[PDF] [PDF] Troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents des cycles dorientation à

6 1 Questionnaire sur le sommeil chez les adolescents que le sommeil peut éveiller en cinq étudiants de médecine de 3e année peuvent être variés



Previous PDF Next PDF





[PDF] texte integral - Université Cadi Ayyad

Il s'agit d'une étude transversale et descriptive par auto-questionnaire auprès d' étudiants de la faculté de médecine de Marrakech sur le sommeil et ses troubles  



[PDF] Le sommeil et ses troubles chez les étudiants de la faculté de

Nous avons utilisé un auto-questionnaire inspiré du questionnaire des troubles de sommeil Mots clés : Sommeil- Troubles du sommeil- Etudiant en médecine



[PDF] QUESTIONNAIRE DU SOMMEIL - Réseau Morphée

L'ensemble du questionnaire fait référence à des troubles qui vous gênent et qui sont fréquents Votre entourage a-t-il noté des arrêts respiratoires au cours du sommeil ? ○ ○ ○ En formation (élèves, étudiant, en formation à plein temps)



[PDF] Manque de sommeil chez les jeunes/ dangers prévention et

1 fév 2016 · quel point le manque de sommeil est un problème omniprésent chez les jeunes de mon âge un grand nombre de personnes ( 22 5 des étudiants français Elle se composerait d'un questionnaire anonyme distribué à



[PDF] LE SOMMEIL DES JEUNES FRANCILIENS À LÈRE DU - ORS-IDF

2 jan 2020 · Proportion des étudiants qui dorment mal ou très mal : données USEM ( ) 36 années 2000, la question du sommeil était encore délaissée



[PDF] Troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents des cycles dorientation à

6 1 Questionnaire sur le sommeil chez les adolescents que le sommeil peut éveiller en cinq étudiants de médecine de 3e année peuvent être variés



[PDF] 5 Troubles du sommeil

Figure 33: Heures de sommeil chez les étudiants pendant les jours de travail SDE et L'auto-évaluation de la SDE selon le questionnaire de centre de



[PDF] Evaluation de la qualité de vie et du stress - CHUPS Jussieu

de vie, ses fonctions élémentaires (alimentation, sommeil), et engendrer une des étudiants aurait nécessité de lever l'anonymat du questionnaire afin de relier  

[PDF] énergie de première ionisation calcul

[PDF] l'ancien régime et la révolution résumé

[PDF] la morphologie en linguistique

[PDF] énergie d'ionisation calcul

[PDF] morphologie flexionnelle et dérivationnelle

[PDF] morphologie des mots exercices

[PDF] cours de morphologie linguistique pdf

[PDF] analyse morphologique des mots exercices

[PDF] fin de l'ancien régime

[PDF] morphologie flexionnelle et dérivationnelle pdf

[PDF] la morphologie lexicale

[PDF] morphologie des insectes pdf

[PDF] classification des insectes pdf

[PDF] biologie des insectes pdf

[PDF] cours d'entomologie générale pdf

Troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents des cycles d'orientation à Genève !!!"#"#"#"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$!!!!"#"#"#"!!!%&'()!*++,-.'/&!,&!+)0,1'&,!1/++2&32(3'-,!4*567!8&&),!9:$9"9:$;!8-&/2?!='@/&!8>?!A,-0'B'.!C>?!D(/EF!G>!H!D1IJ3-(F!K>

!9!!

!;!Table des Matières !1!Préambule :!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!L!$>$!%&,!M,('(,!I'.(/'-,N!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!L!$>9!A/2-O2/'!E,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!P!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!L!$>;!A-)1'.'/&!0,!&/(-,!.2Q,(!0R)(20,!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!S!$>T!%&!3-('1E,!.1',&('U'O2,+,&(!-)0'@)!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!S!$>L!%&!)O2'M3@,!V!E3!M/'&(,!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!W!$>S!A-'.,!0,!(,+M)-3(2-,!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!X!$>W!AE/&@),!03&.!E,!Y'U!02!.2Q,(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$:!$>X!Z/(-,!O2,.('/&&3'-,!)1-'(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$:!$>[!\,.!O2,.('/&&3'-,.!/-32>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$:!$>$:!\R2('E'.3('/&!0,.!0/&&),.!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$9!$>$:>$!\3!1I3..,!32>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$9!$>$:>9!\,.!-)031('/&.!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$;!$>$$!5/(.!0,!U'&!0,!0)]2(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$T!2!" Article scientifique » :!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$L!9>$!8].(-31(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$L!9>9!^).2+)!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$L!9>;!C,_J/-0.!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$L!9>T!*&(-/021('/&!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$S!9>L!53()-',E!,(!+)(I/0,!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!$[!9>S!^).2E(3(.!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!99!9>W!`'.12..'/&!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!;T!3!Epilogue :!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!;X!;>$!%&!Y/_3@,!+/2Y,+,&()!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!;X!;>9!%&,!],-@,!0,!M/..']'E'().!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!;X!;>;!\,.!+/(.!0,!E3!U'&!P!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!;[!4!Remerciements :!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!T:!5!Références :!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!T9!6!Annexes!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!TL!S>$!a2,.('/&&3'-,!.2-!E,!./++,'E!1I,F!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!TW!S>9!a2,.('/&&3'-,!/-3E!M/2-!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!b!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!L;!S>;!a2,.('/&&3'-,!/-3E!M/2-!E,.!'&U'-+'c-,.!b!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!LT!!

!T!

