An Annotated Bibliography of Research and Related Literature Causes and solutions of youth unemployment problem: Lessons for Hong Kong from overseas
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UNEVOCINTERNATIONAL CENTRE
for Technical and VocationalEducation and Training
Youth Unemployment -
Meeting the Needs of
YouthAn Annotated Bibliography of Research
and Related Literature (1998 - 2003): Annotated Bibliography : 3UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre
53113 Bonn
Germany
Phone: [+49] (228) 2 43 37-0
Fax: [+49] (228) 2 43 37 77
Internet: www.unevoc.unesco.org
The websites listed in this bibliography were
accessed between May and July of 2004.Links may have changed since that time.
Cover design: www.pinger-eden.de
Printed by: www.druckcenter.deISSN 1814-1129
© UNESCO 2004The UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre isUNESCOÕs specialised centre for technical and
vocational education and training (TVET).From its location in Bonn, Germany, it serves
UNESCO Member States worldwide to develop and
strengthen TVET.It mainly focuses on:
>>TVET system development; >>Improving access to TVET; and >>Assuring quality of TVET.The UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre
uses tools such as: >>Networking; >>Knowledge sharing and publications; >>Inter-agency collaboration and partnerships; and >>Human resource development.The most prominent of its networks is the
UNEVOC Network, which consists of more than
230 specialised TVET institutions in over
150 countries worldwide.
For more information about the UNESCO-UNEVOC
International Centre see: www.unevoc.unesco.org3
UNESCO-UNEVOC Annotated Bibliographies
of Research and Related Literature on Technical and VocationalEducation and Training
A publication of the
UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre
Annotated Bibliography: !3
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT - MEETING THE NEEDS OF
YOUTH An Annotated Bibliography of Research and Related Literature (1998 -2003)Edited and compiled by:
UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre Publications
Gertrud Auf der Mauer, Astrid Hollander, Joann Hu Huifen, Karen Dawn Hunter, StellaIsenbügel, Melissa Kohonick, Nata
lia Matveeva, Jordan WolfeTable of Contents
OECD Countries...............................................................................................................11
Publications Sorted by Region.......................................................................................13
Australia and New Zealand..............................................................................................19
North America...................................................................................................................32
South America..................................................................................................................35
Appendix: Research Sources.........................................................................................37
List of Annotated Bibliographies published to date:1. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) for Sustainable
Development
2. Women and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
3. Youth Unemployment - Meeting the Needs of Youth
4. Exploitative Work - Child Labour
5. Occupational Health and Safety
For hard copies contact: order@unevoc.unesco.org.
New bibliographies can also be downloaded from the web at: www.unevoc.unesco.org/publicationsFOREWORD
One of the main functions of the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre is knowledge management and information sharing. Particular attention is given to promoting best practices and innovations in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and education for the world of work, with special reference to meeting the needs of developing countries, countries in transition and countries in a post-conflict situation. The Centre also seeks to help bridge the gap that often exists between research, policy and practice in the area of education for the world of work. To bring this function to fruition, the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre is in the process of developing an extensive publications programme in the form of an International Encyclopaedia of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). The following volumes are currently under preparation: !"International Handbook on TVET !"Book Series Current Developments in TVET: Issues, Concerns and Prospects" !"Handbook on TVET Research !"National Profiles of TVET Systems !"International Journal of TVET !"Annotated Bibliographies of TVET. The Annotated Bibliographies of TVET are a series of reviews of literature related to key issues of TVET that has been published within the last six years. The review published in this volume is part of this series of annotated bibliographies being published by theUNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre.
