦƌĻ ķĻ ƌğ 5ĻǒǣźļƒĻ tĽƩźƚķĻ LƓƷĻƩƒĽķźğźƩĻ ΛķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ

ЊЌ Ġ ЊАΜ͵ !ǒ ĭƩĽƦǒƭĭǒƌĻ ķǒ aƚǤĻƓΏ9ƒƦźƩĻͲ ǒƓ ğŅŅğźĬƌźƭƭĻƒĻƓƷ ķǒ ƦƚǒǝƚźƩ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ǝğ

ĻƓƷƩğŽƓĻƩ ƌ͸ĽƒĻƩŭĻƓĭĻ ķ͸ǒƓĻ ƦǒźƭƭğƓĭĻ ƩźǝğƌĻ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ 5ĻƌƷğ ķǒ bźƌ͵ /ĻƌƌĻΏĭź ŅƚƓķĻ ĻƓ ĻŅŅĻƷ ƌğ

Ѝ͵ twh.[:a9 59{ /hww;D9b/9{

hĬƆĻƷ ķĻ ķĽĬğƷ ĭŷĻǩ ƌĻƭ ĽŭǤƦƷƚƌƚŭǒĻƭ͵

/I!tLw9 ???? [9{ t;wLh59{ 59 Chwa!Lhb

9 b;h[LILv...9 59 [͸9Dt9 tw;5b!{Lv...9

[Ļ ƓĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻ ĻƭƷ ǒƓĻ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ķĻ ƌğ ƦƩĽŷźƭƷƚźƩĻ ķĽĬǒƷğƓƷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓ ЊЉ ЉЉЉ ğƓƭ ğǝğƓƷ W͵Ώ/͵

9ƌƌĻ ƭĻ ĭğƩğĭƷĽƩźƭĻ ƓƚƷğƒƒĻƓƷ ƦğƩ ǒƓ ƩĽĭŷğǒŅŅĻƒĻƓƷ ĭƌźƒğƷźƨǒĻͲ Ġ ƌğ ŅźƓ ķĻ ƌ͸ļƩĻ ŭƌğĭźğźƩĻͲ

ğźƓƭź ƨǒ͸ǒƓĻ ƭĽķĻƓƷğƩźƭğƷźƚƓ ƩĻƌğƷźǝĻ͵ Lƌ ĻƭƷ ƓĽĭĻƭƭğźƩĻ ķ͸ƚĬƭĻƩǝĻƩ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ķǒ ƦƚźƓƷ ķĻ

ǝǒĻ ķǒ tƩƚĭŷĻΏhƩźĻƓƷ ķ͸ǒƓĻ ƦğƩƷͲ ĻƷ ƌĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ ķ͸ğǒƷƩĻ ƦğƩƷ͵

Њ͵ [9 twh/I9ΏhwL9b

tƩĻΏtƚƷƷĻƩǤ ! Λttb!Μʹ ВЎЉЉΏБЋЉЉ ğ/Ɠ

[Ļƭ ŷƚƒƒĻƭ źƓƭƷğƌƌĽƭ ğǒ tƩƚĭŷĻΏhƩźĻƓƷ ĭƚƒƒĻƓĭĻƓƷ Ġ ƭĻƒĻƩ ķĻ ŅğĲƚƓ ƩĽŅƌĽĭŷźĻ ƌĻƭ ƭƚƌƭ

5Ļǒǣ ƭźƷĻƭ ƭƚƓƷ Ġ ƓƚƷĻƩ ķğƓƭ ƌ͸ĽƷǒķĻ ķĻ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ʹ

WĽƩźĭŷƚ ƭĻ ƭźƷǒĻ ķğƓƭ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ WƚǒƩķğƓ ĻƓ tğƌĻƭƷźƓĻ ĻƷ aǒƩĻǤĬĻƷ ğǒ ƓƚƩķ ķĻ ƌğ {ǤƩźĻ͵

5ğƓƭ ƭĻƭ ķĻǒǣ ƭźƷĻƭ ƚƓƷ ĽƷĽ ƚĬƭĻƩǝĽƭ ķĻƭ ƷƩğĭĻƭ ķĻ ƦƩğƷźƨǒĻ ķ͸ğŭƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ͵ 5ļƭ ƌĻ ttb!Ͳ

tƩĻΏtƚƷƷĻƩǤ . Λttb.Μʹ БАЉЉΏАЉЉЉ ğ/Ɠ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Џ IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

Ћ͵ [9 b;h[LILv...9 5... {!I!w!