!L!1 Préambule : !$>$ !"#$%#&'&#$(')&*'+#,!!*56>!*++,-.'/&!,&!+'E',2!1/++2&32(3'-,>!\,!(,-+,!)Y/O2,!ME2(d(!E3!ME/&@),!./2."+3-'&,!03&.!0,.!Y3.(,.!)(,&02,.!M,2ME),.!0,!U32&,!,(!0,!UE/-,!+_.()-',2.,.!0/(),.!0R3'E,-/&.!/2!0)-'Y3&(!32!@-)!0,.!1/2-3&(.!O2,!&/(-,!O2/('0',&!0,!+)0,1'&!,&!U/-+3('/&!Q/&@E3&(!,&(-,!ER3..'+'E3('/&!E3!ME2.!-3M'0,!M/..']E,!0,!1/&&3'..3&1,.!(I)/-'O2,.!,(!ER3MM-,&('..3@,!&/&!+/'&.!Y,-('@'&,2!\,.!O2,.('/&.!.,!]/2.12E,&(!03&.!&/(-,!,.M-'(!b!e2!3EE,-!P!a2,!1I,-1I,-!P!8Y,1!O2'!P!6/++,&(!&/2.!_!M-,&0-,!M/2-!1/++2&'O2,-!(/2(!1,!O2,!&/2.!32-/&.!0)1/2Y,-(!P!a2,!0,!1I,+'&!V!M3-1/2-'-!,&!O23(-,!+'&2.12E,.!.,+3'&,.!f!G,2-,2.,+,&(!O2,!&/2.!&/2.!./++,.!M-)M3-).!V!ER3Y3&1,!f!\,.!+,+]-,.!02!@-/2M,!P!%&,!U'EE,!,(!O23(-,!@3-g/&.>!\,!(Ic+,!V!,!i&!ME2.?!'E!0,Y3'(!.R3@'-!0R2&!M-/Q,(!,&!1/EE3]/-3('/&!3Y,1!E3!G32(,!i1/E,!0,!D3&()!4GiD7!Y2!O2R2&!0,.!+,+]-,.!02!@-/2M,!.,!(-/2Y3'(!j(-,!2&,!)(20'3&(,!,&!0')()('O2,!f!a2,!-jY,-!0,!+',2!Z/2.!Y/'1'!3--'Y).!32!M-,+',-!Q/2-?!(/2Q/2-.!2&,!U'EE,!,(!O23(-,!@3-g/&.?!2&!@-/2M,!-,1/&.('(2)!+3'.!I,2-,2!%&!1/&.,&.2.!.,+]E3'(!M/2-(3&(!-)@&,-!03&.!E,!U3'(!O2,!&/2.!3Y'/&.!(/2.!30/-)!ER2&'()!A,-1,M('/&.?!i+/('/&.?!6/+M/-(,+,&(.!4Ai67!)(20'),!32!$,-!.,+,.(-,?!(-3'(3&(!0,!&,2-/E/@',?!3Y,1!2&!1/2-.!M3-('12E'c-,+,&(!'&()-,..3&(!.2-!E,!./++,'E>!6,-(3'&.!0R,&(-,!&/2.?!-,.().!.2-!&/(-,!U3'+?!0).'-3',&(!.2-(/2(!3MM-/U/&0'-!E,!.2Q,(!,&!)E3-@'..3&(!0,!ER3.M,1(!&,2-/E/@'O2,!V!ER3.M,1(!1/+M/-(,+,&(3E!0R32(3&(!ME2.!O2R2&,!)(20,!)(3'(!,&!1/2-.!32!65%!,(!V!h,E"*0),!4G%=7!32!E3]/-3(/'-,!02!./++,'E?!./2.!E3!0'-,1('/&!0,!5>!A,--'@?!&/(-,!,&.,'@&3&(!0,!ER)M/O2,>!`R32(-,.!)(3',&(!ME2.!1/&1,-&).!M3-!E3!M-/]E)+3('O2,!0,.!'+M31(.!.2-!E3!./1')()!,(!./2I3'(3',&(!

!S!)(3]E'-!E,.!132.,.!3_3&(!+,&),.!V!0,!(,E.!0_.U/&1('/&&,+,&(.!./1'32<>!%&,!1I/.,!)(3'(!.2-,?!&/.!1I,+'&.!1/&Y,-@,3',&(!f!!\,!1I/'!A,--'@?!02!+/'&.!(/2(!32!0)]2(>!6,M,&03&(?!'E!.R,.(!-3M'0,+,&(!3Y)-)!)Y'0,&(!M/2-!&/2.!O2,!ER30/E,.1,&1,!)(3'(!2&!M/'&(!1E)!0,!E3!Y',!0,!(/2(,!M,-./&&,!/k!E,.!1I3&@,+,&(.!I/-+/&32!6,!+/+,&(!0,!0)]2(!0,!M-'.,!0R'&0)M,&03&1,!0,!ER30/E,.1,&(!Y'.!V!Y'.!0,!./&!,&(/2-3@,?!(/2(!,&!-,.(3&(!@2'0)?!1/&.,'EE)!,(!M-'.!,&!1I3-@,!&/2.!3!],321/2M!'&(-'@2).!,(!&/2.!3Y/&.!(-/2Y)!ER'0),!0R,..3_,-!0,!E2'!U3'-,!M-,&0-,!1/&.1',&1,!0,!ER'+M/-(3&1,!0,!@)-,-!1/--,1(,+,&(!./&!M-/M-,!./++,'E!M/2-!3+)E'/-,-!E3!O23E'()!0,!.3!Y',!32!O2/('0',&?!(-c.!'&()-,..3&(,>!!!$>; 0+97')'*"$5#$"*&+#$)1:#&$5;9&15#!!6R,.(!3E/-.!O2,!&/2.!3Y/&.!-,0)U'&'!&/.!1,&(-,.!0R'&()-j(.>!e2]E'3&(!E,!(Ic+,!0,!ER'+M31(!0,.!Q,2!Z/2.!3Y/&.!0)1'0)!0,!+,((-,!E,!13M!.2-!ER)(20,!0,!ERI_@'c&,!02!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,(!.3!0)M,&03&1,!32!Z/2.!3Y/&.!32..'!./&0)!E,2-.!.(-3()@',.!M,-./&&,EE,.!3U'&!0R3+)E'/-,-!E,2-!M-/M-,!./++,'E!,(!,..3_)!0,!-)M,-(/-',-!.R'E!,<'.(3'(!2&!1/&(-dE,!02!./++,'E!M3-!E,2-!,&(/2-3@,!/2!,&1/-,!0,.!+,.2-,.!M-)Y,&('Y,.!1/&(-,!E,.!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E!03&.!E,.!)(3]E'..,+,&(.!.1/E3'-,.!02!6>e>!V!=,&cY,>!A/2-!1,E3!&/2.!3Y/&.!1I/'.'!0R)(3]E'-!0,2!\,!M-,+',-?!)1-'(?!-3MM,E3'(!2&!a65!,(!M,-+,((3'(!0R3Y/'-!2&,!+)(I/0,!0,!1/+M3-3'./&!ME2(d(!/]Q,1('Y,!0,.!-)M/&.,.>!\,!.,1/&0?!ME2.!UE,<']E,?!0,!(_M,!/-3E?!3!1/&.'.()!V!'&(,-Y',J,-!1,-(3'&.!)EcY,.!3U'&!0R3Y/'-!2&,!+,'EE,2-,!-)1/E(,!0,!E,2-.!'+M-,..'/&.!M,-./&&,EE,.!,(!2&,!./2ME,..,!&/&!/UU,-(,!M3-!E,!a65>!a23&(!32!*E!,.(!V!&/(,-?!O2R2&!+)0,1'&!02!(-3Y3'E?!0,!M3..3@,!03&.!ER)(3]E'..,+,&(?!3!)@3E,+,&(!,2!E3!@,&('EE,..,!0R_!-)M/&0-,?!1,!M/2-!O2/'!ER/&!3!303M()!&/.!O2,.('/&.>!!!-.< !"$6+&'73#$)7'#"&'='21#4#"&$+95'>9$$!!A-j(.!V!.,!E3&1,-!03&.!E,!+/&0,!02!6_1E,!0R/-',&(3('/&!46e7?!'E!&,!&/2.!-,.(3'(!ME2.!O2R2&,!0)1'.'/&!V!M-,&0-,!V!.3Y/'-!1,!O2,!&/2.!3EE'/&.!U3'-,!0,.!0/&&),.!-)1/E(),.>!6/&.,'EE).!M3-!&/(-,!.2M,-Y'.,2-?!E,!`->!^/I&,-?!5)0,1'&!30Q/'&(!3@-)@)?!+,+]-,!0,!E3!`'-,1('/&!0,!ER3&3E_.,!+)0'1/")1/&/+'O2,?!ER'0),!0,!M-/U'(,-!0,!1,!.(3@,!M/2-!3MM-,&0-,!V!-)0'@,-!2&!3-('1E,!.1',&('U'O2,!&/2.!3!0,!.2'(,!'&(,-M,E).>!6,-(,.?!&/2.!.3Y/&.!]',&!O2,!E,!U3'(!0,!(-/2Y,-!2&,!]/&&,!I_M/(Ic.,!0,!0)M3-(!3'&.'!O2R2&,!M-/]E)+3('O2,!(,&3&(!E3!-/2(,?!M2'.!0R,UU,1(2,-!2&,!-)1/E(,!0,!0/&&),.?!2&,!