The information was obtained through an extensive Internet search of online journals, conferences, databases and archives. However, it must be noted that some sources relevant to the topic may not be included due to a lack of access and subscription to various journals and databases. Therefore, these literature reviews are not proposed to be an exhaustive collection of such works, but are meant to serve as a representative sample of the type of research taking place in the field of TVET, to aid others in their research. These annotated bibliographies are part of an ongoing project in which the topics will be revisited from time to time to include newly published work; and additional topics will be added to the series over time. It should be noted that descriptions of the publications featured are often quoted directly from the article"s abstract or associated website, and so are not the original work of those who have compiled these bibliographies. For more information about the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Encyclopaedia ofTVET contact: publications@unevoc.unesco.org
Rupert Maclean
Director
4UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
GLOBAL
Career and life planning: Career development and counselling for young people Leung, S.; Wong, Emily Mee Mai; Lee, Suk Yin; Lam, Kin Wing In: Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 5, Issue No. 2, Serial No. 10, July 2002 London: Taylor and Francis Group/Carfax Publishing, 2002Description from website:
This article emphasized that helping young people in their career development is an important task for youth
workers and educators. This article examines three career development theories, and proposes a number of
career intervention strategies and procedures based on these theories, to help young people plan their lives and
careers. In the last section, this article also discusses a number of trends related to youth employment, as our
economy becomes more global in the information age. Education and employability: School leavers' attitudes to the prospect of non-standard workWorth, Sean
In: Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 15, No.2, June, 2002, p. 163-180 London: Taylor and Francis Group/Carfax Publishing, 2002 arent&backto=searcharticlesresults,1,1Description from website:
The increasing importance of work-life flexibility and lifelong learning to employment requires flexible
approaches to career and education choices, starting at school-leaving age. Little is known, however, about the
ways in which labour market change affects the employment and education-related expectations andaspirations of young people. The lack of empirical research in this area represents a general lack of academic
and political consideration about young people's attitudes towards their prospects in the modern labour
market. This article presents the findings of a survey conducted into the perceptions and attitudes of final year
school pupils towards participating in employment and post-16 education or training in the context of flexible
employment prospects. Despite their acknowledging a growth of employment flexibility, the findings revealed
the sample to hold a general commitment to a traditional ideal of standard employment, especially as a return
for personal investment in human capital. Interesting distinctions emerged between groups of school leavers,
which may have implications for the employability of different groups of young people in a more flexible
working future. It is argued that careers education needs to more coherently address flexible employment
prospects for young people and pay particular attention to groups who are shown to face employability
problems when they leave school. Emerging local employment opportunities for young people: Innovative employment & learning pathwaysLarcombe, Graeme
Glebe: Dusseldorp Skills Forum, 2002
http://www.dsf.org.au/papers/88.htm http://www.dsf.org.au/papers/88/EmergingJAN2002_1.pdf (full-text)Description from website:
This report examines innovative employment and labour market initiatives that have benefited young people,
particularly but not only young people at risk. Most of these are locally based initiatives that address a number
of challenges confronting young people. In selecting case studies, the project identified examples of best
practice. This report was specifically written for the National Youth Commitment.Table of contents:
Background
!"Case study 1 - Positioning unemployed people in the new economy - IT scholarships for unemployed people provided by City of Salisbury !"Case study 2 - An IT career path for skilled young people in regional Australia - Adacel SoftwareEngineering Centre
!"Case study 3 - Closing the IT Divide-InfoXchange and the Green PC !"Case study 4 - Collaborating with the corporate sector - Work Ventures and Microsoft !"Case Study 5 - Using local resources to create jobs - Salty Seas 5UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
!"Case study 6 - Koori Horticulture Project - Sunraysia !"Case study 7 - An integrated approach to youth services - City of Onkaparinga !"Case study 8 - Working with kids at risk - NSW Links to Learning in Wollongong !"Case study 9 - Ballarat Group Training - Building partnerships with the communityEmployability in a knowledge-driven economy
Brown, Phillip; Hesketh, Anthony; Williams, Sara
In: Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 16, No. 2, June 2003, p. 107-126 London: Taylor and Francis Group/Carfax Publishing, 2003ISSN 1363-9080 (Paper)
ISSN 1469-9435 (Online)
parent&backto=searcharticlesresults,1,1;Description from website:
This article examines the concept of employability. The recent policy emphasis on employability rests on the