[͸IƚƌƚĭļƓĻͲ ƌğ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ŷǒƒźķĻ ƭǒźǝğƓƷ ƌğ ŅźƓ ķĻ ƌğ ŭƌğĭźğƷźƚƓ ķĽĬǒƷĻ ǝĻƩƭ ВЌЉЉ͵ [ğ

bĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻ ƭğŷğƩźĻƓ ĭƚǒǝƩĻ ğƦƦƩƚǣźƒğƷźǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƌğ ƦĽƩźƚķĻ ĻƓƷƩĻ ВЉЉЉ ĻƷ ЍАЉЉ͵ 5Ļƭ

ķ͸ğĬƚƩķ ƦğƩ ƌ͸ĽƌĻǝğŭĻ ĻƷ ƌğ ķƚƒĻƭƷźĭğƷźƚƓ ķĻƭ ĬƚǝźķĽƭ͵ hƓ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ĽŭğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ķĻƭ ƒĻǒƌĻƭ

ƨǒ͸ĻƌƌĻ ĻƭƷ ƩĻƭƷĽĻ ƭğǒǝğŭĻ͵ Lƌ ŅğǒƷ ƭğǝƚźƩ ĽŭğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƨǒĻ ƌĻ ƭƚƌ Ɠ͸ĻƭƷ ğĬƭƚƌǒƒĻƓƷ Ʀğƭ

ŅğǝƚƩğĬƌĻ ƦƚǒƩ ǒƓĻ ƷĻƌƌĻ ğĭƷźǝźƷĽ͵ [ğ ĭĽƩğƒźƨǒĻ ğƦƦğƩğŽƷ ĬźĻƓ Ʀƌǒƭ ƷƝƷ ƨǒ͸ğǒ tƩƚĭŷĻ hƩźĻƓƷͲ

ğǒ L-

ğǒƆƚǒƩķ͸ŷǒź ƒğźƭ ƭĻ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ľƷƩĻ ƌĻ ŅƚǤĻƩ ƚƩźŭźƓĻƌ ĻƷ ƦƩźƒğźƩĻ ķǒ bĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻͲ ğǝĻĭ ķĻƭ

ĭƚƓƷğĭƷƭ ğƷƷĻƭƷĽƭ ğǝĻĭ ƌĻƭ ƩĽŭźƚƓƭ ǝƚźƭźƓĻƭ͵ ΛLƓƷƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌğ ĭŷļǝƩĻ ĻƷ ķǒ ƒƚǒƷƚƓ

ļƒĻ ƒźƌƌĽƓğźƩĻͲ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ bźƌ Ɠ͸ĻƭƷ Ʀğƭ ĻƓĭƚƩĻ ƷƚǒĭŷĽĻ

Ќ͵ [! ![[;9 5... bL[ 9 [͸!5!t!Lhb bL[hLv...9

ĻƩƭ АЉЉЉ ğǝ WΏ/ ƚƓ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ĻƓĭƚƩĻ ĻƓ 9ŭǤƦƷĻ ΛŷğǒƷĻ 9ŭǤƦƷĻΜ ǒƓĻ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ķĻ ĭŷğƭƭĻǒƩƭΏ

ĭǒĻźƌƌĻǒƩƭ ķĻ ƷƩğķźƷźƚƓ ĽƦźƦğƌĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻ ƨǒ͸ƚƓ ğƦƦĻƌƌĻ ΅ 9ƌƉğĬźĻƓ Ά Λķǒ ƭźƷĻ ĽƦƚƓǤƒĻ 9ƌƉğĬΜ͵

ƌ͸ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƓĻƒĻƓƷ͵ /ĻƷƷĻ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌğƩźƷĽ Ġ ƩĽƭźƭƷĻƩ Ġ ƌğ ƓĽƚƌźƷŷźƭğƷźƚƓ ƆǒƭƨǒĻ ЎЉЉЉ !ǝ͵ WΏ/͵ ĻƭƷ

ƌğ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ Ġ ƭĻ ķĽƦƌğĭĻƩ ǝĻƩƭ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ bźƌ Ġ ĭƚƒƒĻƓĭĻƩ ƦğƩ ƌĻ CğǤƚǒƒ ĻƷ aĽƩźƒķĽΏ

Ѝ͵ [9 b;h[LILv...9 5!b{ [! ![[;9 5... bL[ ʹ C!h...a 9 a;wLa5; .9bLΏ{![!a;

