[PDF] SQL Tutorial PDF r96oytechsacgzi4.pdf

SQL stands for Structured Query Language tutorialspoint com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, SQL SELECT Database MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, postgres and SQL Server use SQL

Previous PDF

Next PDF

[PDF] Chapter 8 Advanced SQL

In this chapter, the student will learn: ▫ How to use the advanced SQL JOIN operator syntax ▫ About the different types of subqueries and correlated queries

[PDF] Advanced SQL Database Programmers Handbook

31 déc 2020 · Chapter 16 - Basic SQL Tuning Hints complex time-based SQL queries, managing set operations in SQL, and relational

[PDF] SQL & Advanced SQL - CERN Indico

5 mai 2012 · Hierarchical QUERIES What is the hierarchy of management in my enterprise? ADVANCED SQL QUERIES Oracle Tutorials 5th of May 2012

[PDF] SQL Tutorial

[PDF] Advanced SQL

C H A P T E R 4 Advanced SQL Solutions to Practice Exercises 4 1 Query: create table loan (loan number char(10), branch name char(15), amount integer,

[PDF] SQL i - Tutorialspoint

basic understanding of SQL and to get a feel of how it works If you are willing to compile and execute SQL programs with Oracle 11g SQL – Syntax

[PDF] Advanced SQL and Functions - Joe Conway

17 sept 2014 · Advanced SQL and Functions Stephen http://www postgresql org/docs/9 4/ interactive/sql-select html Window Functions Basic Example

[PDF] Advanced SQL - Subqueries and Complex Joins

Complex Joins Outline for Today: • The URISA Proceedings database - more practice with increasingly complicated SQL queries • Advanced Queries:

[PDF] Advanced SQL - NEMUG

SQL and Database environments • Managing Database objects • Managing data • SQL Functions • Advanced SQL Queries • SQL Stored Procedures

SQL Tutorial

SQL TUTORIAL

Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com

tutorialspoint.com

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

ABOUT THE TUTORIAL

SQL Tutorial

SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.

Audience

This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced

concepts related to SQL languages.

Prerequisites

Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an

assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a

computer programming language.

Copyright & Disclaimer Notice

All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from

tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form

without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws.

This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the

accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site

or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Table of Content

SQL Tutorial ............................................................................. 2 Audience .................................................................................. 2 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice .................................................. 2 SQL Overview ........................................................................ 15

What is SQL? ........................................................................................... 15

Why SQL? ................................................................................................ 15

History: ..................................................................................................... 16

SQL Process: ........................................................................................... 16

SQL Commands: ...................................................................................... 17

DDL - Data Definition Language: ............................................................. 17 DML - Data Manipulation Language: ........................................................ 17 DCL - Data Control Language: ................................................................. 17 DQL - Data Query Language: .................................................................. 17 SQL RDBMS Concepts .......................................................... 18

What is field? ............................................................................................ 19

What is record, or row? ............................................................................ 19

What is column? ....................................................................................... 19

What is NULL value?................................................................................ 19

SQL Constraints: ...................................................................................... 20

NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 20

DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 21

Example: .................................................................................................. 21

Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 21

UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 21

Example: .................................................................................................. 21

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 22

PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 22

Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 22

Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 23

FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 24

Example: .................................................................................................. 24

DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 25

CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 25

Example: .................................................................................................. 25

DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 25

INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 26

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Example: .................................................................................................. 26

DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 26

Data Integrity: ........................................................................................... 26

Database Normalization ........................................................................... 27

Third Rule of 1NF: .................................................................................... 29

SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32

MySQL ..................................................................................................... 32

History: ..................................................................................................... 32

Features: .................................................................................................. 33

MS SQL Server ........................................................................................ 33

History: ..................................................................................................... 33

Features: .................................................................................................. 34

ORACLE .................................................................................................. 34

History: ..................................................................................................... 34

Features: .................................................................................................. 35

MS- ACCESS ........................................................................................... 36

Features: .................................................................................................. 36

SQL Syntax ............................................................................ 37 SQL SELECT Statement: ......................................................................... 37 SQL DISTINCT Clause: ........................................................................... 37 SQL WHERE Clause:............................................................................... 37 SQL AND/OR Clause: .............................................................................. 37

SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................ 38

SQL BETWEEN Clause: .......................................................................... 38

SQL Like Clause: ..................................................................................... 38

