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PSpice

includes PSpice A/D, PSpice A/D Basics, and PSpice

User's Guide

Pspug.book Page 1 Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Cadence PCB Systems Division

13221 SW 68th Parkway, Suite 200

Portland, OR 97223

Copyright © 1985-2000 Cadence Design Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trademarks

Allegro, Ambit, BuildGates, Cadence, Cadence logo, Concept, Diva, Dracula, Gate Ensemble, NC Verilog, OpenBook online documentation library, Orcad, Orcad Capture, PSpice, SourceLink online customer support, SPECCTRA, Spectre, Vampire, Verifault-XL, Verilog, Verilog-XL, and Virtuoso are registered trademarks of Cadence

Design Systems, Inc.

Affirma, Assura, Cierto, Envisia, Mercury Plus, Quickturn, Radium, Silicon Ensemble, and SPECCTRAQuest are trademarks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. Alanza is a service mark of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. All other brand and product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only and are registered trademarks, trademarks, or service marks of their respective holders.

Part Number 60-30-632

Second Edition 31 May 2000

Cadence PCB Systems Division (PSD) offices

PSD main office (Portland) (503) 671-9500

PSD Irvine office (949) 788-6080

PSD Japan office 81-45-682-5770

PSD UK office 44-1256-381-400

PSD customer support (877) 237-4911

PSD web site www.orcad.com

PSD customer support web page www.orcad.com/technical/technical.asp PSD customer support email form www.orcad.com/technical/email_support.asp Pspug.book Page 2 Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

Before you begin xxv

Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

How to use this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi

Symbols and conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi

Related documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

What this user's guide covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx

PSpice A/D overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

PSpice A/D Basics overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

PSpice overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

If you don't have the standard PSpice A/D package . . . . . . . . . . xxxii Comparison of the different versions of PSpice . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii If you have PSpice A/D Lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Limits of PSpice A/D Lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Minimum hardware requirements for running PSpice: . . . . . . . xxxv

What's new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi

Part one Simulation primer

Things you need to know 41Chapter 1

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

What is PSpice A/D? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Analyses you can run with PSpice A/D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Basic analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

DC sweep & other DC calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 AC sweep and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Transient and Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Advanced multi-run analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Parametric and temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Monte Carlo and sensitivity/worst-case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Analyzing waveforms with PSpice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Pspug.book Page iii Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

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iv

What is waveform analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Using PSpice with Orcad programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Using Capture to prepare for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 What is the PSpice Stimulus Editor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 What is the PSpice Model Editor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Files needed for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Files that Capture generates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Netlist file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Circuit file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Other files that you can configure for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Model library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Stimulus file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Include file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Configuring model library, stimulus, and include files . . . . . . 54

Files that PSpice generates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Waveform data file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

PSpice output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Simulation examples 57Chapter 2

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Example circuit creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Finding out more about setting up your design . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Running PSpice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Performing a bias point analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Using the simulation output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Finding out more about bias point calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

DC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Setting up and running a DC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Displaying DC analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Finding out more about DC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Finding out more about transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

AC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Setting up and running an AC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

AC sweep analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Finding out more about AC sweep and noise analysis . . . . . . . . 83

Parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Setting up and running the parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Analyzing waveform families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Finding out more about parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Pspug.book Page iv Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

v Finding out more about performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Part two Design entry

Preparing a design for simulation 95Chapter 3

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Checklist for simulation setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Typical simulation setup steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Advanced design entry and simulation setup steps . . . . . . . . . . . 97 When netlisting fails or the simulation does not start . . . . . . . . . . 98 Things to check in your design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Things to check in your system configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Using parts that you can simulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Vendor-supplied parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Part naming conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Finding the part that you want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Passive parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Breakout parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Behavioral parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Using global parameters and expressions for values . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Global parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Declaring and using a global parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Specifying expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Defining power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

For the analog portion of your circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 For A/D interfaces in mixed-signal circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Default digital power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Custom digital power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Defining stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Analog stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Using VSTIM and ISTIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 If you want to specify multiple stimulus types . . . . . . . . . . 117

