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2 SummaryINTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................3HISTORYOFTHEDEMARCHEHQE.....................................................................................................................3WHATISACERTIFICATION?WHATARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICS?.........................................................4METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................4THEHQEDEMARCHE....................................................................................................................................5CRITERIA.............................................................................................................................................................6CASESTUDY.....................................................................................................................................................8ANHQEBUILDING:LYCÉEPROFESSIONNELDESMÉTIERSDEL'HABITAT,DESTRAVAUXPUBLICSETDESTRANSPORTSDEBLANQUEFORT-GIRONDE,33..............................................................................................8INTEGRATIONOFTHEPROJECTINTHESITE:RELATIONBETWEENTHEBUILDINGANDTHEENVIRONMENT.........9MATERIALS.............................................................................................................................................................................10NUISANCEOFTHECONSTRUCTION.....................................................................................................................................10ENERGYMANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................................................10WATERMANAGEMENT.........................................................................................................................................................11WASTEMANAGEMENT..........................................................................................................................................................11COMFORT................................................................................................................................................................................12CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................14MAINOBSERVATIONSABOUTHQECERTIFICATION.......................................................................................14WHYARETHECERTIFICATIONSSOIMPORTANT?WHATDOTHEYCONTRIBUTE?.......................................14FURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHEHQECERTIFICATION.................................................................................15REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................16WEBSITES..........................................................................................................................................................16APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................................16
3IntroductionInthecontextofglobalwarming,thereisanincreasingawarenessofhowmanaffectstheenvironment,andofthelimitsofthenaturalresources.Thefieldofconstructionaloneisaverylargeenergyconsumer.Inordertoconstructbuildingswithaminimumimpactontheenvironment,greencertificationshavebeendeveloped.Todaycertificationsarenumerousandnotobligatoryvalidineverycountry.Whatisthepointindevelopingalotofdifferentcertifications?Dowereallyneedthem?Whatdotheycontribute?Tounderstandtheconcept ofcertificationandwh attheyi mply,Idecidedtochooseonecertificationandtrytofindoutwhicharethebenefitsandthedisadvantages.ThecertificationIwanttofocuson,HQEHighEnvironmentalQuality,isthemostwidelyusedcertificationinFrance.Thegoalofthiscertificationistobecomprehensibleandtoencouragetheact orsofconstructiontouseitasatooltoimp rovethe qualityofbuildings.The"demarche HQE"(HauteQualitéEnvironnementale)isonly validinFrance,butcanalsobe usedabroad withsomea daptations.Thisessay willtry tounderstandhowabuildingcanobtainit.Firstwewillhavealookatthecertification'shistoryanditsmaingoals.Thenwewilllookintohowitisstructuredthroughananalysisofacasestudy.HistoryofthedemarcheHQECreatedin1996,the"demarcheHQE(HauteQualitéEnvironnementale)"promotesthe"eco-conception"ofproductsandbuildings.Thisprocessencouragesthebuildingdesignwithamoresustainabledevelopment,forallthelifecycleofabuilding(fabrication,construction,utilization,maintenance,adaptationandendoflife).TheHighEnvironmentalQualityofbuildingsisaconceptthatwasdevelopedduringthenineties.Duringtheseyears,onebecamein creasinglyaware oftheenvironme ntalproblemsandsincethenthegovernmenthasbeentryingtoshowtheimportanceoftakingcareofourpatrimony.Forexamplethelaw"Grenelledel'Environnement"istryingtochange thehabitsofpe opleincreati ngnewobjectivesf ortransports ,building,agriculture...Andthelaw"Grenelle1"ofthe24thJune2009iscomposedof57articlesthatarepresentingtheactualobjectives.Onofthemostfamousisthe"facteur4",whichrequiresa75 %decreaseofgasemi ssionswithin2050.That'swhytoday,environmentalissuesareabigchallengeintheconstructionfield.This"HQEdémarche"isnotregulatorybutavoluntaryguideforhighenvironmentalqualitymanagementfornewconstruct ionandrenovation.Buttherewa sapublicdemandforstrongerregulations.Asaresultofthis,theguidehasbeendevelopedintocertifications:brandNF(NormeFrançaise)DémarcheHQEandwewillseehowtheyguaranteeagoodapplicationoftheguide.
