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Raj Jain

BasicsBasicsBasicsBasics

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH 43210

Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu

http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/

Raj Jain

2Overview

Overview

qStandards Organizations qISO/OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model qFlow and Error Control qEthernet, HDLC, PPP qInternet Protocol (IP), IPv6 qTCP qDomain Name System

Raj Jain

3International Standards Organizations

International Standards Organizations

qISO: International Standards Organization

Chartered by United Nations

qITU: International Telecommunications Union mITU-T: Consultative Committee on International

Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT)

mITU-R: Consultative Committee on International

Radio (CCIR)

mExample Standards: G.724, X.25, Q.931 mwww.itu.chqIEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

Raj Jain

4National Standards Organizations

National Standards Organizations

qANSI: American National Standards Institute mwww.ansi.orgmNon-governmental, nonprofit, over 300 committees mANSI T1.105-1995 SONET

ANSI X3.131-1994 SCSI-2

mRepresents USA in ITU, IEC, and ISO

Raj Jain

5Professional Associations

Professional Associations

qIEEE: Inst of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, mstandards.ieee.orgmIEEE Þ ISO (via ANSI) mEthernet Þ IEEE 802.3 Þ ISO 8802-3:1998 qEIA: Electronic Industries Association, www.eia.orgmExample: EIA-232 (RS-232) qTIA: Telecommunications Industries Association, mwww.tiaonline.orgqATM Forum, www.atmforum.comqFrame Relay Forum, www.frforum.com

Raj Jain

6Professional Communities

Professional Communities

qIETF: mInternet Engineering Task Force, www.ietf.orgmOriginated by DARPA for TCP/IP protocol development mNow chartered by Internet Society mRequest for Comments (RFC),

E.g., www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0793.txt = TCP

mInternet Drafts: ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/qdraft-ietf-diffserv-framework-02.txt qdraft-bhani-mpls-te-eval-00.txt

Raj Jain

7ISO/OSI Reference Model

ISO/OSI Reference ModelApplication

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

Physical

How to transmit signal: CodingTwo party communication: EthernetRouting, Addressing: IPEnd-to-end communication: TCPFile transfer, Email, Remote Login

ASCII Text, Sound

Establish/manage connection123

Raj Jain

8TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/IP Reference Model

qTCP = Transport Control Protocol qIP = Internet Protocol (Routing)Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

PhysicalApplication

Transport

Internetwork

Host to

NetworkFTP

TCP IP Ether netTelnetHTTP UDP

Packet

RadioPoint-to-

PointTCP/IP Ref ModelOSI Ref ModelTCP/IP Protocols

Raj Jain

9Layered Packet Format

Layered Packet Format

qNth layer control info is passed as N-1th layer data.FTP DataFTP

HeaderTCP DataTCP

HeaderIP DataIP

HeaderEthernet DataEthernet

HeaderEthernet

Trailer

Raj Jain

10Flow Control

Flow Control

qFlow Control = Sender does not flood the receiver, but maximizes throughput qSender throttled until receiver grants permission qMethods: Stop and wait, Sliding windowData

AckSenderReceiverData

AckSenderReceiver

DataData

AckAckData

Raj Jain

11Error Control

Error Control

qError Control = Deliver frames without error, in the proper order to network layer qError Detection: Cyclic Redundancy Check, Sequence

Numbers, Ack/Nak, Time-out

qError Recovery: Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

Stop and Wait, Go back n Selective Reject1

Ack 22

2

TimeoutAck 33

Ack 51

Srej 33

Ack 51

Raj Jain

12Connection-Oriented vs

Connection-Oriented vs

Connectionless

Connectionless

qConnection-Oriented: Telephone System mPath setup before data is sent mData need not have address. Circuit number is sufficient. qConnectionless: Postal System. mComplete address on each packet mThe address decides the next hop at each router

Raj Jain

13Multiple Access Protocols

Multiple Access Protocols

(a) Multiple Access (b) Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

Raj Jain

14Multiple Access Protocols

Multiple Access Protocols

qAloha at University of Hawaii:

Transmit whenever you like

Worst case utilization = 1/(2e) =18%

qCSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access

Listen before you transmit

qCSMA/CD: CSMA with Collision Detection

Listen while transmitting.

Stop if you hear someone else.

qEthernet uses CSMA/CD.

Standardized by IEEE 802.3 committee.

Raj Jain

15Ethernet Standards

Ethernet Standards

q10BASE5: 10 Mb/s over coaxial cable (ThickWire) q10BROAD36: 10 Mb/s over broadband cable, 3600 m max segments q1BASE5: 1 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q10BASE2: 10 Mb/s over thin RG58 coaxial cable (ThinWire), 185 m max segments q10BASE-T: 10 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q10BASE-FL: 10 Mb/s fiber optic point-to-point link q10BASE-FB: 10 Mb/s fiber optic backbone (between repeaters). Also, known as synchronous Ethernet.

Raj Jain

16HDLC Family

HDLC Family

qSynchronous Data Link Control (SDLC): IBM qHigh-Level Data Link Control (HDLC): ISO qLink Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB): X.25 qLink Access Procedure for the D channel (LAPD): ISDN qLink Access Procedure for modems (LAPM): V.42 qLink Access Procedure for half-duplex links (LAPX):

Teletex

qPoint-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet qLogical Link Control (LLC): IEEE qAdvanced Data Comm Control Proc (ADCCP): ANSI qV.120 and Frame relay also use HDLC

Raj Jain

17HDLC

HDLC qPrimary station: Issue commands qSecondary Station:Issue responses qCombined Station: Both primary and secondary qUnbalanced Configuration: One or more secondary qBalanced Configuration: Two combined station qNormal Response Mode (NRM): Response from secondary qAsynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM): Combined

Station

qAsynchronous Response Mode (ARM): Secondary may respond before command

Raj Jain

18HDLC Framing: Bit Stuffing

HDLC Framing: Bit Stuffing

qHDLC frames are delimited by flags: 01111110 qStuff bits if pattern appears in data qRemove stuffed bits at destinationTransmitter

Receiver0 11111 11111 11111 10010

01111110 0 111110 111110 111110 10010 011111100 11111 11111 11111 10010Flag

Raj Jain

19HDLC Frames

HDLC Frames

qInformation Frames: User data mPiggybacked Acks: Next frame expected mPoll/Final = Command/Response qSupervisory Frames: Flow and error control mGo back N and Selective Reject mFinal Þ No more data to send qUnnumbered Frames: Control mMode setting commands and responses mInformation transfer commands and responses mRecovery commands and responses mMiscellaneous commands and responses

Raj Jain

20PPP: Introduction

PPP: Introduction

qPoint-to-point Protocol qOriginally for User-network connection qNow being used for router-router connection also qPPP is used when you connect to an internet service provider (ISP) via modem qPPP is a variation of HDLC qUses flags like HDLC qUses byte stuffing in stead of bit stuffing

Raj Jain

21PPP in HDLC-Like

PPP in HDLC-Like

Framing

Framing

qFlag = 0111 1110 = 7E qByte Stuffing:

7E Þ 7D 5E

7D Þ 7D 5DFlagAddressControlProtocol

Raj Jain

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