[Ļ CğǤƚǒƒ ğƦƦğƩğźƷ ğǒƷƚǒƩ ķǒ ƌğĭ vğƩƚǒƓ ΛƌğĭΜ͵ [Ļƭ ƦƩĻƒźļƩĻƭ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻƭ ƓĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻƭ ƭ͸ğŭźƷ

ǝğƓƓĻƩźĻ͵ {źƌƚ ƦĻƩƒĻƷƷğƓƷ ķĻ ƭƷƚĭƉĻƩ ƌĻƭ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓƭ ƭǒƩ ǒƓĻ ğƓƓĽĻ ĻƓƷźļƩĻ͵ hƓ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ķĻƭ

CğǤƚǒƒ ƦƩğƷźƨǒĻ ƌ͸ĽƌĻǝğŭĻ ķĻ ĬƚǝźķĽͲ ƒƚǒƷƚƓƭ ĻƷ ƦƚƩĭƭ͵ 9ƓƭĻƒĬƌĻ ķǒ ƦğƩĭ ƓĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻ

ΛĬƥǒŅͲ ƒƚǒƷƚƓƭͲ ĭŷļǝƩĻͲ ƦƚƩĭƭΜ͵ /ǒƌƷǒƩĻ ğƦƦğƩĻƓƷĽĻ Ġ ƌğ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ķǒ CğǤƚǒƒ ƓƚƷğƒƒĻƓƷ

ķğƓƭ ƌĻ 5ĻƌƷğ ķğƓƭ ĭźƷĻ ƓƚƒƒĽ aĽƩźƒķĽΏ.ĻƓź {ğƌğƒĽ ΛЍЉЉЉΏЍЊЉЉ !ǝ͵ WΏ/Μ͵ [Ļƭ ƩĻƭƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ

ƭƚƓƷ ƌĻƭ ƒľƒĻƭ ƨǒ͸ğǒ CğǤƚǒƒͲ ĽƌĻǝğŭĻ ķĻ ĬƚǝźķĽ ĻƷ ƌĠ ğǒƭƭź ķğƓƭ ĭĻƭ ƷƩğķźƷźƚƓƭ ƌğ ƦľĭŷĻ

[9{ /...[...w9{ tw;5b!{Lv...9{

Lƌ ƭĻƩğźƷ ğƓğĭŷƩƚƓźƨǒĻ ķĻ ƦğƩƌĻƩ ķ͸ǒƓĻ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ĽŭǤƦƷźĻƓƓĻ ĭğƩͲ Ġ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻͲ źƌ ƭ͸ğŭźƷ ƭǒƩƷƚǒƷ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ А IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

[źƒźƷĽĻ Ġ ǒƓĻ ƦĻƷźƷĻ ƦƚƩƷźƚƓ ƩĻƭƷƩĻźƓƷĻ ķĻ ƌğ ǝğƌƌĽĻ ķǒ bźƌ ĻƓ IğǒƷĻ 9ŭǤƦƷĻͲ ĻƌƌĻ ƩĻƦƩĽƭĻƓƷĻ

· bğŭğķğ L L Λǝ͵ ЍЉЉЉΏЌЎЉЉ ğ/ƓΜ

5ǒ Ɠƚƒ ķĻ ƌğ ƓĽĭƩƚƦƚƌĻ ķĽĭƚǒǝĻƩƷĻ ĻƓ ЊБВЍ ƦğƩ tĻƷƩźĻ͵

9Ɠ ƦğƩƷźĻ ĭƚƓƷĻƒƦƚƩğźƓĻ ķĻ .ğķğƩźͲ ĭĻƷƷĻ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ƭĻ ķĽǝĻƌƚƦƦĻ Ɔǒƭƨǒ͸Ġ !ƭƭƚǒğƓ͵

ŅǒƓĽƩğźƩĻ͵ hƓ Ǥ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ķĻƭ ĭĽƩğƒźƨǒĻƭ ĻƓ ƷĻƩƩĻ ĭǒźƷĻ ƩƚǒŭĻ ƦƩĽƭĻƓƷğƓƷ ƦğƩŅƚźƭ ķĻƭ ķĻƭƭźƓƭ

ĻƷ ķĽĭƚƩƭ ķĻ ĭƚǒƌĻǒƩ ĭƌğźƩ͵ hƓ Ǥ ƚĬƭĻƩǝĻ ķĻƭ ƦĻƩƭƚƓƓğŭĻƭ ŅźƌźŅƚƩƒĻ ƌĻƭ ĬƩğƭ ƌĻǝĽƭ ƨǒ͸ƚƓ