4Thisguidewasoneofthefirstcreated,andithasmanycriteriathatcanalsobefoundinnewcertificationschemeslikeBREEAMandLEED.Thesimilaritiesbetweenthemwillbeexaminedinthisessay.Whatisacertification?Whatarethemaincharacteristics?Thecertificationisawayt oatt estt hatthebuil dingmeetcertain requirementsandparticularlyinthefieldofsustainability.Certificationmaybedefinedas"aprocessofassessingcompliancewithpre-establishedcriteria.Alogoisawardeduponsuccessfulcompletion."1Certificationscanbeusedasawaytoimproveregulations.Whilecertificationstrytointroduceso menewminimumr equirements, fo rexampleenergyefficiency;theregulationstendtobemoredemanding.Certificationscouldplayanimportantroleinchangingthewaywebuild.Thisstudyexamineshowcertificationcanbeusedtoachievethisgoal.Certificationscanbedefinedbyitsmethods:aprocessbasedschemesorperformancebasedschemes.Inthefirsttypeofscheme,focusisonthedescriptionofhowtheywillachievetobuildasustainablebuilding.Thesecondfocusesmoreontheperformanceofthebuilding,whichmea nsusingmeasur esandbench marksintheevaluation.Thecertificationcanbedefinedasaprocessbasedscheme.Quantitiesandvaluesareeasytocompareandpermittoevaluatetherequirements.Butthevaluesrequiredchange,sothecertificationneedsalsotohaveaqualitativeevaluation.Thisqualitativeaspectofthecertificationisimportantbecauseasthego vernmentimpr ovestheregulations,theminimumrequiredvalueschangetoo.IntheHQEcertification,thebuilderchoosesitsmaingoals,itsstrategiesfollowingthe14criteriathatwillbepresentedlaterinthetext.MethodologyThisessaywillbebasedonresearchbasedontheHQEcertificationscheme,andonananalysisofacasestudyinordertounderstandhowitreachescertification.Thecasestudywasselectedbasedontheamountofinformationavailable.Mostoftheresearchisweb-based.ThefirstgoalwastoestablishwhichorganizationsareinvolvedintheHQEcertificationaswellasunderstandingcriteriaandprocessofthecertification.Toobtain moreinformationabou ttheproces s,IconductedaninterviewwithanengineerofCSTB(CentreScientifiqueetTechniqueduBâtiment),SylvianeNibel,whoansweredalargepartofmyquestions.Asaresult,itwaseasiertounderstandtheprocess.1Cf:CourseofZeroEmissionBuilding
5TheHQEdemarcheTheaimoftheHQEcertificationistoimprovetheenvironmentalqualityofnewandoldbuildings.Thegoalistoofferhealthyandcomfortablebuildingswithminimumimpactsonthee nvironment,throughoutthelifecycleofthebuilding.Thiscertificationisaprocesswithvariouscriteriabasedononefundamentalobjective:tocreateabuildingansweringtospecificprogramandtotakeintoaccounttheusersofthebuilding.TheAssociati onHQEisinchargeoftheHQEd emarchebut howeveritisnotanorganizationofcerti fication,theyo utsourceAFN ORCertificatio ntoelaboratethecertificationHQE.CERQUAL,CEQUAMIandCERTIVEA,subsidiariesoftheCSTB(CentreScientifiqueetTechniqueduBât iment)arethreecertificationorganizationsask edbyAFNORCertificationtoelaboratethecertification.TheyareindependentandaccreditedbytheCO FRAC(Comitéfrançaisd' accréditation),whic hmanagestheactiv ityofcertificationorganizationsinFrance.ForexampleCEQUAMIcreatedthebrand"NFMaisonindividuelle-DémarcheHQE®"forindividualhouses;CERQUALcreated"NFLogement-DémarcheHQE®"forcollectivehousing;andCERTIVEAcreated"NFBâtimentstertiaires-DémarcheHQE®"forofficesandschools.Certificationcanbe achievedforva riouskindsofbuilding:residentia lhouses,sportfacilities,offices,andhousingbutthetargetsaremoreorlessthesame.Thereareonlyafewadapt ationsforeachtypeofbuilding.Thispr ocessisnot onlyusedfornewbuildingsbutcanalsobeusedforrehabilitations.
