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Learning Python

FOURTH EDITION

Learning Python

Learning Python, Fourth Edition

Editor:Production Editor:Copyeditor:Production Services:Indexer:Cover Designer:Interior Designer:Illustrator:

Printing History:

Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................... xxxi

Part I. Getting Started 1. A Python Q&A Session ................................................... 3

vii

2. How Python Runs Programs

............................................. 23

3. How You Run Programs ..

............................................... 35 viii | Table of Contents

Part II. Types and Operations 4. Introducing Python Object Types ......................................... 75

Table of Contents | ix

5. Numeric Types

....................................................... 105

6. The Dynamic Typing Interlude .......................................... 143

x | Table of Contents

7. Strings .............................................................. 155

8. Lists and Dictionaries

.................................................. 197

Table of Contents | xi

9. Tuples, Files, and Everything Else

........................................ 225

Part III. Statements and Syntax 10. Introducing Python Statements ......................................... 261

xii | Table of Contents

11. Assignments, Expressions, and Prints

.................................... 279

12. if Tests and Syntax Rules ............................................... 311

Table of Contents | xiii

13. while and for Loops

................................................... 327

14. Iterations and Comprehensions, Part 1 ................................... 351

xiv | Table of Contents

15. The Documentation Interlude

........................................... 375 Part IV. Functions 16. Function Basics ....................................................... 395

Table of Contents | xv

17. Scopes .............................................................. 407

18. Arguments

.......................................................... 435 xvi

Table of Contents

19. Advanced Function Topics .............................................. 463

20. Iterations and Comprehensions, Part 2 ..

................................. 485

Table of Contents | xvii

Part V. Modules 21. Modules: The Big Picture ............................................... 529

22. Module Coding Basics .................................................. 543

xviii | Table of Contents

23. Module Packages

..................................................... 561

24. Advanced Module Topics ............................................... 583

Table of Contents | xix

Part VI. Classes and OOP 25. OOP: The Big Picture ................................................... 611

26. Class Coding Basics .................................................... 625

xx | Table of Contents

27. A More Realistic Example

............................................... 643

28. Class Coding Details ................................................... 681

Table of Contents | xxi

29.

Operator Overloading ..

............................................... 705 xxii | Table of Contents

30. Designing with Classes

................................................. 737

31. Advanced Class Topics ................................................. 773

Table of Contents | xxiii

Part VII.

Exceptions and Tools 32. Exception Basics ...................................................... 825

33. Exception Coding Details ............................................... 835

xxiv | Table of Contents

34. Exception Objects

................................................... 857

35. Designing with Exceptions ............................................. 873

Table of Contents | xxv

Part VIII. Advanced Topics 36. Unicode and Byte Strings .. ............................................. 895 xxvi | Table of Contents

37. Managed Attributes

................................................. 941

Table of Contents | xxvii

38. Decorators

........................................................... 983 xxviii |

Table of Contents

39. Metaclasses

......................................................... 1051

Part IX. Appendixes A. Installation and Configuration ......................................... 1089

B. Solutions to End-of-Part Exercises ..

.................................... 1101

Index .................................................................... 1139Table of Contents | xxix

Preface

xxxi

About This Fourth Edition

print

Coverage for Both 3.0 and 2.6

printprint nonlocalformat xxxii | Preface format with

New Chapters

Preface | xxxiii

Changes to Existing Material

mapzip __contains____bool____index__ format exec xxxiv | Preface

Specific Language Extensions in 2.6 and 3.0

list

ExtensionCovered in chapter(s)

The print function in 3.011 The nonlocal x,y statement in 3.017 The str.format method in 2.6 and 3.07

String types in 3.0:

str for Unicode text, bytes for binary data7, 36

Text and binary file distinctions in 3.09, 36

Class decorators in 2.6 and 3.0:

@private(age)31, 38

New iterators in 3.0:

range map zip14, 20

Dictionary views in 3.0:

D.keys

D.values

D.items8, 14

Division operators in 3.0: remainders,

and //5

Set literals in 3.0:

{a, b, c}5

Set comprehensions in 3.0:

{x**2 for x in seq}4, 5, 14, 20

Dictionary comprehensions in 3.0:

{x: x**2 for x in seq}4, 8, 14, 20

Binary digit-string support in 2.6 and 3.0:

0b0101,

bin(I)5

The fraction number type in 2.6 and 3.0:

Fraction(1, 3)5

Function annotations in 3.0:

def f(a:99, b:str)->int19

Keyword-only arguments in 3.0:

def f(a, *b, c, **d)18, 20

Extended sequence unpacking in 3.0:

a, *b = seq11, 13 Relative import syntax for packages enabled in 3.0: from .23

Context managers enabled in 2.6 and 3.0:

with as33, 35

Exception syntax changes in 3.0:

raise except as , superclass33, 34Preface | xxxv

ExtensionCovered in chapter(s)

