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BAM2014

This paper is from the BAM2014 Conference Proceedings

TITLE:ΉΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian ExperienceΉ AdeniyiΉDamilolaΉOLAREWAJU (CorrespondingΉAuthor)ΉΉ

UniversityΉofΉLagosΉ

Olusoji James GEORGEΉ

University of LagosΉ

CONTACTΉADDRESSΉANDΉEMAIL:Ή

AdeniyiΉDamilolaΉOLAREWAJU*Ή

Department of Business Administration,Ή

UniversityΉofΉLagosΉ

LagosΉState,ΉNigeria.Ή

olarewajuadeniyi@yahoo.comΉ

Olusoji James GEORGEΉ

Department of Business Administration,Ή

UniversityΉofΉLagosΉ

LagosΉState,ΉNigeria.Ή

golusoji@unilag.edu.ngΉ

*DoctoralΉ Candidate,ΉDepartmentΉ ofΉ BusinessΉ Administration,Ή UniversityΉ ofΉ Lagos,Ή Lagos,Ή

Nigeria.Ή

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

AbstractΉ

TitleΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The NigerianΉExperienceΉ

AbstractΉ/ΉSummaryΉ

The development, transferability and practice of western management theories in Africa, nay

examinedΉ emergingΉ thoughtsΉ inΉ contemporaryΉ managementΉ practice,Ή aΉ significantΉ gapΉ wasΉ

practiceΉ inΉ NigeriaΉ canΉ beΉ enhanced,Ή ifΉ peculiarΉsocio-culturalΉ factorsΉ areΉ givenΉ adequateΉ

(150 Words)

WordΉCountΉ

6,231 Words (excluding tables and references)Ή

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

AbstractΉ

The development, transferability and practice of western management theories in Africa, nay

examinedΉ emergingΉ thoughtsΉ inΉ contemporaryΉ managementΉ practice,Ή aΉ significantΉ gapΉ wasΉ

organisations.Ή ToΉ bridgeΉ thisΉ gap,Ή thisΉ studyΉ analysedΉ theΉ majorΉ componentsΉ ofΉ eachΉ

Keywords: Management Theories, Management Practice, Nigeria, Culture, OrganisationsΉ

1.ΉIntroductionΉ

Over the years, much literature has been churned out regarding the appropriate or best approachΉ

TheΉ introductionΉ ofΉ theseΉ approachesΉ toΉ AfricanΉ countries,Ή especiallyΉ Nigeria,Ή hasΉ provedΉ

problematicΉbecauseΉofΉdifferenceΉinΉ cultureΉandΉvaluesΉofΉNigeriansΉrelativeΉtoΉ theΉwesternΉ

contributeΉ toΉ thisΉ differencesΉ (Fashoyin,Ή 2005;Ή George,Ή OwoyemiΉ andΉ Kuye,Ή 2012;Ή George,Ή

Kuye,ΉOnokala,Ή2012).Ή

It has been opined that managerial functions are fundamentally alike in any organisation and at

thing,Ή irrespectiveΉ ofΉ theΉ typeΉ ofΉ organisationΉ orΉ positionΉ withinΉ theΉ organisationΉ (HickΉ andΉ

managementΉ andΉ theyΉ positΉ thatΉsinceΉ managementΉ functionsΉ areΉ universal,Ή itΉ consequentlyΉ

otherΉ writersΉ believeΉ thatΉ theΉ consistentΉ relianceΉ onΉ westernΉ managementΉ approachesΉ haveΉ

2.ΉResearchΉMethodologyΉ

This study is based on a qualitative approach and it is analysed usingΉaΉnarrativeΉmethodΉthatΉwillΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

presupposes that a researcher cannot assume a value-neutralΉstanceΉorΉremainΉimpartial,ΉbecauseΉ

he/sheΉ isΉ alwaysΉ implicatedΉinΉ theΉ phenomenaΉ beingΉ studied.Ή Thus,Ή interpretivistsΉ tryΉ toΉ

comprehendΉ phenomena,Ή asΉ describedΉ byΉ participantsΉ ratherΉ thanΉ testingΉ throughΉ scientificΉ

toΉbeΉfactsΉ

this, the analysis can only be justified and measured by the merit of eachΉcaseΉandΉtheΉsupportΉofΉ

theΉ existenceΉ ofΉ objectiveΉ realityΉ andΉ facts,Ή whichΉ canΉ beΉ knownΉ orΉ approximatedΉ throughΉ

faceΉ interviews.Ή SecondaryΉ dataΉ isΉ preferredΉ because,Ή asΉ aΉ sourceΉ ofΉ dataΉ collection,Ή itΉ isΉ