!W!3&3E_.,!0,.!-).2E(3(.!3Y,1!2('E'.3('/&!1/--,1(,!0,.!.(3('.('O2,.!,(!13E12E!0,!E3!U'3]'E'()!0,!&/.!Y3E,2-.?!2&!3].(-31(?!2&!3-('1E,?!2&!M/.(,-!.1',&('U'O2,!3'&.'!O2R2&,!M-).,&(3('/&!03&.!E,.!-c@E,.!0,!ER3-(?!E,!(/2(!,&!O23(-,!.,+3'&,.!.R'E!&R,.(!M3.!'&U3'.3]E,?!,.(!M/2-!E,!+/'&.!'&1/&.1',&(>!6,M,&03&(?!)(3&(!(/2.!'&()-,..).!V!U3'-,!0,!E3!-,1I,-1I,!03&.!E,!U2(2-?!&/2.!3Y/&.!.32()!.2-!E,!0)U'!3Y,1!(/2(,!E3!Y/E/&()!,(!E3!+/('Y3('/&!0/&(!&/2.!3Y/&.!M2!U3'-,!M-,2Y,>!!!Z/2.!3Y/&.!0l!M3-!1/&(-,!U3'-,!0,.!1/+M-/+'.?!13-!E,!1I/'!6,!M-)3+]2E,!,(!E,!M,('(!)M'E/@2,!0,!U'&!,&!()+/'@&,&(!,(!1/&.'.(,&(!,&!2&,!0,.1-'M('/&!0,!&/(-,!,!A/2-!1,!O2'!1/&1,-&,!ER'&(-/021('/&!0,!ER3-('1E,?!&/2.!&/2.!./++,.!ME2.!3((3-0).!.2-!E,.!0'Y,-.,.!./2."M3-(',.!O2,!0R/-0'&3'-,!03&.!2&!Q/2-&3E!.1',&('U'O2,?!3U'&!0,!M/2Y/'-!3MM/-(,-!.2UU'.3++,&(!402!+/'&.!ER,.M)-/&."&/2.7!0R)E)+,&(.!(I)/-'O2,.!0,!]3.,!.2-!E,!./++,'E!,(!E,.!'&.('(2('/&.!@,&,Y/'.,.!3U'&!0,!M,-+,((-,!2&,!]/&&,!1/+M-)I,&.'/&>!A/2-!E,!-,.(,?!&/2.!&/2.!./++,.!3((31I).!V!.2'Y-,!32!ME2.!M-c.!E3!!0'.M/.'('/&!4@2'0,E'&,.7!0,!(_M,!-)031('/&!.1',&('U'O2,?!O2'!M/2--3'(!&/2.!j(-,!0,+3&0),!ME2.!(3-0?!.'!&/2.!Y/2E'/&.!1/&('&2,-!03&.!2&,!U'E'c-,!0,!-,1I,-1I,!+)0'13E,>!!!$>L !"$921'%6>#$?$36$%*'"&#!!!A/2-!&/2.!@2'0,-!03&.!&/(-,!13-(/@-3MI',!0,!E3!O23E'()!02!./++,'E!03&.!E,.!1_1E,.!0R/-',&(3('/&.?!&/2.!3Y'/&.!E3!1I3&1,!0R3Y/'-!2&,!)O2'M,!+,-Y,'EE,2.,!0R'&U'-+'c-,.!'..2,.!02!D,-Y'1,!D3&()!m,2&,..,!4DDm7!0/&(!&/(-,!-)U)-,&(,!3!)()!5+,!\32-,&1,!D1I,&B,E"6/.(,?!'&U'-+'c-,!02!6e!0,.!K/'-,(.!32!=-3&0"\3&1_!,(!M-'&1'M3E,!'&Y,.('@3(-'1,!02!M-/@-3++,!0,!M-)Y,&('/&!,&!1/2-.!0R)(3]E'..,+,&(!1/&(-,!E,!+32Y3'.!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!.1/E3-'.).!03&.!E,.!6e!0,!=,&cY,>!5+,!D1I,&B,E!&/2.!3!&/&!.,2E,+,&(!3112,'EE'.!E,.!]-3.!/2Y,-(.!,&!&/2.!M-/M/.3&(!0,!&/+]-,2.,.!31('Y'().!(/2(,.!ME2.!/-'@'&3E,.!E,.!2&,.!O2,!E,.!32(-,.?!+3'.!.R,.(!/112M),!0R/](,&'-!(/2(,.!E,.!32(/-'.3('/&.!32!&'Y,32!02!DDm!,(!0,!E3!0'-,1('/&!0,!ER)(3]E'..,+,&(?!3U'&!O2,!&/2.!M2'..'/&.!U3'-,!&/(-,!)(20,!03&.!E,.!+,'EE,2-,.!1/&0'('/&.!M/..']E,.?!-3((-3M3&(!&/.!,--,2-.!,(!&/2.!@2'03&(!3U'&!0R)(3]E'-!0,.!/]Q,1('U.!1/&1-,(.!,(!-)3E'.3]E,.>!ZR/2]E'/&.!M3.!E,.!32(-,.!'&U'-+'c-,.?!1/EEc@2,.!0,!5+,!D1I,&B,E?!0/&(!,EE,!&/2.!3!0/&&)!E,.!1//-0/&&),.!,(!O2'!/&(!,2!E3!@,&('EE,..,!0,!-)M/&0-,!V!&/.!O2,.('/&.!3'&.'!O2,!E3!0/1(/-,..,!1I3-@),!0R3'0,-!V!E3!13+M3@&,!0,!Y311'&3('/&!02!1_1E,!0,.!K/'-,(.!O2'!3!M-/M/.)!0R,EE,"+j+,!0,!&/2.!311/-0,-!0,!./&!(,+M.?!+3E@-)!2&,!+3('&),!)M2'.3&(,!0,!Y311'&3('/&!V!E3!1I3n&,>!!!A/2-!1//-0/&&,-!ER,&.,+]E,?!E,!`-!D(,MI,&!A,--'@?!-,.M/&.3]E,!02!E3]/-3(/'-,!02!./++,'E!0,.!G%=!3!-,+ME'!V!+,-Y,'EE,!./&!-dE,!0,!13M'(3'&,>!8!E2'!,.(!'&1/+])!E3!(o1I,!'++,&.,!0,!Y)-'U',-!,(!1/--'@,-!&/.!.(-3()@',.!,(!&/(-,!ME3&!0,!@,.('/&!0,.!0/&&),.>!\2'!,(!K'-@'&',!D(,-M,&'1I?!53n(-,!3..'.(3&(,!03&.!E,!E3]/-3(/'-,!02!A-/U,..,2-!D/MI',!D1IJ3-(F!465%7!&/2.!/&(!3'0).!V!)(3]E'-!E,.!/]Q,1('U.!U'&32!=-o1,!V!,2