6ThedemarcheHQEcomprisesofthreemainsparts:• aSystemofEnvironmentalManagementoftheoperation(SME)inwhichtheownerdeterminesth egoalsfortheoperationand specifies theroleofthedifferentactors.• 14criteria (Cibles)th atstructuret hetechnical,architecturala ndeconomical answers• Performanceindicators(usuallyexpressedinkWh/m2fortheenergyconsumptionforexample)Thesethreepartsfollowthreedocuments:theregulationNFP01-020-1andXPP01-020-3(environmentalqualityofbui ldingsandconstr uctionproducts)andtheapplicationguide(GA)P01030(establishmentofasystemofenvironmenta lmanagement).ThemainprinciplesoftheHQEprocessare:• theobjectivesaredeterminedbytheprojectmanagerbasedontheprogramofthebuilding(theprioritieswillnotbethesameifit'saschool,orhousing)• amanagementsystemwhichcaninvolveallactors(constructionsocieties,architects,owner,municipality...)toreachthegoals,• thetechnicalandarchitecturalchoicesjustifiedandadaptedtothecontext,• thecreation ofahe althyandcomfortablein doorenviron menttolimitenvironmentalimpacts,• performanceevaluationTheapplicationoftheHQEguideneedstobedonefromthebeginningoftheprojecttosimplifytheobtainmentofthecertification.Duringthedesignstage,thestrategiesneedtobedecided.NFcertifiedbuildingshavetopassanauditeveryyearinordertoupdatethebuildingortheenvironmentalmanagementsystemandrenewal ofthecertificationisrequiredevery3years.Theauditsexistinmostofthecertification,soonthispointtheHQEcertificationisnotreallydifferentfromtheothers.CriteriaThereare14criteriainordertoobtainNFcertification-démarcheHQE®.ThesecriteriahavebeendefinedbytheassociationHQE®andtheAdeme(Agencedel'Environnementetdela Maîtrise del'Energ ie).Thiso rganization,created in1990,isincha rgeoffacilitatingorrealizingoperationswhoseobjectiveistheprotectionoftheenvironmentandenergymanagement.Itislink edtothegovernment underthe tutelageo ftheministersofresearch,ecologyandenergy. Thisisimp ortantasitshowsstateinvolvementinsustainabilityissues.Therearetwomainobjectives:tocontroltheimpactsonoutdoorenvironmentandtocreateahealthyandcomfortableindoorenvironment.Forthefirstobjective,thereare7criteriasharedintwofields:• the"eco-construction"criteriaconcerningtheconception,realization:
7o 1-harmoniousrelationshipbetweenbuildingsandtheirenvironmento 2-integratedchoiceofconstructionmaterialsandprocedureo 3-minimizenuisancearoundtheconstructionsite• anddemolitio nstagesandthe"eco-gestion"(eco-management)criteriaconcerningthelifecycleofthebuilding:o 4-energymanagemento 5-watermanagemento 6-wastemanagemento 7-maintenanceThesecondmainobjectivehasalso7criteriadividedintwofields:• thecomforttargets:o 8-hydrothermalcomforto 9-acousticcomforto 10-visualcomforto 11-olfactorycomfort• thetargetsofhealth:o 12-airqualityo 13-waterqualityo 14-sanitaryconditionsEveryHQEcertif icationisbasedonspecifictechnicalreferencesthatsettheperformancelevelsadaptedtoeachuseofthebuilding.Foreverytarget,therearethreelevelsofperformance:• Basic(currentpractice/regulation)• Efficient(goodpractice)• Veryefficient(bestpractice)Target4"energymanagement"coverstheenergygoalsandhasbeenestablishedthankstothelabelsandthegovernmentalregulationforenergeticperformances.TheminimallevelrequiredbytheHQEismoredemandingthantheregulationitself.FornowHQEbuildingsneedtoachi evetherequirementsoftheBBClabel(BâtimentBasseConsommation)-buildingswithLowConsumption,orbebuildingswithpositiveenergy.ABBCbuildingaccordingtotheRT2005regulation(RT2012sincethe28thofOctober2011)isabuildingthathasaconventionalconsumptioninprimaryenergyforheating,cooling,ventilation, productionofhotsanitarywater,lightingandotherte chnical requirementsinferiorof80%oftheprescribedconsumptioninordertoverifyiftheserequirementsaremet,certainmeasuresarerequired.Aswecanseeinthedocumentsintheappendices,itisquitedifficulttofindvaluesfortheenergyperformanceforexample.Wecanseethatforthetarget4concerningenergytherearetw orequirements:4.1reductionoftheprimarynon-renewableenergyconsumptionand4.2masteredthepollution.Inthepoint4.1,theperformanceoftheenvelopofthebuilding forhea ting,coolin gandartificiallighting isexamined quantitativelyandqualitatively.ThethermallossesareevaluatedwithU -valueinW/K.m2.Andthenit'scomparedtoanUrefwhereasthetreatmentofthethermalbridgeisevaluatedqualitativelybyusingthescaleofevaluationneededregardingthestageoftheprojectandtheprecisionrequiredbytheevaluation.Soitcouldbeor:yes/no;or:
8unfavorable/neutral/favorable;or:non-treated/insufficientlytreated/moderatelytreated/satisfying/verysatisfying.InaHQEcertification,theclientdefineshisobjectivesofenvironmentalqualityandtheirhierarchy.Theclienthastotreatthe14criteria.Hecannotneglectanyofthem.Thelevelofrequirementdependsonthecontext,onthe ambition softhecli entandontheeconomyoftheproject.Thispointisquiteessentialbecausethismeansthatnormallyeverypersoninterestedinachievingthisdemarchecanfollowit.Tosimplifythecommunication,thesocietiescanaskforadocumentnamed"passportsustainablebuilding"that presentsthe performanceofthebuilding infourpoin ts:energy,environment,healthandcomfort,butitdoesnotreplacethecertification.Thispassportworkswithasystemofstarsasdescribedlateron.Exampleofapassportforanofficebuilding(DocumentfromthewebsiteofCERTIVEA)TheHQEguidewasnotdetailedenough,butthesustainablebuildingpassportandtheNFcertifica tionsforeverytypeofbuil dings:offices,hou sing...hasbeencreat edtobroadenthescopeof theguide. Thecreat ionofaguideandcertificationsisarealprocessthattakestimetoelaborate.CasestudyAnHQEbuilding:LycéeprofessionneldesMétiersdel'Habitat,desTravauxPublicsetdesTransportsdeBlanquefort-Gironde,33ThiscasestudybuildingwillillustratehowitreachesthedifferentcriteriaandwhataretherequirementsoftheHQEcertification.Firstofall,thebuildinghasachievedtheNFbâtimentstertiaires-DémarcheHQE®forthestages:programandconceptionthe13thofSeptember2005(NF380/05/012),andrealizationthe2ndofFebruary2009.