Management as aΉdisciplineΉrestsΉonΉtwoΉmajorΉcomponents;ΉtheoryΉandΉpracticeΉ(Lawal,Ή2012).Ή

mustΉ beΉ up-to-dateΉ onΉ existingΉ managementΉ theories.Ή DaftΉ (1986)Ή opinedΉ thatΉ managementΉ

outcomeΉ inΉ theΉ organizationΉ (practice).Ή TheΉ relationshipΉ betweenΉ managementΉ theoryΉ andΉ

theΉ dualΉ goalsΉ ofΉ organizationalΉ efficiencyΉ andΉ effectiveness.Ή ManagementΉ practitionersΉ andΉ

professionalsΉ areΉ inΉ theΉ vanguardΉ ofΉ managementΉ practice,Ή andΉ theirΉ practiceΉ providesΉ theΉ

opportunityΉ forΉ reviewingΉ existingΉ managementΉ theoriesΉ andΉ evenΉ developingΉ newΉ ones.Ή

generalizations,Ή andΉ hypothesesΉ thatΉ isΉ toΉ say,Ή onΉ theory.Ή OurΉ assumptionsΉ areΉ frequentlyΉ

implicit,Ή sometimesΉ quiteΉ unconscious,Ή oftenΉ conflicting;Ή nevertheless,Ή theyΉ determineΉ ourΉ

1987:6).ΉManagementΉ theoryΉ isΉ thereforeΉ notΉ onlyΉ relatedΉ toΉ managementΉ practiceΉ butΉ alsoΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience dealing effectively with them. Understanding may be more advanced than prediction, but both Numerous theories have been presented in literatures constituting management theory and these

theoriesΉ haveΉ beenΉ postulatedΉ byΉ writersΉ fromΉ disciplinesΉ asΉ diverseΉ asΉ Sociology,Ή Science,Ή

Philosophy,Ή Engineering,Ή Mathematics,Ή PsychologyΉ andΉ soΉ on.Ή TheΉ attemptΉ toΉ summariseΉ

workΉ ofΉ scholarsΉ andΉ writersΉ intoΉ variousΉ approaches,Ή basedΉ onΉ theirΉ observationΉ ofΉ

AttemptsΉ haveΉ beenΉ madeΉ byΉ manyΉ scholarsΉ andΉ writersΉ toΉ groupΉ orΉ classifyΉtheΉ variousΉ

managementΉ theoriesΉ intoΉ aΉ distinctΉ family.Ή CategorisationΉ ofΉ approachesΉ mayΉ proveΉ aΉ

Author(s)

Classification

Observation

Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert

(2004)Ή

1. Scientific Management SchoolΉ

2. Classical Organisation Theory SchoolΉ

3. The Behavioural SchoolΉ

4. The Management Science School (Quantitative)Ή

5. The Systems ApproachΉ

6. The Contingency ApproachΉ

7. The Era of Dynamic EngagementΉ

*Separated Scientific from

Classical School.Ή

*Identified New School (No. 7)Ή

Cole (2004)Ή1. Classical TheoriesΉ

2. BureaucracyΉ

3. Human Relations and Social Psychological SchoolsΉ

4. Systems and Contingency ApproachesΉ

5. Modern Approaches to ManagementΉ

*Separated Bureaucracy from Classical School.Ή Lawal (2012)Ή1. Classical School of ManagementΉ

2. Organic or Neo-Classical School (Human Relations

and Behavioural Theories)Ή

3. System and Contingency SchoolΉ

4. Dynamic Engagement EraΉ

* Agreed with Stoner et al. (2004) by Identifying New

School (No. 4)Ή

Robbins and Coulter (2009)Ή1. Classical ApproachΉ

2. Quantitative ApproachΉ

3. Behavioural ApproachΉ

4. Contemporary Approach (Systems and

Contingency)Ή

*Recognised Quantitative as a Management ApproachΉ Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience Jones and George (2003) 1. Scientific Management Theory

