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Port Hedland Air Quality Health Risk

Assessment for Particulate Matter

Environmental Health Directorate

January 2016

health.wa.gov.au 2

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 4

Background .................................................................................................................. 5

a. Commentary on the Toxikos Health Risk Assessment ................................................... 7 1.

Human Health Risk Assessment .................................................................................. 9

1.1. What is a human Health Risk Assessment? ......................................................... 9 1.2.

What is included in a typical HHRA ...................................................................... 9

1.3.

How accurate are risk estimates ........................................................................... 9

1.4. How are human health risk assessments used .................................................. 10 2.

Health Risk assessment methodology ....................................................................... 10

2.1.

General overview ................................................................................................ 10

Port Hedland .............................................................................................................. 11

Issue identification ...................................................................................................... 12

hazard assessment .................................................................................................... 13

5.1.

Particulate Matter: ............................................................................................... 14

5.2.

Metals, silica and asbestos ................................................................................. 15

5.3.

Summary ............................................................................................................. 17

Exposure assessment ................................................................................................ 17

6.1.

Dust sources ....................................................................................................... 17

6.2.

Exposure pathways ............................................................................................. 19

6.3.

Exposure scenarios ............................................................................................ 20

6.4.

How much are people exposed to the CoC?

...................................................... 20 6.5.

Particulate matter (PM

10 ) Exposure assessment ................................................ 22 6.6.

Summary ............................................................................................................. 29

Risk Assessment - PM

10 ........................................................................................... 30 7.1.

Summary ............................................................................................................. 33

8. PM 2.5

and other contaminants of concern .................................................................. 34

Conclusions and risk management ............................................................................ 35

10.

Recommendations .................................................................................................. 36

11.

References ............................................................................................................. 38

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Aerial view of Port Hedland.

Figure 2: HHRA Framework. 9

Figure 3: Schematic representation of dust sources and exposure pathways. 18

Figure 4: Monitor locations. 21

Figure 5: 2012 24-hour PM

10 concentrations at all locations. 23

Figure 6: 2013 24-hour PM

10 concentrations at all locations. 23

Figure 7: 2014 24-hour PM

10 concentrations at all locations. 24

Figure 8: 2012 24-hour PM

2.5 concentrations at all locations. 24

Figure 9: PM

10 concentrations from the spoil bank Jan-November 2014. 25 Figure 10: Inverse relative frequency distribution. 26

Figure 11: PM

10 annual concentrations at each monitoring location. 26

Figure 12: Number of exceedances by location. 27

Figure 13: Pattern of average exceedances by season 2011-2014. 28

LIST OF

TABLES

Table 1: Dust sources from operations of interest in Port Hedland. 17

Table 2: Dust sources from key local sources. 17

Table 3: Monitor locations and substances monitored. 20 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There is sufficient evidence of potential impacts on human health from dust, specifically PM 10 in the Toxikos HRA to warrant dust management controls and strategic and land- use planning to reduce community exposure to dust. The majority of the public health burden of dust in Port Hedland is associated with PM 10 concentrations over 70 µg/m 3

The burden is

based on certain health outcomes that show an increase in all-cause mortality and an increase in hospitalisation for respiratory conditions.

The areas affected are closest to the Port.

The number of affected individuals is very low but only because the population is small. If the population was larger or is allowed to become larger, the health outcomes would be more readily discernible and demanding of more immediate regulatory control. A legacy of the rapid growth of Port Hedland is the close proximity of residential areas to commercial operations at Nelson Point and the port. This means that fugitive dust from port and commercial operations at Nelson Point and Finucane Island disperses over residential areas under certain meteorological conditions, despite good dust management control. PM 10 concentration in ambient air decreases with distance from the harbour therefore the level of risk could be well managed in residential areas further east toward Pretty Pool by reporting against the interim guideline (24-hr average of 70 µg/m 3 PM 10 , + 10 exceedance s). The guideline could also be applied to South Hedland and Wedgefield. There is sufficient evidence based on the pattern of exceedances that areas nearest the harbour at Nelson Point are unlikely to meet the interim guideline. Targeting industry alone however, would ignore broader dust management and exposure reduction opportunities. Exposure risk in these areas could be managed through land-use planning to limit exposure and population growth in Port Hedland. Further recommendations to manage and understand the risks posed by dust in Port

Hedland

are presented. These include continued air monitoring, air-quality modelling to better understand the dust impact area of the port, Nelson Point and Finucane Island operations and further research on the health effects of crustal dusts. 5

BACKGROUND

Port Hedland is

the world's largest volume port for bulk materials export. Iron ore, salt, manganese, chrome and copper concentrates and other commodities, including cattle, fuel and chemicals pass through Port Hedland. Stockpiles containing iron ore, salt, manganese and copper are located relatively close to residential areas at Nelson Point (see Figure 1). Heavy vehicles and ships, material stockpiling and handling and a predominantly dry, windy climate contribute to dust (particulate matter or PM 1 dispersal over the local residential areas. Figure 1. Aerial view of Port Hedland showing proximity of residential areas to Nelson Point and

Finucane Island

commercial operations (courtesy Port Hedland International Airport). In early 2009, the Environmental Protection Authority expressed concern that 24 hour PM 10 dust concentrations regularly exceeded the air National Environmental Protection Measure air NEPM) of 50 µg/m 3 (+ 5 exceedances for natural events) and that existing planning arrangements allowed for resident ial development in the West End, defined as the area between McKay Street and Taplin Street, without any precaution for dust and noise levels. They stated: "a coordinated government and industry approach to the de velopment and execution of an integrated government and industry strategy with explicit emission reduction strategies and explicit exposure reduction strategies is required with strong and inclusive governance arrangements".

In response

, a Taskforce (The Port Hedland Dust Management Taskforce) reporting to the Premier was convened by the Department of State Development (DSD) in May 2009. The

Port Hedland Dust and

Noise Management Plan (DNMP) was prepared and released in

March 2010.

Particular matter is categorised as PM

10 or PM 2.5 . PM 10 refers to particles of 10 micrometres in diameterquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23

[PDF] [PDF] Port Hedland Air Quality Health Risk Assessment for Particulate Matter