!X!-,1I,-1I,!,(!1/++,&(!.R_!M-,&0-,!M/2-!,UU,1(2,-!2&,!)(20,!1/--,1(,>!\,!`->!A,--'@!3!M-'.!E,!(,+M.!0,!&/2.!@2'0,-?!0,!&/2.!1/&.,'EE,-!,(!0,!E'-,!&/.!0/&&),.!+3E@-)!E3!+3..,!0R'&U/-+3('/&!O2,!&/2.!E2'!./2+,(('/&.?!3U'&!0R)(3]E'-!0,.!E',&.!1E3'-.!,(!2('E,.!V!0'.12(,->!5+,!D(,-M,&'1I!.R,.(!O23&(!V!,EE,!0)Y/2),!3U'&!0,!&/2.!3'0,-!V!1/+M-,&0-,!E3!(I)/-',!.(3('.('O2,!&)1,..3'-,!V!E3!Y)-'U'13('/&!,(!ER'&(,-M-)(3('/&!0,!&/.!-).2E(3(.>!=-o1,!V!,EE,?!&/2.!3Y/&.!3MM-'.!E,.!]3.,.!0,.!3&3E_.,.!.(3('.('O2,.!,(!E,!U/&1('/&&,+,&(!02!M-/@-3++,!D(3('.('13p>!!!i&U'&?!&R/2]E'/&.!M3.!&/(-,!Y'.'(,!I,]0/+303'-,!32!Y3'..,32!3+'-3E!M/2-!-,&1/&(-,-!&/(-,!1I,-!.2M,-Y'.,2-?!E,!`->!A,(,-!^/I&,-?!M-).,&()!M-)1)0,++,&(!03&.!.,.!U/&1('/&.!M-'&1'M3E,.!,(!+,+]-,!)@3E,+,&(!02!@-/2M,!0R*++,-.'/&!,&!6/++2&32()!02!A->!6I3.(/&3_>!*E!&/2.!3!)1E3'-)!.2]('E,+,&(!+3'.!,UU'131,+,&(!3Y,1!]/&&,!I2+,2-!,(!-'@2,2-!.2-!E,.!M/'&(.!(I)/-'O2,.!M-'&1'M32!D/&!-dE,!&R)(3'(!M3.!E3!Y)-'U'13('/&!0,!&/.!0/&&),.!&'!0,!&/.!)1-'(.?!+3'.!E3!ME3&'U'13('/&!,(!E3!+'.,!,&!U/-+,!0,!ER,&.,+]E,!02!M-/Q,(!3'&.'!O2,!E3!M-).,&(3('/&!,(!ER3MM-,&('..3@,!0,!E3!-,1I,-1I,!0,!.'(,.!M/2Y3&(!&/2.!3'0,-!03&.!&/(-,!M3-1/2-.>!8'&.'!&/2.!3Y/&.!M2!/](,&'-!0,.!'&U/-+3('/&.!M/-(3&(!.2-!E3!-,1I,-1I,!0R3-('1E,.!/2!,&1/-,!0,.!0'-,1('Y,.!4@2'0,E'&,.7!M/2-!E,.!0'UU)-,&(,.!-)031('/&.!0,+3&0),.>!`R32(-,!M3-(?!'E!&/2.!3!'&'(')!32!!!-.@ 0+')#$5#$%9+6&1+#$!!8Y3&(!0,!.32(,-!V!M',0.!Q/'&(.!03&.!E,!]3'&!0,!&/(-,!-,1I,-1I,?!0,2!!6/++,&(!Y/2.!,!*&2('E,!0,!Y/2.!0'-,!O2,!E3!12-'/.'()!ER3!,+M/-()!f!!\3!M-,+'c-,!0,+'"Q/2-&),!1/&.'.(3'(!V!0)1/2Y-'-!E,!(-3Y3'E!0R2&,!'&U'-+'c-,!.1/E3'-,!03&.!./&!]2-,32>!82!1/2-.!0,!E3!+3('&),?!E,.!)EcY,.!3--'Y3',&(!V!ER'+M-/Y'.(,!M/2-!0,.!0/2E,2-.!/2!0,.!O2,.('/&.>!8M-c.!3Y/'-!(-3'()!E,!M-/]Ec+,!M-'&1'M3E?!5+,!D1I,&B,E!.,!-,&.,'@&3'(!M/2-!.3Y/'-!.'!ER)EcY,!.,!.,&(3'(!@E/]3E,+,&(!]',&!,(!M/2-!U3'-,!2&!M,2!0,!M-)Y,&('/&?!M3-!,<,+ME,!32!&'Y,32!02!./++,'E!,(!E,!U3'(!0,!+3&@,-!E,!+3('&>!iEE,!&/2.!3!,!!\3!0,2<'c+,!0,+'"Q/2-&),!M/-(3'(!.2-!2&,!31('/&!.2-!E,!(,--3'&>!iUU,1(2),!,&!1//-0'&3('/&!3Y,1!5+,!5/-,(?!U/-+3(-'1,!1/&.2E(3&(,!,&!)0213('/&!,(!M-/+/('/&!0,!E3!.3&()!4s6AiD7!32!DDm?!ER/]Q,1('U!)(3'(!0,!0)E'Y-,-!0,2