2. Administrative Management Theory

3. Behavioural Management Theory

4. Management Science Theory (Quantitative Mgt,

Operations Mgt, Total Quality Mgt)

5. Organisation Environment Theory (System and

Contingency Approach)

*Recognised Management

Science as a Management

Approach

Mullins (2011) 1. The Classical Approach

2. The Human Relations and Neo- Human Relations

Approach

3. The Systems Approach

4. The Contingency Approach

*Grouped Scientific and

Bureaucracy theories as

Classical Approach

Source: AdaptationΉfromΉvariousΉAuthors'Ήbooks;ΉΉ*Researcher'sΉassessmentΉ2013Ή

Irrespective of the method or technique adopted, categorisationΉenablesΉmanagersΉtoΉchooseΉfromΉ

categorisationΉeffortΉofΉMullinsΉ(2011),ΉthatΉis,Ήclassical approach, human relations and neo-

humanΉ relationsΉ approach,Ή systemsΉ approachΉ andΉ contingencyΉ approach; including era of

3.3ΉTheΉClassicalΉApproachΉ

Before the classical theoriesΉwereΉdeveloped,ΉthereΉwereΉnoΉclearlyΉdefinedΉresponsibilities,ΉrolesΉ

nineteenthΉ centuryΉ andΉ theΉ acceleratedΉ emergenceΉ ofΉ factories.Ή NoΉ effectiveΉ workΉ standardsΉ

management.Ή

3.3.1ΉScientificΉManagementΉ

The primary concern of this school of thought was to increase productivity throughΉ greaterΉ

efficiency.Ή TheΉ earliestΉ advocateΉ ofΉ thisΉ schoolΉ isΉ FrederickΉ W.Ή TaylorΉ whileΉ otherΉ notableΉ

Taylor was a machinist and later became a foreman and manager in the 1870s through 1890s.

forΉ definingΉ theΉ workers'Ή tasksΉ andΉ systematicΉ'soldering'Ή ofΉ workersΉ onΉ theΉ job.Ή HeΉ wasΉ

equipmentΉ andΉ materialsΉ atΉ hand.Ή WorkersΉ whoΉ wereΉ moreΉ productiveΉ wereΉ encouragedΉ toΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

he achieved consistent productivity improvements of 200 percent or more. HisΉideasΉ andΉ

As scientific management was trying to increase efficiency of workers, administrative

3.3.2.1ΉHenriΉFayolΉ

Henri Fayol made a major contribution to management by stating what he considered to be the

theΉ activitiesΉ intoΉ sixΉ andΉ theyΉ are:Ή technicalΉ activitiesΉ (production),Ή commercialΉ activitiesΉ

information)Ή andΉ managerialΉ activitiesΉ (planning,Ή organising,Ή leadingΉ andΉ controlling).Ή InΉ

Griffin'sΉ (1993)Ή view,Ή FayolΉ wasΉ theΉ firstΉ toΉ identifyΉ theΉ specificΉ managementΉ functionsΉ ofΉ

management,Ή whichΉ heΉ thoughtΉ couldΉ beΉ appliedΉ toΉ allΉ businessΉ organisations,Ή includingΉ

industries.Ή TheΉ fourteenΉ principlesΉ areΉ DivisionΉ ofΉ Labour,Ή Authority,Ή Discipline,Ή UnityΉ ofΉ

Command,Ή UnityΉ ofΉ Direction,Ή SubordinationΉ ofΉindividualΉ interestsΉ toΉ commonΉ goal,Ή

Remuneration,ΉCentralisation,ΉScalarΉChain,Ή Order,ΉEquity,ΉStabilityΉofΉTenureΉofΉPersonnel,Ή

InitiativeΉ andΉ EspiritΉ deΉ Corps.Ή IfΉ TaylorΉ hasΉ beenΉ referredΉ toΉ asΉ theΉ fatherΉ ofΉ scientificΉ

systematiseΉit.Ή

3.3.3ΉBureaucraticΉSchoolΉ

The major proponent of this school of thought is Max Weber. He developed the concept of

believedΉ thatΉ bureaucraticΉ structuresΉ canΉ helpΉ eliminateΉ theΉ variabilityΉ inΉ managersΉ havingΉ

strictlyΉ definedΉ hierarchiesΉ inΉ organisationsΉ whichΉ willΉ beΉ clearlyΉ governedΉ byΉ definedΉ

regulationsΉ andΉ linesΉ ofΉ authority,Ή especiallyΉ forΉ goal-orientedΉ organisationsΉ withΉ manyΉ