SQL ORDER BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL GROUP BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL COUNT Clause: ............................................................................... 38 SQL HAVING Clause: .............................................................................. 38 SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: ............................................................ 38 SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................ 39 SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL DESC Statement: ............................................................................. 39 SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: ....................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ............................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): .............................................. 39 SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................ 39

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

SQL DELETE Statement: ......................................................................... 40 SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: .................................................... 40 SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................ 40

SQL USE Statement: ............................................................................... 40

SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................ 40 SQL ROLLBACK Statement: .................................................................... 40 SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41 Exact Numeric Data Types: ...................................................................... 41 Approximate Numeric Data Types: .......................................................... 41 Date and Time Data Types: ..................................................................... 42 Character Strings Data Types: ................................................................. 42 Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ................................................... 42

Binary Data Types: ................................................................................... 42

Misc Data Types: ..................................................................................... 43

SQL Operators ....................................................................... 44 What is an Operator in SQL? ................................................................... 44 SQL Arithmetic Operators: ....................................................................... 44 SQL Comparison Operators: .................................................................... 45

SQL Logical Operators: ............................................................................ 47

SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 50

SQL - Boolean Expressions: .................................................................... 50 SQL - Numeric Expression: ...................................................................... 51

SQL - Date Expressions: .......................................................................... 51

SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 53

Example: .................................................................................................. 53

DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54

Example: .................................................................................................. 54

SQL SELECT Database ......................................................... 55

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 55

Example: .................................................................................................. 55

SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56

Example: .................................................................................................. 57

SQL DROP or DELETE Table ................................................ 59

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 59

Example: .................................................................................................. 59

SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 60

Example: .................................................................................................. 60

Populate one table using another table: ................................................... 61 SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 62

Example: .................................................................................................. 62

SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 64

Example: .................................................................................................. 64

SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66

The AND Operator: .................................................................................. 66

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 66

Example: .................................................................................................. 66

The OR Operator: .................................................................................... 67

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 67

Example: .................................................................................................. 67

SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 69

Example: .................................................................................................. 69

SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 71

Example: .................................................................................................. 71

SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 73

Example: .................................................................................................. 74

SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 75

Example: .................................................................................................. 75

SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 77

Example: .................................................................................................. 77

SQL Group By........................................................................ 79

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 79

Example: .................................................................................................. 79

SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 81

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Example: .................................................................................................. 81

SQL SORTING Results .......................................................... 83

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 83

Example: .................................................................................................. 83

SQL Constraints ..................................................................... 85

NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 85

DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 86

Example: .................................................................................................. 86

Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 86

UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 87

Example: .................................................................................................. 87

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 87

PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 88

Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 88

Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 89

FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 89

Example: .................................................................................................. 89

DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 90

CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 90

Example: .................................................................................................. 90

DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 91

INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 91

Example: .................................................................................................. 91

DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 91

Dropping Constraints:............................................................................... 92

Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................ 92

SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93

SQL Join Types: ....................................................................................... 94

INNER JOIN ............................................................................................. 94

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 94

Example: .................................................................................................. 94

LEFT JOIN ............................................................................................... 95

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 95

Example: .................................................................................................. 95

RIGHT JOIN ............................................................................................. 96

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 96

Example: .................................................................................................. 96

FULL JOIN ............................................................................................... 97

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 97

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Example: .................................................................................................. 98

SELF JOIN ............................................................................................... 99

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 99

Example: .................................................................................................. 99

CARTESIAN JOIN ................................................................................. 100

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 100

Example: ................................................................................................ 100

SQL Unions Clause ............................................................. 102

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 102

Example: ................................................................................................ 102

The UNION ALL Clause: ........................................................................ 103

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 103

Example: ................................................................................................ 104

Example: ................................................................................................ 105

SQL NULL Values ................................................................ 109

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 109

Example: ................................................................................................ 109

SQL Alias Syntax ................................................................. 111

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 111

Example: ................................................................................................ 111

SQL Indexes ........................................................................ 113 The CREATE INDEX Command: ........................................................... 113 Single-Column Indexes: ......................................................................... 113

Unique Indexes: ..................................................................................... 113

Composite Indexes: ............................................................................... 114

Implicit Indexes: ..................................................................................... 114

The DROP INDEX Command: ............................................................... 114 When should indexes be avoided? ........................................................ 114 SQL ALTER TABLE Command ............................................ 115

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 115

Example: ................................................................................................ 116

SQL TRUNCATE TABLE ..................................................... 118

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 118

Example: ................................................................................................ 118

SQL - Using Views ............................................................... 119

Creating Views: ...................................................................................... 119

Example: ................................................................................................ 119