9It'sdifficulttotakeintoaccountallthecriteriaatthesametime;thereforeitisbettertohavepriorities.Infunctionoftheterrain,theuseofthebuildingandtheleveltheownerwantstoach ieve( basic/efficient/veryeffic ient)somecriteriawi llseemtobemo reimportantthanothers.Inourexample,itseemsthattheyfocusedmoreontheeco-managementtargets,aswellasotherstargetssu chasthermalc omfort,or relationbetweentheenvironmentandthebuilding.TheAdeme(Agencedel'EnvironnementetdelaMaîtrisedel'Energie)isapartnerfortheproject.Duringthecertificationprocess,ithelpstoclarifywhatneededtoachievethecertification.SothefirststeptogettheHQEcertificationistocontactthisorganizationandagreeonstrategiesasearlyaspossible.Afterwardsit'simportanttopreparealltheactors(architects,engineers,constructionsocieties,politicians...)ofthefutureproject.Ifitisap ublic projectlikeahigh school,thecollectivit ies,municipalit iesne edtobeinvolved.ThenitispossibletoapplyforsomefinancialhelptopayforthestudiesorfortheinterventionofaconsultantinHQEcertification.ThethirdstepistoestablishanEnvironmentalManagementSystem.ItisoneofthemostimportantpartsoftheHQEdemarche.Thissystemisbasedonthe"normISO14001"definedatan internationallevelto describ ethemoda litiesandmethodsofenvironmentalmanagementlikeforwaste, energyconsumption,airpo llution,waterpollution.Thismanagementsystemaffectsthedesignofthebuildingbutingeneralitcanbedonewithoutspecialconsiderationsduringthedesignprocess.Forexample, wastemanagementwil lneedtoaddaroomfor wastestora ge,whichisnotabi gmodificationoftheprogramofthebuilding.Thenthisismoreasystemforhowtousethebuildingwhenitisbuilt,butalsoduringtheconstruction.Thesystemtriesnottoforgetpartsoftheprocessofconstruction.ThecasestudyisaprofessionalhighschoolinGironde,FranceorderedbytheConseilRégionald'Aquitaine.Itwas builtin2006 t oaccommodateap proximately1200students.ThisbuildingfollowstheHQEcertificationandsoincorporatestrategiestofulfillatthevariouscriteriaofthedemarche.Firstofall,thebuildinghasitsownSMESystemofEnvironmentalManagementforallthestagesoftheproject,whichiscreatedbyaconsultinggroupandwrittendownduringworkshops.TheSMEhasbeenaguidefortheactorsoftheproject.ElaboratingtheSystemofEnvironmentalManagementcanbelongbutthenduringtherealizationandalsoafterit,itiseasiertomakedecisioninthedesignandchoicesfortheuseofthebuilding.Itislikedefiningtheprogram;itisessentialtobeginthedesign.Integrationoftheprojectinthesite:relationbetweenthebuildingandtheenvironmentThelocationisimportantfortheintegrationoftheprojectinthesite,becausetoreachthetargetitisbettertotakeadvantagesoftheimplantation:climate,transports...that'smeanoftheexistinglandscape.Butthiscriterionisalsocoveringthedevelopmentofthesitewhatkindofoutdoorfacilities:parking,vegetation.Tryingtochangethewayweusetransportforexamplebeginsbythesettingofnewtransportfacilitieslikebus,orbikeparking.InBREEAM,somepointsofthecertificationarenotachievedifyouhavetoomuchcarparkingplacesbutintheHQEcertification,itseemstobelikethereisnoparticularrequirementin reducin gtheamountofcarparking .Ineveryproject,weshouldconsiderthesiteandthecontextandtrytoconserveitasmuchaspossibleintact.Andsavingthetreesforexamplecouldbeawaytorespectthisidea.