¾ Continuous organisation of functions bound by rulesΉ

¾ Specified spheresΉofΉcompetence,ΉthatΉis,ΉappointmentΉbasedΉonΉcompetenceΉ

¾ Hierarchical arrangement of offices (jobs)Ή ¾ Appointment to offices are made on grounds of technical competenceΉ ¾ Separation of officials from the ownership of the organisationΉ

¾ Official positions existΉinΉtheirΉownΉrightΉandΉjobΉholdersΉhaveΉnoΉrightsΉtoΉaΉparticularΉ

positionΉandΉrulesΉ Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience ¾ Decisions and actions are formulated and recorded in writingΉ

WeberΉ emphasizedΉ rationality,Ή predictability,Ή impersonality,Ή technicalΉ competence,Ή andΉ

authoritarianism.Ή StewartΉ (1999)Ή summarisesΉ Weber'sΉ featuresΉ intoΉ fourΉ mainΉ categoriesΉ asΉ

specialisation,Ή hierarchyΉ ofΉ authority,Ή systemΉ ofΉ rulesΉ andΉ impersonality.Ή OneΉfeatureΉ whichΉ

3.4ΉThe Human Relations and Neo-HumanΉRelationsΉApproach

especiallyΉ becauseΉ itΉ focusedΉ onΉ tasks,Ή productivityΉ andΉ organisationalΉ structureΉ ratherΉ thanΉ

KuyeΉetΉal.,Ή2010).Ή

ThisΉapproachΉdevelopedΉasΉaΉresultΉofΉfocusΉonΉthe human side of management and it sought to

understandΉhowΉsocialΉandΉpsychologicalΉ dynamicsΉinteractedΉwithΉ theΉworkΉenvironmentΉ inΉ

al.,Ή2004).Ή

The human relations approach, which is sometimes referred to as neo-classicalΉapproach,ΉisΉbuiltΉ

Company'sΉ plantΉ inΉ U.S.A,Ή betweenΉ 1924Ή andΉ 1932Ή andΉ thisΉ workΉ hasΉ beenΉ knownΉ asΉ theΉ

The result of the Hawthorne experiment led to more interest from researchersΉ inΉ theΉ socialΉ

ideas and a major focus was the adjustment of the employee's complex character within the work

accordingΉtoΉ MullinsΉ(2011)ΉareΉAbrahamΉMaslow,ΉDouglasΉMcGregor,ΉFrederickΉHerzberg,Ή

3.5ΉTheΉSystemsΉApproachΉ

The classical approach was concerned about the organisation, structure and productivity while

theΉ humanΉ relationsΉ approachΉ wasΉ concernedΉ aboutΉ people,Ή satisfactionΉ andΉ relationships.Ή

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience However, the systems approach attempts to strike a balance between these two earlier

largerΉ environmentΉ (Mullins,Ή 2011).Ή TheΉ systemsΉ approachΉ seesΉ theΉ organisationΉ asΉ anΉ

interdependent,Ή unifiedΉ systemΉ composedΉ ofΉ interrelatedΉ sub-systemsΉ orΉ parts,Ή ratherΉ thanΉ

FolletΉ (Lawal,Ή 2012).Ή AΉ systemΉ isΉ definedΉ asΉ anΉ establishedΉ arrangementΉ ofΉ partsΉ thatΉ areΉ

customerΉservice.Ή Previous management theories and approaches assumed that their principles or processes were

theΉ popularΉ contingencyΉ variablesΉ toΉ considerΉ whenΉ facedΉ withΉ differentΉ situationsΉ areΉ

environmentalΉ uncertainty,Ή organisation'sΉ size,Ή routinenessΉ ofΉ taskΉ technologyΉ andΉindividualΉ

differences.Ή Current or Contemporary management approaches have taken over the field of management and

managersΉ needΉ toΉ takeΉ theseΉ approachesΉ intoΉ considerationΉ asΉ theyΉ striveΉ toΉ excelΉ inΉ theΉ

