[PDF] [PDF] Clause Types

[PDF] Types of Clauses - CSUN

Types of Clauses Independent clauses Dependent clauses contain both a subject and Dependent clauses are introduced Example: Jet lag affects most long

[PDF] A Students Guide to Clause Types - EFL Tutoring

Clauses can contain 5 different components Subject Verb Object Howarth 2011 Clause Types There are 5 basic clause types in English Subject + verb

[PDF] Clauses and phrases - HAL-SHS

18 déc 2017 · A phrase is a group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause It is characterized as a grammatical unit at a level between the word 

[PDF] The Clause - Grammar Bytes

Clauses come in four types: main (or independent), subordinate (or dependent), adjective (or relative), and noun Every clause has at least one subject and one 

[PDF] Clause Types

Embedded clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are inside other clauses The armadillo thinks that peanuts are for elephants embedded clause Page 10 

[PDF] Chapter 6 PHRASES, CLAUSES, AND SENTENCES - Wiley

24 avr 2001 · A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a subject, a noun or pronoun, and a predicate, a verb or verb phrase The four basic types

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There are five types of phrases: Prepositional phrases can act like an adjective or adverb, but a clause or sentence, e g , the teachings of some Buddhist

[PDF] Clauses II: Common Types of Clauses - Los Angeles Valley College

14 jui 2018 · In the Writing Center handout “Clauses I,” clauses are explained in simple terms dependent clauses: noun, adjective, and adverb clauses

[PDF] Packet 4: Phrases and Clauses

PHRASE - A phrase is a group of related words It does not contain a subject and a verb There are different types of phrases Examples: 1 from the stairs

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©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Clause Types

A descriptive tangent into the

types of clauses

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Clause = subject+predicate phrase

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Clause = subject+predicate phrase

subject: the NP being assigned a property

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Clause = subject+predicate phrase

subject: the NP being assigned a property

Predicate phrase: the property being

assigned to the subject

The man left

Susan is a linguistics student

Bill ate a beef waffle

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

Main clause (also called Root) is the highest clauses.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

Main clause (also called Root) is the highest clauses. Embedded clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are inside other clauses.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

Main clause (also called Root) is the highest clauses. Embedded clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are inside other clauses. The armadillo thinks that peanuts are for elephants.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

Main clause (also called Root) is the highest clauses. Embedded clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are inside other clauses. The armadillo thinks that peanuts are for elephants. embedded clause

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Main vs. Embedded

Main clause (also called Root) is the highest clauses. Embedded clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are inside other clauses. The armadillo thinks that peanuts are for elephants. embedded clauseMain clause

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNP VPV'V

CPPetersaidC TPthatNP

VPV'Dannydanced

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNP VPV'V

CPPetersaidC TPthatNP

VPV'DannydancedMain clause

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNP VPV'V

CPPetersaidC TPthatNP

VPV'DannydancedEmbedded clauseMain clause

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNP VPV'V

CPPetersaidC TPthatNP

VPV'DannydancedEmbedded clausePredicate

Phrase

Predicate PhraseMain clause

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNP VPV'V

CPPetersaidC TPthatNP

VPV'DannydancedsubjectsEmbedded clausePredicate

Phrase

Predicate PhraseMain clause

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Important!

Main clauses CONTAIN embedded clauses

Embedded: Danny danced

Main: Peter said that Danny danced.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Types of embedded clauses

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Types of embedded clauses

embedded clauses in specifier positions: [[People selling their stocks] caused the crash of 29] [[For Mary to love that boor] is a travesty]

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Types of embedded clauses

embedded clauses in specifier positions: [[People selling their stocks] caused the crash of 29] [[For Mary to love that boor] is a travesty] embedded clauses in complement positions

Heidi said [that Art loves peanut butter]

Colin asked [if they could get a mortgage]

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Types of embedded clauses

embedded clauses in specifier positions: [[People selling their stocks] caused the crash of 29] [[For Mary to love that boor] is a travesty] embedded clauses in complement positions

Heidi said [that Art loves peanut butter]

Colin asked [if they could get a mortgage]

embedded clauses in adjuncts positions [The man [I saw get into the cab]] robbed the bank

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Finite vs. Non-finite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Finite vs. Non-finite

Other terms: tensed/untensed, finite vs. infinitive (there actually are differences in what these mean, but we'll use the terms interchangeably)

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Finite vs. Non-finite

Other terms: tensed/untensed, finite vs. infinitive (there actually are differences in what these mean, but we'll use the terms interchangeably)

Finite clauses have a tensed verb

I thought that [John left] tensed/finite

I want [John to leave] non-tensed/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

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I know [you eat asparagus] finite

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.

Test: change the tense/person:

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.

Test: change the tense/person:

I know [you ate asparagus]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.

Test: change the tense/person:

I know [you ate asparagus]

I know [he eats asparagus]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.

