[PDF] Respiratory Protection - OSHA PDF respiratoryprotection.pdf

only change that may be needed in a work-site specific written program is the entire respiratory protection standard applies―that is, medical evaluation, fit

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Respiratory Protection

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) construction industry regulations relating to respiratory protection (29 CFR 1926.103) are actually found under the general industry regulations applicable to respiratory protection in 29 CFR 1910.134. Those provisions mandate respiratory protection if engineering controls are not feasible or are ineffective. OSHA requires methods such as substituting less toxic materials or ventilating the work area to prevent atmospheric contamination. When engineering controls fail to reduce employee exposures to harmful contaminants below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of a contaminant, respiratory protection and accompanying program elements must be put in place.

Written Respiratory Protection Program

The OSHA respiratory standard requires contractors to develop and implement a written respiratory protection program for situations in which PELs of airborne contaminants could be exceeded or when the employer requires use of respirators by workers. See also the chapter on Confined Spaces. The written program also must address voluntary respirator use; respirator selection; medical evaluations; fit-testing; use of respirators; user seal checks; maintenance and care of respirators; identification of filters, cartridges and canisters; employee training; and program evaluation. The standard requires the respiratory program to be administered by a program administrator and updated to reflect the changing workplace conditions that affect respirator use. The standard sets out several mandatory components within the aforementioned program categories including fit testing, seal-check and cleaning procedures in addition to a medical evaluation questionnaire and voluntary-use procedures that are compiled in appendices to §1910.134. Many of the elements listed may not need to change for each project. For example, medical evaluations, fit-test procedures, schedules and procedures for maintaining respirators, air-quality requirements for supplied-air respirators, employee training and program evaluations often can remain consistent. The only change that may be needed in a work-site specific written program is the procedure for respirator selection. (The procedures for respirator selection are addressed later in this chapter.) When employees voluntarily wear respiratory protection, the employer still must establish and implement written respiratory program components related to the . Elements relating to cleaning, storing and maintaining respirators must be addressed, as well. Employees must be provided with copies of the information contained in

When Not When filtering face pieces (dust

masks) are worn voluntarily, employees only must be given the Appendix D information; however, when filtering face pieces are required by a contractor, the entire respiratory protection standard appliesʊhat is, medical evaluation, fit testing and other components of a written respiratory program must be in place. Although OSHA does not require specific training or qualifications for the program administrator, this person must know the standard and have enough experience or training to be able to enforce the written program and conduct

Respirator Selection

The standard requires that the correct respiratory protection be selected to provide adequate protection against airborne hazards and that only respirators certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) be used. Contractors are required to evaluate the respiratory hazards in their workplaces to determine the identity of contaminants, chemical states and physical forms. If an employer cannot identify or reasonably estimate employee exposures to respiratory hazards, the employer must consider the atmosphere IDLH atmospheres require a full-face piece, pressure demand self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied-air respirator (SAR) with self-contained auxiliary air supply. Under most circumstances in roofing where respiratory hazards have been evaluated, SCBAs and SARs are not neededother respirators described here will be adequate. An exception may be when employees need to enter a confined space, such as a tanker, because an oxygen-deficient atmosphere and other respiratory hazards may exist. See the

NRCA Safety Manual chapter on confined space.

Respirator SelectionʊHazard Assessment

Hazard assessments must be conducted to select the appropriate respirators for particular environmental conditions. A contractor should begin the hazard assessment by obtaining information from the material safety data sheets (MSDSs) supplied by product manufacturers. The MSDSs provide health hazard information, the nature of the chemicals in the product, the PEL and other valuable information. To quantify the airborne concentration of a contaminant, air samples must be collected, and subsequent testing of samples will aid in selecting the type of respirator that is needed, if any. Two methods of determining whether gas or organic vapor contaminants are present are through passive monitoring badges and colorimetric tubes. Colorimetric tubes, which are available through most safety supply companies, provide the user with an instantaneous reading. These readings, however, can be inaccurate. The passive monitor badges are a good alternative for organic vapor detection and are more accurate, but they do not provide an instant reading and must be sent to a lab for analysis. Air-sampling pumps are capable of detecting airborne contaminants such as asbestos fibers or silica particles along with toxic gases or harmful vapors. Industrial hygiene firms or environmental test labs often are best-suited for analyzing results from air sampling and providing solutions for particular exposures. After a hazard assessment has been completed, OSHA requires employers to implement one of the following methods, ranked by order of preference, to reduce employee exposures:

1. Engineering controls

2. Administrative/work practice controls

3. Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as respirators

An example of an engineering control is installation of a ventilation system which may work well in shops or manufacturing plants but are impractical in the construction industry. However, sometimes fans on rooftops may provide adequate ventilation. Another example of engineering control in the roofing industry that may eliminate a ventilation hazard is the use of fume-recovery units on kettles during built-up roofing applications. must be tried. An example of a work practice solution is keeping the lid closed on a kettle to keep fume exposure to a minimum. An example of an administrative control is rotating workers out of a hazardous atmosphere, when feasible, to keep the exposure levels below the PEL. When no other solution can be found, PPE must be used. This is the least preferred method to use because the exposure hazard is not removed completely and exists in the area surrounding the worker protected by PPE.