timeΉ areΉ compellingΉ managementΉ toΉ alterΉ traditionalΉ approachesΉ inΉ theΉ lightΉ ofΉ steadyΉ rapidΉ

inventingΉ andΉ re-inventingΉ organisations,Ή newΉ organisationalΉ environments,Ή cultureΉ andΉ

approachesΉ identifiedΉ byΉ ColeΉ (2004)Ή andΉ LawalΉ (2012)Ή areΉ findingΉ competitiveΉ advantage,Ή

improvingΉ strategicΉ thinking,Ή consumerism,Ή corporateΉ governance,Ή e-businessΉ management,Ή

Western scholarly conceptualisationΉhaveΉoftenΉimpliedΉthatΉindigenousΉAfrican,ΉnayΉNigerianΉ

managementΉ theoriesΉ andΉ philosophiesΉ areΉ atΉ worst,Ή non-existentΉ andΉ atΉ bestΉ simplyΉ

'underdeveloped'.Ή Thus,Ή thereΉ haveΉ beenΉ anΉ influxΉ ofΉ 'developed'Ή managementΉ theoriesΉ intoΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience theories (Gbadamosi, 2003). Many Nigerian scholars believe this postulation is ridiculous and

colonialists,Ή thereΉ wasΉ aΉ paternalisticΉ employmentΉ relationsΉ systemΉ inΉplace,Ή whichΉ wasΉ

According to Ifechukwu (2010),ΉtheΉmanagementΉpracticeΉinΉNigeriaΉdepictedΉdecision-makingΉ

respectΉ forΉeldersΉandΉtradition,Ή consensus,Ή co-prosperityΉorΉsocialΉmutualΉ concern,Ή extendedΉ

family,Ή paternalism,Ή competition,Ή humanΉ relationsΉ orientationΉ andΉ hero-worshipΉ (Ifechukwu,Ή

theΉ majorΉ tribalΉ groupsΉ ofΉ Hausa/Fulani,Ή YorubaΉ andΉ Igbo.Ή EffectiveΉ managementΉ andΉ

administrationΉ couldΉ notΉ haveΉ beenΉ possibleΉ inΉ EgbaΉ Kingdom,Ή SokotoΉCaliphate,Ή BeninΉ

KingdomΉ orΉ OyoΉ Empire,Ή forΉ example,Ή ifΉ thereΉ wasΉ noΉ applicationΉ ofΉ theseΉ coreΉ valuesΉ

(Ifechukwu,Ή1994).Ή

4.3ΉTransferΉ ofΉ ManagementΉ Practice:Ή ExampleΉ ofΉ theΉ BritishΉ VoluntaristΉ EmploymentΉ

ΉRelationsΉPracticeΉ

It cannot be emphasized enough thatΉmanagementΉinΉAfrica,ΉandΉindeedΉNigeria,ΉisΉstronglyΉ

practicesΉ (Eze,Ή1995;Ή Fashoyin,Ή 2005).ΉEveryΉindividualΉ isΉ aΉproductΉ ofΉaΉparticularΉculture,Ή

isΉ doneΉ atΉ earlyΉ childhoodΉ becauseΉ ofΉ theΉ inclinationΉ toΉ observe,Ή learnΉ andΉ actΉ atΉ thatΉ ageΉ

theΉ mind.Ή HofstedeΉ (2001)Ή andΉ HofstedeΉ andΉ HofstedeΉ (2005)Ή concludedΉ thatΉ theseΉ peculiarΉ

ledΉ toΉ aΉ transferΉ ofΉ alienΉ managementΉ practicesΉ andΉ theΉ gradualΉ declineΉ ofΉ indigenousΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

5.ΉDiscussionΉ

The spread of various imported theoriesΉandΉapproachesΉtoΉmanagementΉinΉNigeriaΉhaveΉbeenΉ

Nigeria.Ή

5.2 ΉScientificΉManagementΉApproachΉ

Many Insurance companies in Nigeria rely on the ideology of Scientific Management and As can be observed from most Insurance companies in Nigeria and as confirmed by Cole (2004),

theΉ rationalΉ approachΉ toΉ workΉ byΉ scientificΉ managementΉ enablesΉ tasksΉ andΉ processesΉ toΉ beΉ