!$:!!-.A 03*">9#$56")$3#$B'=$51$)1:#&$!Z/2.!Y/'1'!0/&1?!3M-c.!3Y/'-!-,&1/&(-)!(/2.!&/.!.2M,-Y'.,2-.!,(!0)1'0)!0,.!Y3-'3]E,.!O2,!&/2.!3EE'/&.!)(20',-?!3Y,1!2&!'++,&.,!13-(/&!0,!O2,.('/&&3'-,.!./2.!E,!]-3.?!V!3((,&0-,!03&.!E,.!1/2E/'-.!O2,!E,.!)EcY,.!./-(,&(!0,!E,2-!.)3&1,!0,!Y311'&3('/&!M/2-!U3'-,!&/(-,!M-,+'c-,!-)1/E(,!0,!0/&&),.>!*E!,.(!3+2.3&(!0,!.,!-,(-/2Y,-!(/2.!32!1_1E,?!1,E3!&/2.!-3MM,EE,!0,.!./2Y,&'-.!03(3&(!0,!$:!V!$L!3&.>!i&!@)&)-3E?!+j+,!.'!E3!(,1I&/E/@',!3!)Y/E2)?!&/2.!&/2.!-,(-/2Y/&.!03&.!2&,!3(+/.MIc-,!(-c.!.,+]E3]E,!V!&/.!,!6,-(3'&.!0R,&(-,!&/2.!E3&1,&(!2&,!0'.12..'/&!3Y,1!O2,EO2,.!)EcY,.!1'-12E3&(!03&.!E,.!1/2E/'-.!,(!32!]/2(!0,!O2,EO2,.!+'&2(,.?!Y/'EV!O2R2&,!0'F3'&,!0,!O2,.('/&&3'-,.!3!)()!0'.(-']2),!V!0,.!)EcY,.!0,.!1E3..,.!.2M)-',2-,.!f!%&,!U'EE,!./-(!0,!ER'&U'-+,-',!,&!ME,2-3&(?!./&!Y311'&!E2'!3!U3'(!+3E?!/&!E3!-)1/&U/-(,!,&!E2'!0'.3&(!0,!.R3..,/'->!a2,EO2,.!+'&2(,.!ME2.!(3-0?!.3!1/M'&,!-,Y',&(!0,!.,.!M-/M-,.!Y311'&.!,(!(/2(,.!0,2!!$>X C*&+#$21#)&'*""6'+#$97+'&!!t!a2R,.("1,!O2R'E!,.(!E/&@N!f!u?!Y/'EV!E3!M-,+'c-,!-)31('/&!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!V!E3!M'E,!0,!S!M3@,.!-,g2,.!41U>!3&&,<,.7!,(!O2,!&/2.!.2MM/./&.!3Y,1!/M('+'.+,!E,2-!U3'-,!-,+ME'-!,&!$:!V!$L!+'&2(,.!M,&03&(!O2R'E.!.,!-,M/.,&(!0,!E,2-!Y311'&!.2-!E,!]3&1!0,!ER'&U'-+,-',!f!6,-(,.?!&/2.!E,.!1/+M-,&/&.!b!,&(-,!E,.!O2,.('/&.!M,-./&&,EE,.!4]',&!O2R3&/&_+,.7?!E,.!O2,.('/&.!.2-!E3!O23E'()!0,!E,2-!./++,'E!,(!ER'+M31(!.2-!E,2-!Y',!U/&1('/&&,EE,!.3&.!/2]E',-!1,EE,.!1/&1,-&3&(!ER'+ME'13('/&!0,!E,2-!,&(/2-3@,?!'E!_!3!0,!O2/'!j(-,!0)1/2-3@)!3Y3&(!+j+,!0R3Y/'-!1/++,&1)>!!A/2-(3&(?!2&,!U/'.!E,!O2,.('/&&3'-,!0)]2()?!&/2.!3Y/&.!1/&.(3()!2&!]/&!'&()-j(!V!E3!(o1I,?!3@-)+,&()!0,!M,('(.!1/++,&(3'-,.!32!AE2.!/&!3Y3&g3'(!03&.!E,!(,+M.?!ME2.!/&!3!(-/2Y)!2&,!]/&&,!M3-('1'M3('/&!0,.!)EcY,.?!M,2(!j(-,!,&!-3MM/-(!3Y,1!&/(-,!,!`,.!)EcY,.!'&(,--/@).?!2&,!+3Q/-'()!0,!U'EE,.!0,![,!3&&),!M-)0/+'&3'(>!6,1'!)(3'(!0l!32!U3'(!O2,!E3!Y311'&3('/&!1/&1,-&3'(!32..'!E,!M3M'EE/+3Y'-2.!O2'!1']E,!E3!@,&(,!U)+'&'&,!,(!O2,!./&!30+'&'.(-3('/&!.,!U3'.3'(!V!ER,&(-),!32!6e?!./'(!,&![,!3&&),>!G,2-,2.,+,&(!O2,!&/2.!3Y/&.!M2!-,+)0',-!E)@c-,+,&(!V!1,!]'3'.!,&!-,1-2(3&(!0,.!)EcY,.!ME2.!o@).!0,!M3..3@,!03&.!E,!1/'&!f!!!-.D E#)$21#)&'*""6'+#)$*+61F$!!*+M'(/_3]E,.!(,E.!O2,!&/2.!E,!./++,.?!&/2.!3Y/&.!0,!ME2.!M/.).!O2,EO2,.!O2,.('/&.!/-3E,.!V!E3!U'&!02!O2,.('/&&3'-,!)1-'(!V!1,-(3'&.!)EcY,.>!i&!@)&)-3E?!'E!.R3@'..3'(!0,!+/+,&(.!/k!&/2.!&R)('/&.!M3.!/112M).!V!0'.(-']2,-!/2!V!-)M/&0-,!V!0R32(-,.!O2,.('/&.>!Z/2.!&/2.!'&.(3EE'/&.!03&.!2&!1/'&!3Y,1!E,.!)EcY,.!,(!E,2-!./2+,(('/&.!2&,!0'F3'&,!0,!O2,.('/&.!41U>!3&&,<,.7>!*E.!.,!./&(!