Exception chaining in 3.0:

raise e2 from e133

Reserved word changes in 2.6 and 3.011

New-style class cutover in 3.031

Property decorators in 2.6 and 3.0:

@property37

Descriptor use in 2.6 and 3.031, 38

Metaclass use in 2.6 and 3.031, 39

Abstract base classes support in 2.6 and 3.028

Specific Language Removals in 3.0

RemovedReplacementCovered in chapter(s)

reload(M)imp.reload(M) (or exec)3, 22 apply(f, ps, ks)f(*ps, **ks)18

®X®repr(X)5

X <> YX != Y5

longint5

9999L99995

D.has_key(K)K in D (or D.get(key) != None)8

raw_inputinput3, 10 old inputeval(input())3 xrangerange14 fileopen (and io module classes)9

X.nextX.__next__, called by next(X)14, 20, 29

X.__getslice__X.__getitem__ passed a slice object7, 29 X.__setslice__X.__setitem__ passed a slice object7, 29 reducefunctools.reduce (or loop code)14, 19 execfile(filename) exec(open(filename).read())3 exec open(filename) exec(open(filename).read())3

07770o7775

print x, yprint(x, y)11 xxxvi | Preface

RemovedReplacementCovered in chapter(s)

print >> F, x, yprint(x, y, file=F)11 print x, y,print(x, y, end= )11 ucccccc7, 36 bbb for byte stringsbbbb7, 9, 36 raise E, Vraise E(V)32, 33, 34 except E, X:except E as X:32, 33, 34 def f((a, b)):def f(x): (a, b) = x11, 18, 20 file.xreadlinesfor line in file: (or X=iter(file))13, 14

D.keys()

, etc. as listslist(D.keys()) (dictionary views)8, 14 map() range() , etc. as listslist(map()), list(range()) (built-ins)14 map(None, ...)zip (or manual code to pad results)13, 20

X=D.keys(); X.sort() sorted(D)

(or list(D.keys()) )4, 8, 14 cmp(x, y)(x > y) - (x < y)29

X.__cmp__(y)__lt__, __gt__, __eq__, etc.29

X.__nonzero__X.__bool__29

X.__hex__, X.__oct__ X._index__29

Sort comparison functions Use

key=transform or reverse=True8

Dictionary

>=Compare sorted(D.items()) (or loop code)8, 9 types.ListTypelist (types is for nonbuilt-in names only)9 __metaclass__ = Mclass C(metaclass=M):28, 31, 39 __builtin__builtins (renamed)17

Tkintertkinter (renamed)18, 19, 24, 29, 30

sys.exc_type exc_value sys.exc_info()[0] [1]34, 35 function.func_code function.__code__19, 38 __getattr__ run by built-ins Redefine __X__ methods in wrapper classes30, 37, 38 -t tt command-line switches Inconsistent tabs/spaces use is always an error10, 12 from ... * , within a function May only appear at the top level of a file22 import mod , in same packagefrom . import mod, package-relative form23 class MyException: class MyException(Exception):34 exceptions moduleBuilt-in scope, library manual34 thread Queue modules_thread, queue (both renamed)17 anydbm moduledbm (renamed)27 cPickle module_pickle (renamed, used automatically)9 os.popen2/3/4subprocess.Popen (os.popen retained)14 String-based exceptions Class-based exceptions (also required in 2.6)32, 33, 34Preface | xxxvii

RemovedReplacementCovered in chapter(s)

String module functions String object methods7

Unbound methodsFunctions (staticmethod to call via instance)30, 31 Mixed type comparisons, sortsNonnumeric mixed type comparisons are errors5, 9

About The Third Edition

The Third Editions Python Language Changes

xxxviii | Preface

B if A else C

withas tryexceptfinally sortedsumanyallenumerate distutilsunittestdoctest

TrueFalse

sys.exc_info applyreduce apply

The Third Editions Python Training Changes

for

Preface | xxxix

The Third Editions Structural Changes

The Third Editions Scope Changes

xl | Preface

About This Book

This Books Prerequisites

This Books Scope and Other Books

Preface | xli

xlii | Preface

This Books Style and Structure

Preface | xliii

__name__ xliv | Preface

Book Updates

^H^H^H

About the Programs in This Book

Using Code Examples

Preface | xlv

Font Conventions

Constant width

Constant width bold

Constant width italic

xlvi | Preface

C:\Python30>

Safari Books Online

How to Contact Us

Preface | xlvii

Acknowledgments

xlviii | Preface

Preface | xlix

PART I

Getting Started

CHAPTER 1

A Python Q&A Session

Why Do People Use Python?

3

Software Quality

4 | Chapter 1:ಗA Python Q&A Session

Developer Productivity

Is Python a Scripting Language?

import this

Is Python a Scripting Language? | 5

6 | Chapter 1:ಗA Python Q&A Session

OK, but Whats the Downside?

Who Uses Python Today?

Who Uses Python Today? | 7

8 | Chapter 1:ಗA Python Q&A Session

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