Respirator Types

Respiratory selection is critical. To select the proper respirator, it must be understood that respirators only reduce exposures to airborne contaminants. They do not eliminate them. Based on how they operate, respirators are air- purifying (APR), supplied-air (SAR) or a combination of the two. Most respirators have an inlet covering that acts as a barrier against respiratory hazards and connects the respirator to an air purifier or source of breathable air. Examples of inlet coverings include face pieces, helmets or hoods. Most inlet coverings fall under one of two categories: Tight-fitting: A tight-fitting covering, called a face piece, forms a complete seal on piece usually is made of a molded flexible elastomer (an elastic substance that resembles rubber) and available in three basic types typically used in roofing: quarter-mask, half-mask and full-mask.

Loose-fitting: A loose-

supplies breathable air to a loose-fitting inlet covering, which can be used only with powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) or SARs.

Air-purifying Respirators

APRs use purifying elements to clean the air a wearer is breathing. These purifying elements are:

Filters that remove particulate matter

Cartridges that remove gas or vapors

Filter and cartridge combinations that remove particulates, gas and vapors Canisters that remove gas or vapors (impractical for construction because of bulkiness) As air passes through a purifying element, contaminants are removed from the air. Wearers operate a respirator by inhaling, which creates a negative pressure in the face piece that allows air to pass through the purifying element. PAPRs operate similarly, but a pump is used to draw air in through the purifying element and then into the face piece. A restriction to these types of respirators and their purifying elements is that they cannot be used in, nor do they eliminate the hazards of, oxygen-deficient or IDLH atmospheres. An oxygen-deficient atmosphere is an atmosphere that contains less than 19.5% oxygen, which can cause death.

Filters

In 29 CFR 1910.134, OSHA defines a filter as a component used in respirators to remove solids or liquid aerosols (e.g., particulates) from inhaled air. NIOSH, as the certifying agency for all industrial respirators, updated the testing and certification standard for respirators on July 10, 1995. The revised standard,

42 CFR Part 84, changed the manufacturing and certification requirements for

respirator filters. When protection against airborne particulates is needed, OSHA requires either a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, certified under 30 CFR Part 11, or a filter that has been certified under 42 CFR Part 84. NIOSH publishes the 2004 Respirator Selection Logic that is helpful in determining the proper respirator for the applicable hazard. It can be downloaded at www.cdc.gov/. Under 42 CFR Part 84, particulate filters will have N, P or R designations, each with three efficiency levels. Respirators with N100 (99.97 percent efficient), N99 (99 percent efficient) and N95 (95 percent efficient) filters may be used for any solid or non-oil-containing particulate contaminant. Respirators with R and P series filters may be used for any particulate contaminant, including oil aerosols. It is important to note that N and R series filters might have usage limitations because contaminants may degrade the filter media. Filters with P designations have longer usage limitations. Usage limitations are designated by respirator manufacturers. Filters must be replaced whenever particulate buildup causes breathing difficulties or filters become damaged or defective.

Cartridges

OSHA defines a cartridge as a container with a filter, sorbent, catalyst or combination of these items that removes specific contaminants from air passed through the container. These cartridges must be equipped with end-of-service life indicators (ESLIs). An ESLI is a component of the cartridge that indicates, typically by changing colors, when the cartridge needs to be replaced. Because most cartridges used by roofing contractors do not have ESLIs, OSHA -, schedules to be developed. The purpose of change-out schedules is to replace cartridges before they reach the end of their service lives. To develop a change-out schedule, contractors can use objective data obtained from trade associations or respirator manufacturers, if available. Some manufacturers have downloadable programs for estimating times for change-outs on their Web sites. Information such as humidity, contaminant must be ascertained and entered into the program by the contractor. It is recommended that all hazard warnings associated with the program be read and followed when these programs are used. As an alternative, OSHA published a guide for estimating times for organic vapor cartridge change-outs. It states the following: is greater than 158 F and the concentration is less than 200 parts per million (ppm), an eight-hour service life at a normal working rate can be expected. Service life is inversely proportional to work rate. (This means that as the work rate increases or if it is already high, the length of time the cartridge will remain effective will be less than when work rates and, consequently, breathing rates are lower.) Reducing concentrations by a factor of 10 will increase service life by a factor of five. Humidity above 85 percent will reduce service life by 50 percent. Cartridge respirators have significant limitations, which can prohibit their use. NIOSH prohibits the use of cartridge respirators when working with some specific chemicals because not all gases an medium. The manufacturer should be consulted for final determination of applicability of cartridge use. Contractors must ensure all filters and cartridges used in the workplace are labeled and color-coded with the NIOSH-approval label, which must remain legible and intact.

Filtering Face Pieces (Dust Masks)

addresses dust masks and refers to them as filtering face pieces. OSHA defines a filtering face piece as a negative-pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral part of the face piece or the entire face piece composed of the filtering medium. These ordinarily are disposable, low-cost respirators for protection against particulates when exposures are below the PEL. Some come with integrated exhalation valves and are rated under the N, P or R standards at 95, 99 or 100 efficiency levels. If a contractor elects to make use of filtering face pieces mandatory, then all the requirements of the OSHA respiratory protection standard apply. If employees voluntarily choose to wear the respirators, the contractor must make Appendix D of the standard available to them. A copy of the appendix is with the sample written program at the end of this chapter.

Supplied-air Respirators

There are three basic types of atmosphere-supplying respirators:

1. Supplied-air respirators

2. Self-contained breathing apparatus

3. Combination of the two

These respirators are more sophisticated and generally never used in the roofing industry. They also require extensive training before use. The only application forquotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25

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