!$9!t!1-),-!0,.!I'.(/'-,.!3Y,1!g3!u>!53'.!3E/-.?!1/++,&(!-)@E,-!1,!M-/]Ec+,!02!./++,'E!P!\3!+j+,!'&U'-+'c-,!M-/M/.,!0R'&(-/02'-,!0,.!.)3&1,.!'&U/-+3('Y,.!32!.2Q,(!02!./++,'E!0,!E,2-!,&U3&(?!+3'.!2&,!32(-,!&/2.!U3'(!M-,&0-,!1/&.1',&1,!O2,!E,.!M3-,&(.!-'.O23&(!0,!Y,&'-!V!1,.!.)3&1,.!+/&(-,&(?!M3-!E,2-!.'+ME,!M-).,&1,?!O2R'E.!./&(!0)QV!1/&1,-&).!M3-!E,!]',&"j(-,!0,!E,2-.!,&U3&(.!,(!&,!./&(!0/&1!M3.!U/-1)+,&(!E3!M/M2E3('/&!O2'!32-3'(!E,!ME2.!],./'&!0,!1,(!,&.,'@&,+,&(N!`,!+j+,?!,EE,!,&1I3n&,!O2,!ER31('/&!32!&'Y,32!0,!ER30/E,.1,&1,!,.(!]',&!(-/M!(3-0'Y,!M/2-!3Y/'-!0,!]/&.!-).2E(3(.?!O2R'E!U320-3'(!ME2(d(!.R/112M,-!0,.!,&U3&(.!03&.!E,.!1E3..,.!M-'+3'-,.!M/2-!3Y/'-!2&,!-),EE,!1I3&1,!0,!M-)Y,&('/&!M-'+3'-,>!!!$>$: E;1&'3')6&'*"$5#)$5*""9#)!$Z/2.!M/2--'/&.!1/&('&2,-!&/.!./&03@,.?!-,1I,-1I,.!0R'0),.!,(!0,!./E2('/&.!M,&03&(!0,!&/+]-,2.,.!.,+3'&,.!,&1/-,!(3&(!E,!.2Q,(!,.(!'+M/-(3&(?!E,.!/-@3&'.3('/&.!0,.!'&.('(2('/&.!1/+ME,<,.?!E3!+'.,!,&!r2Y-,!0'UU'1'E,>!w/2(,U/'.?!&/(-,!.(3@,!&,!0'.M/.,!+3EI,2-,2.,+,&(!M3.!0R2&!.3]E',-!02!(,+M.!'&U'&'?!,(!ER/&!1/++,&1,!V!M,-1,Y/'-!1E3'-,+,&(!O2,!E,!1/+M3-('+,&(!02!]3.!1/&(',&(!ME2.!0,!@-3'&.!O2,!1,E2'!02!I32(N!*E!,.(!@-3&0!(,+M.!0,!U3'-,!&/.!30',2!\,!0)E3'!P!D'!M/..']E,!M/2-!3Y3&(!I',-!13-!E,!(,+M.!M-,..,!f!6,-(,.?!03&.!2&!+/&0,!'0)3E?!&/2.!&/2.!./2Y',&0-'/&.!]',&!0,!&/.!1/2-.!0,!.(3('.('O2,.!0,!M-,+'c-,!3&&),!3'&.'!O2,!0,!E3!+'.,!,&!M-3('O2,!,&!9,!3&&),N!e-?!U31,!V!&/.!0/&&),.?!U/-1,!3!)()!0,!1/&.(3(,-!O2,!E,.!3&3E_.,.!0/&(!&/2.!1/&&3'..'/&.!ER,<'.(,&1,!.,!+)E3&@,3',&(!03&.!&/.!(j(,.?!E3!+3&'c-,!0,!E,.!+,((-,!,&!ME31,!&/2.!.,+]E3&(!32..'!U31'E,!O2,!E3!(-3Y,-.),!0,!ER3(E3&('O2,!V!E3!&3@,>!6,M,&03&(?!&/2.!)('/&.!.,&.']'E'.).!V!E3!&)1,..'()!3]./E2,!0R/](,&'-!2&,!U'3]'E'()!0,!&/.!-).2E(3(.!M3-!E,!13E12E!02!-!,(!0,!E3!Y3E,2-!!>!Z/(-,!&/2Y,EE,!+'..'/&!3!0/&1!(/2(!&3(2-,EE,+,&(!)()!0,!(-/2Y,-!E,!=-33E!,(!1,!,&!+/'&.!0R2&,!.,+3'&,N!*E!.R,&!,.(!.2'Y'!0,.!+/+,&(.!0,!0/2(,!'&(,&.,?!0,!M,-(,!0,!.(-3()@',?!0,!(,&(3('Y,.!0).,.M)-),.!3U'&!0,!(-/2Y,-!M3-!O2,E!+/_,&!3]/-0,-!E,!.2Q,(>!\R2&!0R,&(-,!&/2.!E3&1,!3Y,1!2&!,.M/'-!(,'&()!0,!0).,.M/'-!b!t!*E!0/'(!]',&!,<'.(,-!2&!M-/@-3++,!M/2-!13E12E,-!&/.!Y3E,2-.?!/&!&,!Y3!(/2(!0,!+j+,!M3.!(/2(!U3'-,!V!E3!+3'&!u!P!%&!32(-,!0,!0'-,!b!t!!i(!.'!Q,!Y,2