The WITH CHECK OPTION: .................................................................. 120

Updating a View: .................................................................................... 120

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Inserting Rows into a View: .................................................................... 121 Deleting Rows into a View: ..................................................................... 122

Dropping Views: ..................................................................................... 122

SQL HAVING CLAUSE ........................................................ 123

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 123

Example: ................................................................................................ 123

SQL Transactions ................................................................ 125 Properties of Transactions: .................................................................... 125

Transaction Control: ............................................................................... 125

The COMMIT Command: ....................................................................... 125

Example: ................................................................................................ 126

The ROLLBACK Command: .................................................................. 126

Example: ................................................................................................ 126

The SAVEPOINT Command: ................................................................. 127

Example: ................................................................................................ 127

The RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command:................................................ 128 The SET TRANSACTION Command: .................................................... 129 SQL Wildcard Operators ...................................................... 130

Syntax: ................................................................................................... 130

Example: ................................................................................................ 131

SQL Date Functions ............................................................. 132 ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days) ............... 134 ADDTIME(expr1,expr2) .......................................................................... 135 CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz) ............................................................ 135

CURDATE() ........................................................................................... 135

CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_DATE() ........................................... 136

CURTIME() ............................................................................................ 136

CURRENT_TIME and CURRENT_TIME() ............................................. 136 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() .................... 136

DATE(expr) ............................................................................................ 136

DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2) ........................................................................ 136 DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit),................................................. 137 DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 137 DATE_FORMAT(date,format) ................................................................ 138 DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 140

DAY(date) .............................................................................................. 140

DAYNAME(date) .................................................................................... 140

DAYOFMONTH(date) ............................................................................ 140 DAYOFWEEK(date) ............................................................................... 140

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

DAYOFYEAR(date) ................................................................................ 140 EXTRACT(unit FROM date) ................................................................... 141

FROM_DAYS(N) .................................................................................... 141

FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp) ...................................................... 141 FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format) ........................................... 141

HOUR(time) ........................................................................................... 142

LAST_DAY(date) ................................................................................... 142

LOCALTIME and LOCALTIME() ............................................................ 142 LOCALTIMESTAMP and LOCALTIMESTAMP() .................................... 142 MAKEDATE(year,dayofyear) ................................................................. 142 MAKETIME(hour,minute,second) ........................................................... 143 MICROSECOND(expr) ........................................................................... 143

MINUTE(time) ........................................................................................ 143

MONTH(date) ......................................................................................... 143

MONTHNAME(date) .............................................................................. 143

NOW() .................................................................................................... 144

PERIOD_ADD(P,N) ............................................................................... 144 PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2) ........................................................................... 144

QUARTER(date) .................................................................................... 144

SECOND(time) ....................................................................................... 145

SEC_TO_TIME(seconds) ....................................................................... 145 STR_TO_DATE(str,format) .................................................................... 145 SUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit) and SUBDATE(expr,days) ......... 145 SUBTIME(expr1,expr2) .......................................................................... 146

SYSDATE() ............................................................................................ 146

TIME(expr) ............................................................................................. 146

TIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2) ......................................................................... 146 TIMESTAMP(expr), TIMESTAMP(expr1,expr2) ..................................... 147 TIMESTAMPADD(unit,interval,datetime_expr) ...................................... 147 TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2) ....................... 147 TIME_FORMAT(time,format) ................................................................. 148 TIME_TO_SEC(time) ............................................................................. 148

TO_DAYS(date) ..................................................................................... 148

UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date) ................................... 148 UTC_DATE, UTC_DATE() ..................................................................... 149 UTC_TIME, UTC_TIME() ....................................................................... 149 UTC_TIMESTAMP, UTC_TIMESTAMP() .............................................. 149

WEEK(date[,mode]) ............................................................................... 149

WEEKDAY(date) .................................................................................... 150

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

WEEKOFYEAR(date)............................................................................. 150

YEAR(date) ............................................................................................ 150

YEARWEEK(date), YEARWEEK(date,mode) ........................................ 151 SQL Temporary Tables ........................................................ 152

Example ................................................................................................. 152

Dropping Temporary Tables: .................................................................. 153 SQL Clone Tables ................................................................ 154quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

[PDF] [PDF] SQL Tutorial

SQL Tutorial

SQL TUTORIAL

Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

ABOUT THE TUTORIAL

SQL Tutorial

This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.

Audience

Prerequisites

Copyright & Disclaimer Notice

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

Table of Content

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning

TUTORIALS POINT

Simply Easy Learning