Test: change the tense/person:

I know [you ate asparagus]

I know [he eats asparagus]

*I've never seen [him eats asparagus]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

I know [you eat asparagus] finite

I've never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite

Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.

Test: change the tense/person:

I know [you ate asparagus]

I know [he eats asparagus]

*I've never seen [him eats asparagus] *I've never seen [you ate asparagus]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Subjects of finite show nominative case, subjects

of nonfinite (and small) show accusative case.

I know [he ate asparagus]

I've never seen [him eat asparagus]

NominativeAccusativeAnaphoric

1 st

Iwemeusmyselfourselves

2 nd youyouyouyouyourselfyourselves 3 rd maschehimhimself 3 rd femsheherherself 3 rd neutit they it them itself themselves

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Types of T

Finite: tense suffixes, modals (could,

should, would, might, can etc), auxiliaries (is, have)

I think [he should go]

Non-finite: to, Ø

I want [him to go]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Types of Comp

Finite: that, which, if, Ø

I think [that he should go]

Non-finite: for, Ø

I want [for him to leave]

Distinguishing finite/nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Clause = subject + predicate

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Clause = subject + predicate

Embedded vs. Root/Main

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Clause = subject + predicate

Embedded vs. Root/Main

Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,

complement

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Clause = subject + predicate

Embedded vs. Root/Main

Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,

complement

Types of verbal: tensed/finite vs. untensed/

nonfinite

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Clause = subject + predicate

Embedded vs. Root/Main

Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,

complement

Types of verbal: tensed/finite vs. untensed/

nonfinite

Tests of finiteness: inflection, case, C, T

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Extending X-bar

Theory

DPs, TPs, and CPs

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The Puzzle of Determiners

Specifier Rule

XP(YP) X'

requires the specifier to be phrasal *That the book (however cf. Those two books)

Only example of a specifier we've seen.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

DPD'D NPN'NAbney 1987

The DP proposal

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The DP hypothesis

Explains why D isn't a phrase (it is a head of

its own phrase!) (Notice we now have NO examples of specifiers!!)

Evidence???????

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

's Genitives

The man's coat

Not a suffix:

[The man standing over there]'s coat [The dancer from New York]'s shoes 's attaches to phrases.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

's Genitives

The man's coat

's genitive

The coat of the manfree genitive

's is in complementary distribution with determiners: [The man standing over there]'s coat *The man standing over there's the coat

Complementary distribution means: two items are

examples of the same thing!

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

NPD N''sN hat

's Genitives 's is a determiner

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

NPD N''sN hat

If 's is a determiner, where does the possessor go? (Remember the possessor modifies hat). 's Genitives 's is a determiner

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

NPD N''sN hat?NPthe man standing

over there If 's is a determiner, where does the possessor go? (Remember the possessor modifies hat). 's Genitives 's is a determiner

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

hatD'D NP'sNDP 1 's Genitives

Problem solved by DP hypothesis

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

DP 2 the man standing over there hatD'D NP'sNDP 1 's Genitives

Problem solved by DP hypothesis

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

DP 2 the man standing over there hatD'D NP'sNDP 1 notice this is in the specifier of DP 1 . Is this the subject of the DP 1 's Genitives

Problem solved by DP hypothesis

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Two other rules that don't fit X-bar

theory

TP NP (T) VP

CP  (Comp) S

Problems:

Category Specific

No intermediate structure

What are the heads, complements,

adjuncts?

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

The TP Rule TPNP (T) VP

What is the head?

NP? not a head; it's a phrase!

VP? not a head; it's a phrase!

T? This is the obvious head, but it's

optional!

HMMM! Let's think about headedness...

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Heads

Give their category to the phrase

NP

The big linguist

N from Calgary]

Contribute other features to their phrase

Linguist [+animate]

[The linguist from Calgary] is pregnant

Fridge [-animate]

[The fridge from Calgary] is pregnant

The predicate "is pregnant" selects for an

animate subject.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Heads of Clauses

What are the relevant features of clauses?

Tense/Finiteness

Some examples

I think [that Bill should leave]

*I think [Bill to leave] ?I asked [that Bill leave]

I asked [Bill to leave]

The main verb is said to select for certain types of embedded clause, based on finiteness.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TP DP T'subject T VP

The head of clauses

Tense is represented in inflection, so

perhaps T is the head of the sentence:

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TP, IP, AgrP

In the syntax literature you will see

references to S, IP and AgrP. These are (essentially) the same thing as TP.

Infl is another name for T.

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

HOLD ON!!!!

We've only seen T in clauses with auxiliaries!!

What about sentences without auxiliaries??

John loves peanut butter sandwiches

If T is optional, how can it be the head?

Maybe T is obligatory in all sentences!

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

T = Auxs, and suffixes

Observation: auxiliaries and inflectional

suffixes on verbs are in complementary distribution:

I will dance

I danced

*I will danced

I can dance

*I can danced

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPDP T'John T VP -edV' VdanceTPDP T'John T VP willV' Vdance

Proposal

Inflectional tense & agreement suffixes are also

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