!$;!-).2E(3(.!.3&.!32!+/'&.!3Y/'-!2&!My!:?:L!f!6R,.(!3E/-.!O2,!&/2.!3Y/&.!(-/2Y)!E3!E2+'c-,?!,&!E3!M,-./&&,!0,!5+,!D(,-M,&'1I?!V!M,'&,!O2,EO2,.!)(3@,.!32!0,..2.!0,!&/.!(j(,.!,(!3Y,1!E,.!1E).!02!D3Y/'-!,&!+3'&.>!`,!&/+]-,2!6,-(,.?!&/2.!3Y/&.!02!U3'-,!0,.!1/+M-/+'.!'++,&.,.!M3-!+3&O2,!0,!(,+M.!,(!0R,!i&!3Y3&(!M/2-!(-3'(,-!E,.!0/&&),.!f!%&,!M'E,!0,!-).2E(3(.!.,!0-,..3'(!Y3'EE3++,&(!0,Y3&(!&/2.>!\3!M-/1I3'&,!)(3M,!1/&.'.(3'(!V!(-/2Y,-!E,.!Y3E,2-.!M/2Y3&(!j(-,!'&()-,..3&(,.!M/2-!&/2.!,(!0,.O2,EE,.!&/2.!M/2Y'/&.!('-,-!0,.!1/&1E2.'/&.!1E3'-,.>!\R/&!&R'+3@'&,!M3.!(/2Q/2-.!ER,UU/-(!0,!._&(Ic.,!,(!0,!0'.(3&1,!0/&(!'E!U32(!U3'-,!M-,2Y,!M/2-!M/2Y/'-!&/&!.,2E,+,&(!,!*E!,.(!(-c.!3'.)!0,!M3-('-!.,!M,-0-,!03&.!2&,!0'-,1('/&?!3Y3&g3&(!V!M3.!0,!@)3&(.?!1-/_3&(!3Y/'-!0)+/&(-)!O2,EO2,!1I/.,!0R'&1-/_3]E,!M/2-!,&U'&!-,Y,&'-!.2-!w,--,?!-,+'.!03&.!E,!+/&0,!0,!E3!-)3E'()!M3-!2&!@-3MI'O2,!1/&(-30'1(/'-,>!\3!U-2.(-3('/&!0,!Y/2E/'-!3UU'-+,-!O2,EO2,!1I/.,?!1-/_3&(!O2,!&/.!0/&&),.!E3!1/--/]/-3',&(?!M/2-!.,!-,&0-,!1/+M(,!O2,!ER/&!&R3Y3'(!Y)-'(3]E,+,&(!M3.!0,!Y3E,2-!/]Q,1('Y,!&,((,!M,-+,((3&(!2&,!(,EE,!M-/M/.'('/&!.R,.(!-)Y)E),!V!&/2.!+3'&(,.!U/'.>!Z/2.!3Y'/&.!3((,'&(!E,!w-'3&@E,!0,.!h,-+20,.!0,!&/(-,!Y/_3@,!,(!1,E2'"1'!(,&(3'(!0,!&/2.!I3MM,-!M3-!1,.!M,('(.!M'c@,.!3U'&!0,!U3'-,!1/2E,-!&/(-,!,!!!$>$:>9 \,.!-)031('/&.!!6,M,&03&(?!M/2-!U3'-,!2&!-3MM/-(!3@-)+,&()!0R2&!M/.(,-!,(!0R2&,!M-).,&(3('/&?!'E!U32(!.,!1/&1,&(-,-!.2-!E3!-)031('/&>!Z/2.!3Y'/&.!V!M-).,&(!E,.!(Ic+,.?!-).2E(3(.?!0'.12..'/&.!,(!1/&1E2.'/&.!0,!&/(-,!)(20,>!53EI,2-,2.,+,&(?!E,!.3]E',-!02!(,+M.!.R31I3-&3'(!V!&/2.!+/&(-,-!0,!ME2.!,&!ME2.!ER3]n+,!0,!E3!M3-(',!I32(,!0,!.3!.'EI/2,((,!)E)@3++,&(!1'&(-),>!6R,.(!3E/-.!O2,!&/2.!0l+,.!M-,&0-,!2&,!0)1'.'/&>!`,M2'.!E,!0)]2(?!&/2.!3Y'/&.!(/2Q/2-.!(/2(!Y/2E2!)E3]/-,-!,&!@-/2M,>!6,M,&03&(?!V!+/'&.!0R2&,!.,+3'&,!0,!E3!M-).,&(3('/&!0,.!M-/Q,(.?!'E!3!U3EE2!.,!0)1'0,-!V!'+M/.,-!2&,!1,-(3'&,!,UU'131'()>!8'&.'!U2(!)(3]E'!O2,!ER/&!&/++,-3'(!0,.!-,.M/&.3]E,.!0,!M-/Q,(.!M/2-!E,!M/.(,-?!M/2-!E3!M-).,&(3('/&?!M/2-!ER3-('1E,!,(!M/2-!ER'&U/-+3('O2,!3Y,1!0,.!/-0-,.!0R'+M/-(3&1,!,&!U/&1('/&!0,!E3!03(,!0,!-,(/2-!0,.!(-3Y32<>!6,-(,.?!1,E3!M,-+,((3'(!0R3Y3&1,-!(-/'.!U/'.!ME2.!Y'(,?!1I312&!&,!0,Y3&(!M3.!j(-,!M-).,&(!M/2-!(/2(?!+3'.!ER'+M-,..'/&!0,!M-/@-,..,-!03&.!2&!&23@,!0,!]-/2'EE3-0!.3&.!-303-?!V!&,!M3.!Y/'-!E,.!-)1'U.!0,Y3&(!&/(-,!1/O2,!3!)()!M/2-!&/2.!2&,!,!A/2-!.,!0/&&,-!2&!M,2!0,!.l-,()!&/2.!3Y'/&.!,UU,1(2)!0,.!-,1I,-1I,.?!0/&(!2&,!M3-('12E'c-,!M/2-!3MM-,&0-,!V!-)0'@,-!2&!M/.(,-!.1',&('U'O2,>!!