InspiteΉ ofΉ increasedΉ productivity,Ή thisΉ schoolΉ ofΉ thoughtΉ isΉ criticisedΉ forΉ payingΉ littleΉ orΉ noΉ

workersΉinΉ NigeriaΉ areΉ underΉ immenseΉ pressureΉ toΉ meetΉ monthlyΉ orΉ quarterlyΉ targets.Ή ItΉ isΉ

This approach, based on Fayol's principles, is largely used by the Nigerian Police Force,

whichΉ aptlyΉ appliesΉ toΉ theΉNigerianΉ PoliceΉ areΉ authority,Ή discipline,Ή unityΉ ofΉ command,Ή

In the submission of Stoner et al. (2004), it was generally believed that managers are born, not Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience has managed to develop basic management processes, procedures and principles which managers

AccordingΉ toΉ KuyeΉ etΉ al.Ή (2010),Ή thisΉ approachΉ isΉ onlyΉ suitableΉ forΉ simpleΉ andΉ stableΉ

5.4ΉBureaucracyΉApproachΉ

Nowhere in Nigeria is this approach more prominent than Governmental Ministries, Departments

Bureaucracy aids specialisation of structures and ensures the predictabilityΉandΉstabilityΉofΉanΉ

PerhapsΉ theΉ mostΉ criticisedΉ ofΉ allΉ theΉ classicalΉ approachΉ toΉ managementΉ isΉ theΉ bureaucraticΉ

bureaucraticΉ problemΉ peculiarΉ toΉ publicΉ service.Ή AccordingΉ toΉ CrozierΉ (1964),Ή bureaucracyΉ

rigidity,ΉinflexibilityΉandΉstaticΉformat.Ή InΉhisΉ ownΉcriticismΉofΉWeber'sΉthoughts,Ή ThompsonΉ

A classic example of human and neo-humanΉ relationsΉ approachΉ isΉ foundΉ inΉ mostΉ religiousΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience incentives.ΉΉ

5.5.1ΉRelevanceΉ andΉ CriticismsΉ /Ή LimitationsΉ ofΉ theΉ HumanΉ RelationsΉ andΉ Neo-HumanΉ

ΉRelationsΉApproachΉ

A crucial relevance of the human and neo-humanΉrelationsΉapproachΉisΉthatΉitΉrecognisesΉtheΉ

classicalΉ approach,Ή whichΉ lookedΉ atΉrelationshipΉ betweenΉ tasks,Ή jobsΉ andΉ workersΉ fromΉ aΉ

mechanisticΉ perspective,Ή theΉ neo-humanΉ relationsΉ approachΉ seesΉ workersΉ asΉ importantΉ

attitudeΉ towardsΉ workers.Ή RatherΉ thanΉ coercion,Ή forceΉ orΉ intimidationΉ fromΉ supervisorsΉ andΉ

managers,Ή mostΉ organisationsΉ nowΉ relyΉ onΉ theΉ languageΉ ofΉ thanks,Ή appreciationΉ andΉ

A major criticism of the human and neo-humanΉrelationsΉapproachΉisΉthatΉitΉisΉnotΉaccurateΉorΉ

predictedΉ byΉ proponentsΉ ofΉ thisΉ theory.Ή AnotherΉ setbackΉ isΉ thatΉ itΉ isΉ consideredΉ tooΉ narrowΉ

becauseΉ itΉ concentratesΉ onΉ workers'Ή behaviourΉ aloneΉ withoutΉ regardΉ forΉ otherΉ environmentalΉ

socialΉ groupsΉ whileΉ theΉ studyΉ andΉ practiceΉ ofΉ managementΉ isΉ moreΉ complex,Ή dynamicΉ andΉ

5.6ΉSystemsΉApproachΉ

A good example of an establishment that relies on this approach is UniversityΉofΉLagosΉ(Unilag).Ή

