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1

Demography of Slavery

• Origins of slavery • Dimensions of the

Slave Trade

• Demographic Impact on Africa • Middle Passage • Regional differences in slave demography • Economics of slavery in the U.S.

Domesday book,

1086
2

13th Century Slave Market in present day Yemen

3 Earliest representation of the people of the new world 4

Slave Exports from Africa to Americas

1,000,000

1500-1600 1601-1700 1701-1800 1801-1900

1501-1525

15

26-1550

1

551-1575

1

576-1600

16

01-1625

16

26-1650

1

651-1675

1

676-1700

1

701-1725

17

26-1750

17

51-1775

1

776-1800

1

801-1825

1

826-1850

18

51-1866

Spain / Uruguay

Portugal / Brazil

Great Britain

Netherlands

U.S.A.

France

Denmark / Baltic

Embarkations by country: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Database (2008)

5 Embarkations by country: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Database (2008)

0500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,000

1501-1525

1

526-1550

1

551-1575

1

576-1600

1

601-1625

1

626-1650

1

651-1675

1

676-1700

1

701-1725

1

726-1750

1

751-1775

1

776-1800

1

801-1825

18

26-1850

18

51-1866

Denmark / Baltic

France

U.S.A.

Netherlands

Great Britain

Portugal / Brazil

Spain / Uruguay

6

Inferring mortality:

Latest figures from Trans-Atlantic Slave

Trade Database (2008)

• Total embarked: 12,521,336 • Total disembarked: 10,702,565 • Implied death date: 14.52%

Percent of Slaves Dying by Time Period

05101520253035

1501-1525

15

26-1550

15

51-1575

15

76-1600

16

01-1625

1

626-1650

1

651-1675

1

676-1700

1

701-1725

1

726-1750

17

51-1775

17

76-1800

18

01-1825

18

26-1850

1

851-1866

7

Percent of Slaves Dying by Importing Country

02468101214161820

Spain /

UruguayPortugal /

BrazilGreat Britain Netherlands U.S.A. France Denmark /

Baltic

50%

33%12%

5%

Caribbean

Brazil

Central, South America

North America

Destinations of Slaves in the Atlantic Trade

8 Disembarkations by destination: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Database (2008)

020000040000060000080000010000001200000

1501-1525

1526-1

550
1

551-1575

1

576-1600

1

601-1625

1

626-1650

1

651-1675

167

6-1700

1701-1

725

1726-1

750

1751-1

775

1776-1800

1

801-1825

1

826-1850

1

851-1866

Mainland North America

British Caribbean

French Caribbean

Other Caribbean

Spanish Americas

Brazil

9 Disembarkations by country: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Database (2008)

1501-1525

1

526-1550

15

51-1575

1

576-1600

16

01-1625

1

626-1650

16

51-1675

1

676-1700

17

01-1725

1

726-1750

1751-1775

1

776-1800

1801-1825

1

826-1850

1

851-1866

Brazil

Spanish Americas

Other Caribbean

French Caribbean

British Caribbean

Mainland North America

10 11 Slave Market on the African Coast, early 18th cent.

Sale of Enslaved

Africans and

Transport to Slave

Ship, mid-18th cent.

12 13 14 15 16

Slave Population of British Colonies

247,0009,000North America295,00076,000Caribbean17501680

17

Total Slave Disembarkations by 1680 and 1750

161,1214,070North America948,097113,976Caribbean17501680

Ratio of Slave Population to Disembarkations

1.532.21North America0.310.66Caribbean17501680

18

Hypotheses:

Mortality higher in West Indies, due to

• disease environment • dietary deficiencies (protein, thiamine, vitamin A, and calcium), and overall caloric intake • brutality of work conditions on large plantations with absentee owners • Easy availability of additional slaves from Africa • Infanticide/suicide as slave resistance

Hypotheses:

Fertility lower in West Indies because of

• African lactation practices and taboos on intercourse after giving birth, reinforced by continued high importation from Africa • dietary deficiencies leading to late menarche and low fecundity • skewed sex ratios • absence of slave breeding by planters • work conditions - excessive labor reduced fecundity 19

Crude Birth Rates among slaves,

early 19 th century: - Jamaica: 23 - United States: 53

Measuring the brutality of slavery

• Fogel and Engerman, Time on the Cross: -0.7 whippings per slave per year • Herbert Gutman, Slavery and the Numbers Game: -Same data, one slave whipped every 4.56 days 20 21
22
23
24
25
26

Slaves on

Smith's

Plantation,

Beaufort,

South

Carolina.

Photographed

in 1862 27
Interior view of a slave pen, showing the doors of cells where the slaves were held before being sold. Slave pen, Alexandria, Va. Photographed between 1861 and 1865 28

Brazilian sugar mill in the 1830s

29

Newly Enslaved Africans, Brazil, 1830s

Brazilian Plantation

30

Slave Market, Brazil, Ca. 1825

Slave Market, Brazil, 1830s

31

Newly Arrived Slaves,

Surinam, 1770s

Sale of a Slave Woman and Her Children, Surinam, 1839 32

Slave Auction, Martinique, 1826

Slave Auction, New Orleans, 1839

33

Slave Market, Muscat (Oman), 1840s

Slave Market in Zanzibar, East Africa, 1873

34

Slave Market,

Zanzibar, 1864

Slave Market, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1819-1820

35

Slave market, Charleston SC, 1850s

Slave Dealer, Alexandria, Virginia, 1863 or 1865

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