10Forthishighschool,theyaskedalandscapedesignertoimprovetheaestheticqualityofthesurroundingarea.Theprojecttriedtolimittheaccessesandtheroadssoasnottoretainrainfallwater.About70%ofthesurfaceisperviousinordernottodisturbthelifeecosystemofthesite.Sustainablearchitectureiscomplicatedtoachievedconcerningtheenergeticpartforexamplebutthiskindofdevice,orstrategiesareeasiertoincorporateinaproject.Moreovertheyconservedthetreesandcreatepoolstocleantherainfallwater.Takecountof thecontextis reallyimportant andhere oneofthecriteriaisentirelydedicatetothis.MaterialsConcerningthechoiceofthematerials,unlikeBREEAMtherearenospecificcriteriahoweverthereareafewrecommendationsuchasabanoftheuseofpollutingmaterials.TheHQEcertificationisnotsufficientlydevelopedforthiscriterion.Fortheclient,andtheactorsoftheconstruction,itisnoteasytochoosematerialsasthereisnopre-establishedlistofcertifiedmaterialsbutinanotherhanditletsthearchitectfreertochoosematerialswhichcanbevalidbutmaybenotcertified.Inthishighschool,theyused:linoleum,wood,doubleglasswithalowU-value...Itisnotmoredetailedsowecannotknowiftheyhavespecialenvironmentalcertifications.AtleastthesematerialssuchaswoodareconsideredsustainablebecauseitstoresCO2.Andthechoiceoflowemissivematerialshowsthatenergyisalsoessentialinsuchproject.NuisanceoftheconstructionDuringtheconstruction,theconstructionsocietiesaresupposedtofollowaconvention.Itimplies thattheconstructi onmustnotcreatedisturbances.Forexamp le,thetreatmentandthestorageofthewastecountinthiscriterion.EnergymanagementActually,animportanttargetisenergy.Today,itisabigissueandtheconstruction'sfieldisthefirstconsummatorofenergy.InFrance,thegovernmenttriestoencouragethereductionofourconsumptionbutitisstillhard.Moreover,inFrancetheelectricityisproducedfr omnuclearp lants.Weknowthatitprovideenoughenergyforourconsumptionbutthemainproblemi sthepollutionitcreates.Certificationtriestopromotetheuseofrenewableenergysuchaswind,sun,andhydroelectricpower.Intheprojecttheyinstalled140m2ofPVpanelsandplannedtousebiomass(wood),whichissupposedtoprovide42%oftheenergydemand.Renewableenergyisusedasmuchaspossiblebutinthisprojecttheyalsoplannedtousegas.Theconcerningfortheenergycriterionisnotonlyaboutintegratingrenewableenergytechnologiesbutalsodesigntotakeadvantageoftheconditionsofthesite,forexamplenaturalventilationcanavoidtheuseof airconditi oning.Moreover,theyusemechanical ventilationwithheatrecoveryintheroomorientedtotheNorth.Allthese combinedstrategiesare usedto obtaina finalannualconsump tiono f72kWh/m2,inrelationtoenergyendusesuchasheatingwaterandairandforlighting.
11From2012,thebuildings,whichreachlevelAareconsideredasBBCbuildings(buildingwithlowconsumption).OurcasestudyachievedlevelB,between51and90kWh/m2peryear,whichisactuallygoodefficiency.Thesekindsofdiagramshelptounderstandtherequiredlevelofperformance.Theactualregulation,theRT2012,requiresaconsumptionof50kWh/m2peryear.Sonewcertifiedbuildingswillprobablyneedtoachievehigherrequirementintermofenergy.ThecasestudybuildinghasnotachievedlabelHPE.Wecanapplyforthislabelatthesametimeasfor theNFc ertification,whichatteststhatthebuil dingisrealenergyefficient.Thislabelcouldbei mportantinfutureyearsbecauseitwillhelptheauthoritiestoknowwhichbuildingsneedtoberenovatedorreplaced.WatermanagementAboutwatermanagement, theyelaboratedsomearchitecturalstr ategieslike theconceptionofalargepooltostorerainfallwater,whichcovers2/3oftheneedsforirrigation.Buttheyalsotookaparticularattentioninchoosingtheequipments.Aswecanseeformostofthecriteriathereisatechnologicalandanarchitecturalanswers.Insomecase,wesometimes,forgettothinkofarchitecturalsolutionsandprefertoapplytechnologiesonthebuilding,whichformeisnotthebestwaytodesignsustainablearchitecture.Ofcoursetechnologywillhelpusbutitisbettertodesignanefficientbuildingbeforeusingtech nologiestorepairth emistakesandbe abletoreachthecertificationsrequirements.WastemanagementWasteisinalotoffields,notonlyforconstruction,abigissue.WiththeSME, thearchitectsofthebuildingneededtothinkofitsstorage.Inthisproject,theyimplantedthreewastedisposals .Thenthey willbe abletotreatthewaste producedby theactivitiesthattakeplaceinthebuilding.