assumption that the economic welfare of individuals and the competitive advantage of nations have come to
depend on the knowledge, skills and enterprise of the workforce. Those with degree-level qualifications are
seen to play a particularly important role in managing the 'knowledge-driven' economy of the future. But the
rhetoric that shrouds the idea of employability has been subjected to little conceptual examination. The
purpose of this article is to show that the way employability is typically defined in official statements is
seriously flawed because it ignores what will be called the 'duality of employability'. It also introduces
'positional conflict theory' as a way of conceptualising the changing relationship between education,
employment and the labour market. Employing youth: Promoting employment-intensive growthReport for the Interregional Symposium on Strategies to Combat Youth Unemployment and Marginalization,
Geneva, 13-14 December 1999
Geneva: International Labour Organization 2000
ISBN 9 221 11924 6
Contents:
!"Executive Summary !"Youth and the world of work: An economic and social overview !"Youth in Labour Markets !"Youth Unemployment: Causes and Effects !"Regional perspectives !"Youth Unemployment: The Policy Agenda !"ConclusionsExcerpt from executive summary:
This paper, which summarizes the work carried out under the Action Programme, describes youth joblessness
in the world, assesses some experiences to deal with this problem and suggests what can be done to improve
it. Enterprise-based youth employment policies, strategies and programmes: Initiatives for the development of enterprise action and strategies (Skills Working Paper No. 1)White, Simon; Kenyon, Peter
Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2001
Contents:
!"Introduction - The role of enterprise-based youth employment policies, strategies and programmes !"Enterprise-based youth employment policies !"Programme support !"Role of key stakeholders !"Target groups !"Financing youth enterprise development 6UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
!"Bibliography !"Annexes I. Summary of youth enterprise promotion schemes described in the reportII. Definitions of youth
Excerpt from executive summary:
Youth unemployment has its own unique problems and the programmes and schemes designed to help youngpeople find jobs have inherent advantages and disadvantages. The International Labour Organization seeks to
heighten awareness of the problems associated with youth unemployment and the advantages anddisadvantages of the various policy options affecting the design and implementation of programmes and
schemes for youth employment. One approach, the so-called "enterprise-based youth employmentpromotion", assists young people in setting up their own businesses. This ILO study of youth enterprise
promotion policies, strategies and programmes addresses the following objectives: !"To define the relationship of enterprise-based youth employment initiatives with wider youth employment programmes. !"To develop an overall conceptual framework for various categories of enterprise-based youth employment initiatives and their major components.!"To identify major lessons learned to date with regard to the design and implementation of enterprise-
based youth employment policies and programmes. Expert Group Meeting on Jobs for Youth: National Strategies for Employment Promotion (background paper) Paper prepared for the Expert Group Meeting, Division for Social Policy and Development and the International Labour Organization (organisers), Jobs for Youth: National Strategies for Employment Promotion, Geneva, Switzerland, 15-16 January 2003 United Nations - Department for Economic and Social Affairs, 2002, 11 p. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/poverty/youth_egm.htm (meeting website) http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/poverty/youth_back.pdf (full-text paper)Contents:
!"Background !"Introduction !"Strategies for Employment CreationEmployment-intensive growth
Role of the public sector
Creating jobs in growth sectors, including services and ICTInformal jobs
Encourage entrepreneurship
!"Youth Labour Market IssuesLong-term vs. short-term strategies
Special consideration paid to young women
!"Concluding RemarksAdvance labour-intensive policies
Focus ODA on job creation
Trade policies to encourage job creation
Encourage social dialogue
Meeting the youth employment challenge: A guide for employersInternational Labour Organization
Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2001, 83 p.ISBN 9 221 12415 0
Contents:
Preface !"
Executive summary
Introduction: Why youth employment is good for businessCreating a positive environment for job creation
Enhancing employability
Youth entrepreneurship
7UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
Equality at work for young women and men !"
How to proceed: An action plan for employers and their organizationsAppendix 1. Further reading and resources
Excerpt from executive summary:
This guide is relevant both to employers with an established commitment to stimulating youth employment,
and those new to this field. It outlines both highly sophisticated, and relatively simple and accessible
initiatives employers can take to ensure that a greater number of young people enter decent and productive
work. The guide is designed for use by both employers" organizations, and their members. While the termemployer" is used throughout the guide as shorthand to refer to both individual employers and employers"
organizations, it is clear that many initiatives are best pursued at a collective level by employers"
organizations rather than by individual enterprises. This is especially true of those outlined in Chapter 5.