Digital stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Things to watch for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Unmodeled parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Do this if the part in question is from the Orcad libraries . . . . 119 Check for this if the part in question is custom-built . . . . . . . 121 Unconfigured model, stimulus, or include files . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Unmodeled pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Pspug.book Page v Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

vi

Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Missing ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Missing DC path to ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Creating and editing models 125Chapter 4

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

What are models? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Models defined as model parameter sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Models defined as subcircuit netlists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

How are models organized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Model library configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Global vs. design models and libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Nested model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Orcad-provided models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Tools to create and edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Ways to create and edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Using the Model Editor to edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Ways to use the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Model Editor-supported device types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Ways To Characterize Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Creating models from data sheet information . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Analyzing the effect of model parameters

on device characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

How to fit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Running the Model Editor alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Enabling and disabling automatic part creation . . . . . . . . . . 141 Saving global models (and parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Running the Model Editor from the schematic page editor . . . . . . 142 What is an instance model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Saving design models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 What happens if you don't save the instance model . . . . . . . . 144

The Model Editor tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Creating the half-wave rectifier design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Using the Model Editor to edit the D1 diode model . . . . . . . . 146 Entering data sheet information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Extracting model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Pspug.book Page vi Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

vii Adding curves for more than one temperature . . . . . . . . . . 149 Completing the model definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Editing model text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Editing .MODEL definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Editing .SUBCKT definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Changing the model name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Starting the Model Editor from the schematic page

editor in Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 What is an instance model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Saving design models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Example: editing a Q2N2222 instance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Editing the Q2N2222-X model instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Saving the edits and updating the schematic . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Using the Create Subcircuit command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Changing the model reference to an existing model definition . . . . . . 158

Reusing instance models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Reusing instance models in the same schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Making instance models available to all designs . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Configuring model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

The Libraries and Include Files tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 How PSpice uses model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Search order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Handling duplicate model names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Adding model libraries to the configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Changing design and global scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Changing model library search order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Changing the library search path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Creating parts for models 167Chapter 5

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

What's different about parts used for simulation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Ways to create parts for models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Preparing your models for part creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Using the Model Editor to create parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Setting up automatic part creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Basing new parts on a custom set of parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Editing part graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

How Capture places parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Pspug.book Page vii Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

viii

Defining grid spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Grid spacing for graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Grid spacing for pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Attaching models to parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Defining part properties needed for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

PSPICETEMPLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

PSPICETEMPLATE syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 PSPICETEMPLATE examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

IO_LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

MNTYMXDLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

PSPICEDEFAULTNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Analog behavioral modeling 191Chapter 6

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Overview of analog behavioral modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

The ABM.OLB part library file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Placing and specifying ABM parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Net names and device names in ABM expressions . . . . . . . . . . 194 Forcing the use of a global definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

ABM part templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Control system parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Basic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Chebyshev filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Integrator and differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Table look-up parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Laplace transform part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Math functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

ABM expression parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

An instantaneous device example: modeling a triode . . . . . . . . . 215

PSpice-equivalent parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Implementation of PSpice-equivalent parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Modeling mathematical or instantaneous relationships . . . . . . . . 220 EVALUE and GVALUE parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 EMULT, GMULT, ESUM, and GSUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Lookup tables (ETABLE and GTABLE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Frequency-domain device models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Laplace transforms (LAPLACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Frequency response tables (EFREQ and GFREQ) . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Cautions and recommendations for simulation and analysis . . . . . . . 230 Pspug.book Page viii Tuesday, May 16, 2000 1:17 PM

Contents

ix Instantaneous device modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Frequency-domain parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Laplace transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Non-causality and Laplace transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Chebyshev filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Frequency tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Trading off computer resources for accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Basic controlled sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Creating custom ABM parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Digital device modeling 237Chapter 7

Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Functional behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Digital primitive syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Timing characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Timing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Treatment of unspecified propagation delays . . . . . . . . . 248 Treatment of unspecified timing constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Propagation delay calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Inertial and transport delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Inertial delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Transport delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Input/Output characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Input/Output model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Defining Output Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Configuring the strength scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Determining the strength of a device output . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Controlling overdrive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Charge storage nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

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