12Allthecriteriaco ncerningthemanagementofthebui ldingarea simportantastheefficiencyandtheconstructioncriteriaofthebuilding.ThisSMEisastrongpointoftheHQEdemarche.TheSMEandalltheotherdevicesarecomplementary.ComfortThecriteriafrom8to11areconcernedaboutcomfort.Inthecasestudybuilding,thereisa particulara ttentiontodaylight.Therequir ementsarehigh.Itisama ndatoryrequirementthatnaturallightingisavai lableineveryclassroom,a ndstudi o.Thedaylightfactorisneverunder2%andweconsideraroomwelllitwhenitisaround5%.Shadingdeviceshavealsobeendesignedtoprotecttheusersagainstglareandveilingreflections.Theindoore nvironmentistreated carefully.Inclassroomstheyhavedevice,w hichindicateswhenyouneedtoopenwindowstogetfreshair.Thisisasmallinterventiontoourprojectbutwhichcanchangethe habitsofthe users.Usuallypeople openthewindowsalotresultinginlargeheatloss.TheHQEcertificationnotonlytriestohaveefficientbuildingbutalsochangethewayweusebuildings.Tofinis haboutthemainchar acteristicsofthi sprojectand itsadvantage s,theGTB(GestionTechniqueduBâtiment)isinchargeofcontrollingtheconsumptionofwaterandenergythankstosoftwarelike"Ecoweb".Withtheanalysisofdata,theyareabletogivesomeguidelinesandadvicesfortheexploitationandthemaintenance.AllthesedevicesarethoughtthankstothecertificationHQE,theguidepermitsnottoforgetessentialpoints.Butofcourseitdoesn'tpresentallthestrategieswecanusesothearchitec tandtheenterprisesneedto knowabouts ustainablearchi tecture,andsearchforinformation.
13The14criteriaandtheirweighting(DocumentfromthebrochureoftheHQEdemarche)Aswecanseeinthistabletheweightingofthecriteriaarenottreatedequally.Someofthemjustfollowtheregulations,likeforthechoiceoftheprocessesandproductsofconstruction,orsanitaryconstruction,orqualityofthewater.Outof14criteriaonlythreeofthemjustfollowthelowestrequirements.Otherwise,thetargetsaretryingtoreachtheveryefficien tle vel.Eighttargetsa reveryefficient andmoreoverallthetargetsoftheeco-managementarereachedthatmeansthattheSMEisprobablyreallyefficientandtakeincountalotoftheissuesoftheoperationofthebuilding.AllthecertificationsarebasedontheHQEguide,butaswesaw,itdoesn'tcovereveryaspectsofthebuilding,forexamplethechoiceofthesiteisnotreallycountinginthecertification.IntheBREEAMcertificationtheygivepointsifthebuildingiswelllocatedandwellconnectedtootherfacilities.TheHQEcertificationaddressesmanypointsbutasinthecaseofmostcertificationschemestheresomeweaknesses.BREEAMhas10cate gories:Mana gement,He althandWellbeing,Energy,Transp ort,Water,Waste,Pollution,LandUseandEcology, Materials,In novation.So meofthecategoriesaretakenincountintheotherstargets.ButthecategoryInnovationisreallyagoodidea,becauseitpushesthearchitects,societiesinconstructiontodobetter.ThisprobablymissesintheHQEguide.
14AnotherbigdifferencebetweenHQEcertificationandBREEAMistheweightofeachcriteria.IntheHQEcertification,eachcriterionhasthesameweight,inBREEAMtheygivealotofpointsfortheenergyefficiencyandmanagementwhereasintheHQEitseemstobelessimportant.Theenergyefficiencyisabigdealbutwecanbeafraidthattheproject willfocustoomuchont hisaspectof theprojectandne glectallt hesociological,aestheticimpactsarchitectureshouldhaveonpeople.Thecertificationsaregoodtoimproverequirementsbutweshouldn'tforgetthatwebuildforhumanbeings.ConclusionMainobservationsaboutHQEcertificationAtfirstglance,HQEmightseemcomplicated.However,studyingitmorethoroughly,Idiscoveredtha ttheguidewasinfac tquitee asilyfollowed .Buttherearest illsomedifficulties.Evenif theguideisquite straight forward,it isanadvantage for theconstructortohavesomesupportwhe nstarti ngtofollowth eguideline s.So meinstitutions,liketh eAdemeareth eretohelp ,notonlytofollowtheguidebutalsofinancially.Throughthe14criteriaofthecertification,HQEistryingtodobetterthanthecurrentstandardintheconstructionfield.Comparedtoothertypes ofcertif ication,theHQEcertificationis morebasedona process,thanonmarks:eveniftheefficiencyrequirementsdonotchangetheguidestaymoreorlessvalid.Howeverasapartofthecertificationcriteria,minimalefficiencyvaluesshouldbe obtained.Andthisvalues needtobe updatedofteneveniftheregulationhaschangedjustafewweeksago.Acommonpointforallthecertificationsistheirprice.Usuallyforsmallbuildingsit'shardtoapplyforcertifications,becauseitisanimportantpartofthebudget.However,comparedtoothertypesofcertifications,withthe"démarcheHQE"®,youpayonlyforthecertificationsandnotforfollowingtheguidelines.ThisisawaytoshowthatyourbuildingisrespectingtherequirementsoftheguidewithoutnecessarilyhavingtheNFcertifications.Forthecertifications,thecostdependsofthesizeandthecomplexityofthebuilding.ForthecertificationNF,itisbetween10000and40000€,whichstillisabigamountinabudgetforasmallconstruction.Andthecertificationneedtobeupdatedevery3yearsandthebuildinghastobecheckedeveryyeartofindoutwhatcouldbeimprovedintermofmanagementofthebuildingorconsumption,toincreasethequalityofitsuse.ThosereevaluationsmadebytheCSTBarethebestwaytoensurethatthebuildingwillhavethelongestlifeitcanhave.Whyarethecertificationssoimportant?Whatdotheycontribute?Overall,certificationsareawaytoimprovetheentirefieldofconstruction,toincreasetherequirementsforbuildings,andhighlightwhichbuildingsareefficientandwhichonearen't,inordertosensitizepeople.Thecertificationsworkasawayofawardingconstructorsmeetingcertainrequirement s.Neverthelessitshouldbeanevidentpreoccupationofeveryarchitect,everysocietyinvolveinconstruction.