Minimum wages and youth unemployment (Employment and Training Papers 26)Ghellab, Youcef
Geneva: International Labour Office Organization, 1998, 79 p.ISBN 9 221 11292 6
ISSN 1020-5322
Contents:
Foreword !"
Introduction
Brief review of the predictions of the main theoretical models on the link between MW and employment in general Review of the main empirical studies on the link between MW and youth employment Minimum wage-fixing mechanisms and treatment of young workersConcluding remarks
Excerpt from introduction:
This paper has been prepared as an input to the Action Programme on Youth Unemployment implemented by
EMPFORM in the current biennium. It attempts: (i) First to review the main findings of the existing economic
literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the correlation between the change in Minimum Wage (MW) and
youth employment movement; (ii) Secondly, to discuss the statute of youth workers with respect to MW in
selected countries and the changes affecting it. Resolution on promoting youth employment adopted by the General Assembly at its 57 thSession, 2002
Geneva: International Labour Organization (2002) [online] Skills shortages, underemployment and youth: The quiet dilemmaGray, Kenneth
Paper presented at the UNESCO TVET Asia Pacific Conference, Adelaide, 2001, 10 p.Excerpt from abstract:
Worldwide, a paradox is hindering economic growth. Many nations have severe shortages of techniciansconcurrent with high rates of underemployed among four year college graduates. The fundamental causes are
labor market/social misconceptions by policy makers, youth and parents regarding the global high skills/high
wage labor market. Eight recommendations are made to improve this dilemma. All speak to the importance
of technical vocational education (TVE) in creating economic growth and individual opportunity.United Nations initiative on youth employment
ILO Governing Body - Committee on Employment and Social Policy ESP (GB.286/ESP/5 286th Session) Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2003, 8 p. 8UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
No abstract available:
Youth Business International: Bridging the gap between unemployment and self-employment for disadvantaged youth (Skills Working Paper No. 3)Chambers, Rachel; Lake, Anna
Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2001?, 32 p.Contents:
!"Foreword !"Summary !"Introduction !"Who delivers the programme? !"The path to self-employment !"The distinguishing features of YBI programmes !"The young people !"Youth Business International !"Partners !"Funding !"The outcomes !"ConclusionExcerpt from foreword:
This working paper presents the case of Youth Business International (YBI), a technical member of the
UN/ILO/World Bank Policy Network on Youth Network. YBI organizes a wide range of innovativeapproaches to the promotion of youth entrepreneurship. Working in over 20 countries, YBI has assisted over
50,000 young people in starting a business through a range of outreach services, including business
mentoring, provision of start-up capital and the exchange of best practice among young entrepreneurs.
Promoting entrepreneurship among the young is widely recognized as a principal means to address the youth
employment challenge by assisting young people in realizing their full potential as active participants in
business society. The experience of YBI, we feel, can make a significant contribution to the Youth Employment Network and serve as a useful guide for those seeking to support young people in becoming successful business people. Youth Employment Network (YEN) Newsletter - 2003 No. 1 International Labour Organization; United Nations; World Bank (2003) [online] Youth unemployment and employment policy: A global perspectiveO'Higgins, Niall
Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2001, 212 p.ISBN 9 221 11348 5
Description from website:
This timely and informative book discusses in depth the youth unemployment problem and examines thevarious policy responses to it, including education and training, and active labour market policy. It
emphasizes the need for adequate labour market information, policy monitoring and programme evaluation to
help provide more and better quality jobs for young people - while also offering specific recommendations
and guidelines for this age group in industrialized, transition and developing countries.Youth unemployment in rural areas
Cartmel, Fred; Furlong, Andy
York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000
ISBN 1 902 63360 1
9UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
Description from website:
Although the experiences of young people in rural areas are somewhat different from those of their urban
counterparts, much of our knowledge about youth unemployment is derived from studies of urban youth. This
study by Fred Cartmel and Andy Furlong of the University of Glasgow compares the experiences of 18- to
24-year-olds in urban and rural areas who have all recently encountered a period of unemployment. The
specific experiences of rural youth are further investigated by a series of in-depth interviews with young
people, employers and key professionals in four contrasting rural labour markets. 10UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
OECD Countries
Giving young people a good start: The experience of OECD countries (background report)Bowers, Norman; Sonnet, Anne; Bardone, Laura
Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 80 p.Excerpt from introduction:
This paper presents an updated diagnostic of the youth labour market in OECD countries with a particular
focus on trends and policy developments since the end of the 1970s. Section I provides a background analysis
of the situation of young people in initial education and explores how young people are prepared to enter the
labour market. An overview of the youth labour market is then developed in Section II in terms of labour
supply, demand and earnings. Section III focuses on the transition from initial education to the labour market,
both in the short-term and over a longer period. Finally, Section IV discusses the different strategies for
improving youth labour market prospects.The key issues addressed are: How to ensure more coherent educational, labour market and social policies to
assist more young people to get a better start in life? How to develop more effective policies to deal with the
specific problems facing disadvantaged young people? How to help more young people settle into good labour market careers? OECD proceedings: Preparing youth for the 21st Century: The transition from education to the labour market: Proceedings of the Washington D.C. Conference - 23-24 February 1999 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999ISBN 9 264 17342 0
Description from website:
Young people's situation and future prospects are of vital concern to us all. Many of them face highunemployment or joblessness and serious difficulties in getting a firm foothold into the labour market. Many
leave school without the requisite skills or competences needed in today"s economy and society. Many are
also experiencing falling relative (and sometimes real) wages and considerable uncertainty as to whether or
not they will be able to settle into good careers. But at the same time, our ageing societies need, more than
ever before, to harness the potential of all of our young people. This publication points the way to future
initiatives to improve youth labour market and educational outcomes as identified by policy-makers and
experts of OECD countries brought together at the Washington Conference "Preparing Youth for the 21st
Century: The Policy Lessons from the Past Two Decades", held on 23-24 February 1999. To give the most
comprehensive picture to date, it first puts today's challenges into a historical perspective by taking stock of
two decades of policies for youth employment. But more substantially, this book provides insight into
experiences and policy issues in the United States, as well as in Europe and Japan, with a stress on the special
needs of disadvantaged youth. All of us interested in making sure we give youth a good start in education and
in establishing rewarding labour market careers will find this compendium a milestone in youth employment
debate. Putting the young in business: Policy challenges for youth entrepreneurship Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001, 103 p.ISBN 9 264 18379 5
Description from website:
This book sets out a potential response to two major challenges facing OECD countries: the "youth problem",
or the need to ensure that young people can play a full role in society, and the need to foster entrepreneurship
for job creation, innovation and economic adaptability. The "new economy" will be built on a culture of
entrepreneurship and this must include youth as well as adults. In publishing this book, the OECD therefore
wishes to stimulate policy debate on the factors that encourage youth entrepreneurship, the obstacles that
stand in its way and the policy measures that can support it. 11UNEVOC Annotated Bibliography of TVET
A picture is painted of youth entrepreneurship programmes operating at national, regional and local levels
across the OECD in a wide variety of settings and with various different approaches and deliverymechanisms. The result is the first international review of "best practices" in this new and emerging area.
Examples are given of programmes for education and training, help with capital, ideas and operational
matters, counselling and mentoring, networking and intergenerational transfers of businesses. The range of
players and activities involved are set out and suggestions are made for where gaps might be filled. The main
message is that young people can indeed found new businesses and succeed, but new policies will be needed
if they are to be fully encouraged. Recent labour market developments and prospects (Chapter 1) In: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Employment Outlook: 2002 Edition Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002, 336 p.ISBN 9 264 19778 8
Contents of Chapter 1:
Introduction !"
Recent Developments and Prospects
!"Economic outlook to the year 2003 !"Employment and unemployment !"Compensation and Labour CostsA Better Start for Youths?
!"Introduction !"Trends in the youth labour market !"Public spending on youth labour market measures !"Developments in youth labour market policiesConclusion
Description from OECD website:
A Better Start for Youths?
Favourable demographic trends, the prolonged cyclical upswing and a wave of new or expanded labourmarket programmes appear to have led to some improvement in prospects for young people. OECD countries
differ widely in terms of how often students combine work and job search with study. 12