Unlike the classical and human relations approach, the efficiency or otherwise of an organisation

dependsΉ onΉ itsΉ systemΉ ratherΉ thanΉ individual'sΉ personalityΉ andΉ managersΉ nowΉknowΉ thatΉ theΉ

alsoΉ providesΉ anΉ outlineΉ toΉ planΉ andΉ foreseeΉ consequencesΉ withinΉ theΉ environmentΉ asΉ theyΉ

developΉ (StonerΉ etΉ al.,Ή 2004).Ή UniversityΉ ofΉ LagosΉ isΉ aΉtypicalΉ systemΉ becauseΉ itΉ hasΉ suchΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience disregarded the environment but due to this approach, managers now give consideration to the (KuyeΉetΉal.,Ή2010).Ή

systemΉ asΉ aΉ wholeΉ andΉ weΉ haveΉ seenΉ vividΉexamplesΉ ofΉ howΉ AcademicΉ StaffΉ UnionΉ ofΉ

goalsΉwithΉit.Ή

5.7ΉContingencyΉApproachΉ

Most Nigerian organisations that deal in fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) rely on the

milkΉ companiesΉ hadΉ toΉrespondΉ toΉ suchΉ competitiveΉ contingencies,Ή ifΉ theyΉ wereΉ toΉ survive.Ή

advantage'Ή (Amoah-Mensah,Ή 2013:108).Ή ThisΉ meansΉ firmsΉ canΉ noΉ longerΉ relyΉ onΉ internalΉ

The primary relevance the contingencyΉapproachΉaddsΉtoΉmanagementΉisΉthatΉitΉaffirmsΉthatΉthereΉ

areΉ noΉ universalΉ orΉ simplisticΉ principlesΉ forΉ managersΉ toΉ adhereΉ toΉ andΉ thatΉ managementΉ isΉ

factors.Ή UntilΉ GlobacomΉ enteredΉ theΉ communicationsΉ industryΉ inΉ Nigeria,Ή MTNΉ madeΉ itsΉ

subscribersΉ believeΉ per-secondΉ billingΉ wasΉ impossible.Ή CompetitiveΉ contingenciesΉ convincedΉ

inΉ natureΉ dueΉ toΉ competition.Ή AnotherΉ limitationΉ ofΉ thisΉ approachΉ isΉ thatΉ itΉ doesΉnotΉ giveΉ aΉ

detailedΉ orΉ step-by-stepΉ actionΉ toΉ takeΉ whenΉ facedΉ withΉ differentΉ scenarios.Ή SinceΉ thereΉ areΉ

FromΉ theΉ examplesΉ above,ΉitΉ isΉ imperativeΉ toΉ stateΉ thatΉ manyΉ NigerianΉ organisationsΉ haveΉ

Management Theories and its Application in Organisations: The Nigerian Experience

say before contact with the colonialists, many parts of what is now Nigeria had different

indigenousΉ managementΉ practices,Ή whichΉ recognisedΉ theΉ importanceΉ ofΉ culture,Ή valuesΉ andΉ

This article has tried to identify the variousΉmanagementΉpracticesΉbeingΉpracticedΉinΉNigerianΉ

organisationsΉ andΉ itΉ isΉ difficultΉ toΉ getΉ anΉ objectiveΉ assessmentΉ withoutΉ empiricalΉ dataΉ andΉ

selectedΉ organisations,Ή professionalΉ managersΉ andΉ workers,Ή wouldΉ haveΉ yieldedΉ quiteΉ anΉ

andΉ discoverΉ ifΉ oneΉ orΉ moreΉ NigerianΉ organisationsΉ useΉ allΉ theΉ identifiedΉ managementΉ

approaches.Ή TheΉ researcherΉ hasΉ triedΉ toΉ lookΉ atΉ theΉ issuesΉ objectively,Ή howeverΉ theΉ useΉ ofΉ

interpretivistΉ approachΉ leavesΉ roomΉ forΉ bias,Ή becauseΉ theΉ observationΉ andΉ constructionΉ ofΉ

mightΉbeΉobserved.Ή

7.ΉConclusionΉ

It can be argued that since management actually involves the managing of human resources,

financialΉ resources,Ή timeΉ resourcesΉ andΉ materialΉ resources;Ή theΉ variousΉ approachesΉ toΉ

isΉ Management.Ή AΉ methodicalΉ understandingΉ ofΉ theΉ variousΉ approachesΉ toΉ managementΉ asΉ

managementΉ approaches,Ή whichΉ areΉ rootedΉinΉ NigerianΉ cultureΉ andΉ aΉ blendΉ ofΉ foreignΉ

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