15Thecertificationsexistbecausetheyworkastheguide,exampletofollow.Ofcoursetheyhelpduringtheprocessofconception,butnottheleasttheyhelptodecidehowabuildingshouldbeusedinelaboratingmanagementplans.TheHQEcertificationissimilartotheothercertificationsexceptthatitdoesnotusemarks,butsca lesofevaluati on,referenceval uesandappreciations.Theriskofallcertificationsisthattheywillfocusonlyononeofthethreeaspectsofsustainability:economy,environmentorsocial.Moreofoftenth annot,theso cialaspectofsustainabilityisnottakingintoaccountbythecertifications.FurtherdevelopmentoftheHQEcertificationIn2009,theEnglishorganizationBREandtheCSTBpassedanagreementtoadoptthesamemethodofevaluationoftheenvironmentalqualityofthebuildingtodelivertheHQEcertificationandtheBREEAMcertification.2Infact,thatprovesthattheEuropeanpreoccupationofhavingacommoncertificationisimportant.Thentheunderstandingofhowtoachieve certificationw illbeea sier,indeedthearchitectsandthe actorsofconstructionwillhavemoreexamplesofcertifiedbuildingstheywillbeabletolookat.Ibelievethatcombiningthetwocertificationswillbeanadvantagefortheowners,theycanbesurethatthecertificationwillberecognizedbyinvestorsorrenters.Itisyettooearlytoseetherealimpactofsuchamergingofthecertifications,butinafewyearsthecertificationcouldbearealtoolusedbymostoftherealestatedevelopers.Itcouldbethewayeverybuildingshouldbebuilt,becauseusingtheguideisthinkingofitsfutureuse.2RapprochementdescertificationsenvironnementalesHQEetBREEAM,IsabelleDuffaure-Gallais,22/06/2009onwww.lemoniteur.fr
BåTIMENT ET
Sommaire
B‰timents: rŽpondre aux dŽfis
du XXI e
La dŽmarche HQE¨
Comment faire?
Les exemples
Les ŽvŽnements
Les rŽfŽrences
2RŽaliser des b‰timents neufs et
amŽliorer des b‰timents existants qui auront dans leur ensemble des impacts limitŽs sur lÕenvironnement: telle est la rŽponse que veulent apporter lÕADEME et ses parte- naires ˆ travers la dŽmarche de
Haute QualitŽ Environnementale.
1. Une sensibilitŽ du grand public ˆ la
qualitŽ environnementale: sont en jeu:
3. De nouveaux ressorts pour le marchŽ
du b‰timent:
4. Une rŽponse aux nouvelles attentes:
5. GŽnŽraliser la dŽmarche HQE
6. Installer la notion de dŽveloppement
durable dans le b‰timent:
B‰timents:
rŽpondre aux dŽfis duXXI e 3
Association HQE:
4, avenue du recteur Poincar
75016 Paris
www.assohqe.orgLa dmarche de Haute Qualit Environne- mentale, initie au dbut des annes 90, sest dveloppe sous lgide du Plan
Construction Architecture (PCA) la faveur
des travaux de lATEQUE (Atelier dvaluation de la Qualit Environnementale) et dune douzaine de ralisations exprimentales dans le domaine de lhabitat social (REX HQE).
LAssociation HQE dont lADEME est
membre fondateur a ensuite capitalis ces expriences et mobilis progressivement lessen- tiel des acteurs du btiment en France. Cest cette entit, reprsentant la quasi-intgralit de ceux-ci,qui participe pour la France aux rendez- vous mondiaux des acteurs dune construction respectueuse de lenvironnement que sont les
SB & GBC (Sustainable Building & Green
Building Challenge voir page 18).Les rŽfŽrentiels,qui fondent la dmarche HQE dans le secteur du btiment, ont t labors dans le consensus par un groupe de travail de lAssociation HQE. Ils ont t rendus publics dans leur premire version en novembre 2001 au cours des Premires
Assises de la Dmarche HQE
La rencontre de lapproche urbaine et de
la dmarche HQE apparat comme une ncessit beaucoup d'acteurs. La cible n1 (cf. page 6) ne considre que partiel- lement les effets des choix d'implantation d'un btiment, en particulier les besoins fonciers lis aux voiries et rseaux divers ainsi quaux transports.A quoi sert en effet la performance nergtique d'un btimentds lors que ses utilisateurs doivent consommer beaucoup de carburant pour sy rendre ? La question de la maison indi- viduelle en secteur diffus en est une illus- tration.