ƦƚǒƩ ĽƷğǤĻƩ ĭĻƷƷĻ ƷŷļƭĻ͵ hƓ Ǥ ƷƩƚǒǝĻ ķĻƭ ĭĽƩğƒźƨǒĻƭ ķźƷĻƭ ĬƌğĭƉΏƷƚƦƦĻķ ĻƓ ƷĻƩƩĻ ĭǒźƷĻ

ƷĻĭŷƓźƨǒĻ ķĻ ĭǒźƭƭƚƓ ƷƚǒƷĻ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌźļƩĻ ĻƷ ƷĻƓķĻƓƷ Ġ ğƷƷƩźĬǒĽ ğǒǣ 9ŭǤƦƷźĻƓƭ ķĻ ƌ͸ĽƦƚƨǒĻ

· bğŭğķğ LL Λǝ͵ ЌЎЉЉΏЌЋЉЉ ğ/ƓΜ

5ğƓƭ ƌğ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒźƷĽ ķĻ bğŭğķğ LͲ ĭĻƷƷĻ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ƭ͸ĽƷĻƓķ ķĻ IğǒƷĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ Ɔǒƭƨǒ͸ğǒ CğǤƚǒƒͲ ĻƓ

aƚǤĻƓΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ [Ļ ƒğƷĽƩźĻƌ ğƩĭŷĽƚƌƚŭźƨǒĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻͳ ǒƓĻ ğǒƷƩĻ ğƩŭźƌĻͲ Ʀƌǒƭ ĭƌğźƩĻͲ ĻƭƷ ǒƷźƌźƭĽĻ͵

5Ļƭ ķĽĭƚƩƭ ĬƩǒƓƭ ĻƷ ƩƚǒŭĻƭ ƭƚƓƷ ķĻƭƭźƓĽƭͲ ŭĽƚƒĽƷƩźƨǒĻƭ ƒğźƭ ĽŭğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ŅźŭǒƩğƷźŅƭ͵

· ağğķźΏ.ƚǒƷƚ Λǝ͵ ЍЉЉЉΏЌЋЉЉ ğ/ƓΜ

/ǒƌƷǒƩĻ źƭƭǒĻ ķ͸ǒƓĻ ƷƩğķźƷźƚƓ ƓĽƚƌźƷŷźƨǒĻ ĻƓ .ğƭƭĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵ 5Ļƭ ƩĻƭƷĻƭ ķ͸ŷğĬźƷğƷźƚƓƭ Ɠƚǒƭ

ƦƚǒƷƩĻƭ ķĻƭƷźƓĽĻƭ Ġ ƭƚǒƷĻƓźƩ ǒƓĻ ƭǒƦĻƩƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ͵ hƓ Ǥ ƩĻƷƩƚǒǝĻƩğ ĽŭğƌĻƒĻƓƷ ķǒ ĭǒźǝƩĻͲ ĭĻ

ƨǒź źƒƦƌźƨǒĻ ƨǒĻ ĭĻƷƷĻ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ĻƓƷƩĻƷĻƓğźƷ ķĻƭ ĭƚƓƷğĭƷƭ ğǝĻĭ ķĻƭ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻƭ ķĻ tğƌĻƭƷźƓĻ

ķǒ ŭŷğƭƭƚǒƌźĻƓ͵ 9ƷƩğƓŭĻƒĻƓƷͲ ƌ͸źƓǝĻƭƷźƭƭĻƒĻƓƷ ŅǒƓĽƩğźƩĻ Ǥ ĽƷğźƷ ƦğǒǝƩĻ͵

IğǒƷĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ ĻƷ .ğƭƭĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ · bğŭğķğ LLL Λǝ͵ ЌЋЉЉΏЋВЎЉ ğ/ƓΜ

bƚƷĻƭ ķĻ /ğƭƭźƚƦĽĻ ağƩƷźƓ Б IL{Ώ.ΏЊЎЉ Ώ IźƭƷƚźƩĻ ĻƷ ĭźǝźƌźƭğƷźƚƓ ķĻ ƌ͸9ŭǤƦƷĻ .!Њ

Ў͵ [͸;a9wD9b/9 59 [͸;! 9 [͸...bLCL/!Lhb 5... t!{

bƚǒƭ ǝƚǤƚƓƭ źĭź ǒƓ ĻǣĻƒƦƌĻ ķĻ ƷƚƒĬĻ ƦƚǒƩ ĭŷğĭǒƓĻ ķĻƭ ƦĽƩźƚķĻƭ ķĻ bğŭğķğ͵

[Ļƭ ƷƚƒĬĻƭ ƭƚƓƷ ƩĻŭƩƚǒƦĽĻƭ ķğƓƭ ƷƩƚźƭ ĭĻƓƷƩĻƭ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌźĻƩƭ ĻƓ IğǒƷĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻʹ

· bğŭğķğͲ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ ĭĻƓƷƩĻ ŅǒƓĽƩğźƩĻ ƌğ ĬƚǒĭƌĻ ƨǒĻ ŅƚƩƒĻ ƌĻ bźƌ Ġ ƦƩƚǣźƒźƷĽ ķĻ ŷļĬĻƭ

· IźĻƩğƉƚƓƦƚƌźƭͲ ķğƓƭ ƌĻ {ǒķ ķĻ ƌğ IğǒƷĻΏ9ŭǤƦƷĻ͵

ĭĻƓƷƩĻƭ ğǒǣ źƓŅƌǒĻƓĭĻƭ Ʀƌǒƭ ƚǒ ƒƚźƓƭ ƌğƩŭĻƭ ķǒ L

ļƒĻ ƒźƌƌĽƓğźƩĻ ğǝ W/͵ !ǒ ƭĻźƓ ķĻ ĭĻƭ

ğŭŭƌƚƒĽƩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ƌĻƭ ƷƚƒĬĻƭ ƩĻǝľƷĻƓƷ ğǒ Ņźƌ ķǒ ƷĻƒƦƭ Λbğŭğķğ LΏLLΏLLLΜ ǒƓ ĭğƩğĭƷļƩĻ ķĻ Ʀƌǒƭ

ƌ͸ğƩŭĻƓƷͲ ķǒ ƌğƦźƭΏƌğǩǒƌź ķ͸!ŅŭŷğƓźƭƷğƓͲ ķǒ ƷǒƩƨǒƚźƭĻ ķǒ {źƓğſͲ ķĻ ƌğ ĭĽƩğƒźƨǒĻ ķǒ tƩƚĭŷĻΏ

hƩźĻƓƷͲͶ ƚǒƭ ĭĻƭ ƒğƷĽƩźğǒǣ ƩğƭƭĻƒĬƌĻƓƷ ǒƓĻ ŭƩğƓķĻ ƩźĭŷĻƭƭĻ ƦƩƚǝĻƓğƓƷ ƦğƩŅƚźƭ

ƚǤƚƓƭ źĭź ǒƓ ĻǣĻƒƦƌĻ ķĻ ƷƚƒĬĻ Ġ IźĻƩğƉƚƓƦƚƌźƭͲ ƌğ ƷƚƒĬĻ ЊЉЉ͵

Lƌ ƭ͸ğŭźƷ źĭź ķĻ ƌğ ƭĻǒƌĻ ƷƚƒĬĻ ƦƩĽķǤƓğƭƷźƨǒĻ ķƚƓƷ źƌ ƩĻƭƷĻ ķĻƭ ƦĻźƓƷǒƩĻƭ ƒǒƩğƌĻƭ͵ hƓ Ǥ

9ŭǤƦƷĻ ƨǒź ƓĻ ĭƚƓƓğŽƷ Ʀğƭ ƌğ ƩƚǒĻ ĻƷ ķƚƓƷ ƌğ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ ĻƭƷ ķĽƆĠ ŅƚƩƷ ĭƚƓĭĻƓƷƩĽĻ ğǒƷƚǒƩ ķǒ

bźƌ͵ /ĻƩƷğźƓƭ ķĽƷğźƌƭ ƒĻƷƷĻƓƷ ĻƓ ĽǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƌğ ƭǒƦĽƩźƚƩźƷĽ ķ͸ǒƓ źƓķźǝźķǒ ĻƓ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌźĻƩ͵ hƓ ƌĻ

ǝƚźƷ ƒğƭƭğĭƩĻƩ ķĻƭ ĻƓƓĻƒźƭ Ġ ƌğ ƦĻƌƌĻ ĻƷ ķƚƒźƓĻƩ ķĻƭ ğƓźƒğǒǣ ŅĽƩƚĭĻƭ͵ Lƌ ƭ͸ğŭźƩğźƷ ķĻƭ

hǒƒƒ ĻƌΏvğğĬquotesdbs_dbs2.pdfusesText_3

[PDF] Histoire et Civilisation - Egypte