Des expriences assez nombreuses, des
chelles diverses, ont dj t menes.
Leur gnralisation nest cependant pas
encore envisageable.
Une approche mthodologique et pratique
des lotissements a fait l'objet de dvelop- pements par le SNAL (Syndicat National des professionnels de lAmnagement et du Lotissement) avec le concours de lADEME et de la DGUHC (Direction
Gnrale de lUrbanisme, de lHabitat et
de la Construction au ministre en charge du logement). Elle doit maintenant tre teste pour en valider le bien-fond.
Par ailleurs,une rflexion de fond,avec tous
les acteurs intresss, est conduite par le groupe de travail "amnagement" de l'Association HQE.
La dimension urbaine
QuÕest-ce que
la HQE
Donner en quelques mots une dfinition de la
Haute Qualit Environnementale nest pas forc-
ment simple. Il ne sagit pas dune nouvelle norme, ni dun label supplmentaire. La HQE est dabord une dmarche,celle de management de projetvisant limiter les impacts dune opration de construction ou de rhabilitation sur lenvironnement tout en assurant lint- rieur du btiment des conditions de vie saines et confortables.Esthtique,confort,agrment de vie,cologie,durabilit:la Haute Qualit Environ- nementale prend en compte la globalit, joue le dveloppement durable et reprsente ainsi ltat le plus avanc de lart de construire.
Un btiment conu, ralis et gr selon une
dmarche de qualit environnementale possde donc toutes les qualits habituelles darchitec- ture, de fonctionnalit,dusage, de performance technique et autres que lon est en droit dattendre. Mais en plus, ses impacts sur lenvi- ronnement ont t durablement minimiss.
Cela, aussi bien par le choix des matriaux de
construction, que par la prise en compte de la maintenance du btiment,ventuellement mme de sa dconstruction et, surtout, par les conomies dnergie quil permet et qui limi- teront laccroissement de leffet de serre dont est menace la plante. 4
La dŽmarche HQE
ronnementale tente dapporter une rponse lensemble de ces problmatiques parfois contradictoires.
Laquestion
ducožt
La HQE
progresse aussi dans le priv, plus particulirement dans les tablissements de sant, les maisons de retraites, les grandes surfaces commerciales et les bureaux. Ces oprateurs privs y trouvent leur compte: en effet, si le surcot immdiat ne peut souvent tre nglig notamment du fait du temps supplmentaire ncessaire au management de projet, cet inconvnient peut tre quilibr par les conomies ralises et les cots vits. Cela quelquefois ds linvestissement, mais en gn- ral tout au long de la vie du btiment, les cots de fonctionnement tout comme ceux de main- tenance se trouvant minimiss. En terme de cot global, qui tient compte la fois du cot dinvestissement et du cot de fonctionnement lapproche HQE est donc avantageuse par rapport une approche ordinaire.
Cela sans
compter le gain inestimable en terme de protection de la sant des occupants et de lenvironnement de tous
Les opŽrations issues de l'appel
ˆ projets consacrŽ aux b‰timents
du tertiaire : une nouvelle Žtape
La priode des oprations pionnires, au
cours de laquelle la dmarche HQE s'est progressivement labore, a donn suite une nouvelle re, plus codifie, dapplication de la dmarche dans un cadre mieux dfini.
Lappel projets Dmarche HQE
et bti- ments tertiaires, lanc par l'ADEME en juin2002, en partenariat avec l'Association HQE et le CSTB, a permis de slectionner une vingtaine d'oprations de bureaux, d'ensei- gnement, de piscines, dun immeuble de grande hauteur, dun hpital et de tester le projet de certification NF Btiments Tertiaires
Dmarche HQE
Construisez
local, pensez global !
La construction au XXI
e sicle ne peut plus sparer le local du global. Plus clairement, il nest plus possible dignorer linfluence quune construction locale peut avoir sur lenvironnement ni des exigences que ce dernier impose au projet. lchelle locale, lacte de construire garde ses impratifs. Il se doit de prendre en compte la prservation des cosystmes remarquables et de la biodiversit. Il doit prserver les paysages, le patrimoine historique et culturel, etc.
Cela tout en assurant une qualit de vie pour
les occupants et usagers du btiment et le cas emblmatique de lamiante en est lillustration , apporter toutes les garanties dinnocuit des locaux en terme de sant.
Mais cet acte de construire,mme sil se ralise
localement, ne peut plus oublier les enjeux globaux de protection de lenvironnement: viter notamment leffet de serre, la destruc- tion de la couche dozone et le gaspillage des ressources en nergie et matriaux. La dmarche damlioration de la qualit envi-
DesÒrŽfŽrentielsÓ
pour dŽfinir la dŽmarche
Deux documents, rendus publics fin 2001 lors
des premires Assises de la dmarche HQE constituent le fondement de la dmarche HQEquotesdbs_dbs32.pdfusesText_38
[PDF] Démarche HQE - NTNU