!$T!i&1/-,!32Q/2-0RI2'?!,&!Y/_3&(!&/(-,!M/.(,-!(,-+'&)!,(!3UU'1I)!.2-!./&!M3&&,32!]E,2?!.3!1/&.(-21('/&!&/2.!.,+]E,!(,&'-!0,!ER'+M/..']E,>!a2'!32-3'(!1-2!O2,!M/2-!)(3]E'-!2&,!(,EE,!3UU'1I,?!'E!U320-3'(!]3(3'EE,-!1/&(-,!0,.!I/-0,.!0,!M-/(/1/E,.!,!6,M,&03&(?!&/2.!ER3Y/&.!(-/2Y),!(-c.!3((-31('Y,!32!&'Y,32!0,!ER,UU'131'()!0,!E3!(-3&.+'..'/&!02!+,..3@,"1E)?!-3'./&!M/2-!E3O2,EE,!&/2.!3Y/&.!(,&()!0,!-)0'@,-!0,!1,((,!+3&'c-,>!8'&.'?!1/&Q/'&(,+,&(!V!ER)E3]/-3('/&!0,!&/.!M-/Q,(.?!0,.!1,&(3'&,.!0R,+3'E.!1'-12E3',&(!,&(-,!&/2.!3U'&!O2,!E,.!+,+]-,.!3UU'E').!32!!-.-- G*&)$5#$='"$5#$59H1&$!!8'&.'!3Y/&."&/2.!M2!&/2.!+,.2-,-!V!ER)E3]/-3('/&!02!M-/Q,(!0R'++,-.'/&!1/++2&32(3'-,?!M,2("j(-,!M3.!3Y,1!(/2(,!E3!U'&,..,!,(!E,!(31(!0/&(!&/2.!32-'/&.!./2I3'()!U3'-,!M-,2Y,?!+3'.!3Y,1!2&,!)E)@3&1,!03&.!E,.!M'-/2,((,.!3U'&!0,!(/2Q/2-.!&/2.!-,+,((-,!.2-!E,!0-/'(!1I,+'&?!3Y,1!2&,!./2ME,..,!0R'+3@'&3('/&!3U'&!0,!&/2.!./-('-!0,!1,!O2,!&/2.!M,&.'/&.!j(-,!0,.!'+M3..,.?!3Y,1!2&,!/2Y,-(2-,!Y,-.!E,!+/&0,!,.(20'3&('&!,(!.1',&('U'O2,!3EE3&(!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!32!Z/2.!Y/2.!./2I3'(/&.!0/&1!]/&&,!E,1(2-,!0,!1,!t!M-/Q,(!03&.!E,!M-/Q,(!u?!0/&(!E3!-)031('/&!+'+,!2&,!M2]E'13('/&!.1',&('U'O2,?!(,E!2&!M,('(!3O23-'2+!./2Y,&'-!O2,!&/2.!3Y/&.!-3MM/-()!0,!&/(-,!ME/&@),!,&!,32!$!$$$

!$L!2 " Article scientifique » : $$IB6316&'*"$5#)$&+*1H3#)$51$)*44#'3$5#)$65*3#)7#"&)$>#"#B*')$J$67&'B'&9)$6B6"&$3;#"5*+4'))#4#"&K$'4%67&)$=*"7&'*""#3)K$5#&&#$7(+*"'21#$5#$)*44#'3K$+#&6+5$5#$%(6)#$#&$)&+6&9>'#)$5;6493'*+6&'*".$$K>!D1IJ3-(F?!=>!8-&/2!='@/&?!C>!A,-0'B'.?!G>!D(/EF?!\>!D1I,&B,E"6/.(,?!K>D(,-M,&'1I!H!A>!^/I&,-!!!"# $%&'()*'++h30!O23E'(_!/U!.E,,M!02-'&@!30/E,.1,&1,!'.!1/&.'0,-,0!+/-,!3&0!+/-,!3!+3Q/-!0'UU'12E(_!'&!/2-!./1',(_>!^,.,3-1I!/&!(I,!.2]Q,1(!'.!-3M'0E_!M-/@-,..'&@!3.!3J3-,&,..!/U!(I,!M-/]E,+!'.!@-/J'&@!(I-/2@I/2(!(I,!J/-E0>!*(!I3.!],,&!0'.1/Y,-,0!(I3(!3&!'+M-/M,-!.E,,M'&@!I_@',&,!E,30.!(/!M-/E/&@,0!U3('@2,?!],1/+'&@!'&!(2-&?!M,-.'.(3&(!J'(I!3!1/+/-]'0!+//0!3&0!3&<',(_!.(3(,!4N7!-,E3(,0!(/!,Y,&!+/-,!U2&1('/&3E!'+M3'-+,&(RR$>!!wI'.!M3M,-!U/12.,.!/&!U'&0'&@!(I,!+3'&!132.,.!/U!'+M3'-,0!.E,,M'&@!'&!3!M/M2E3('/&!/U!$9S!=,&,Y3!30/E,.1,&(.!3@,0!$9!(/!$L!3.!J,EE!3.!(I,!1/&.,O2,&1,.!(/!(I,'-!I,3E(I!3&0!E'U,.(_E,.!3&0!(I,!,<'.('&@!-,+,0',.!(/!'&.(3EE!3!I,3E(I_!.E,,M'&@!1_1E,>!*&!/-0,-!(/!0/!./?!3!O2,.('/&&3'-,!(/!],!0'.(-']2(,0!(/!E/13E!.1I//E.!J3.!U/-@,0>!wI,!.2]Q,1(.!-3&@,0!U-/+!.E,,M'&@!I3]'(.!3&0!31('Y'(',.!],U/-,!@/'&@!(/!],0!(/!(I,!'+M/-(3&1,!(,,&3@,-.!311/-0,0!(/!.E,,M!3&0!(I,!'&Y/EY,+,&(!/U!(I,'-!U3+'E',.!'&!I,EM'&@!(I,+!@,(!3!@//0!O23E'(_!/U!.E,,M>!wI,!-,.2E(.!.I/J!3!0'.('&1(!.E,,M!0,](?!3.!J,EE!3.!3!.E,,M!MI3.,!0'./-0,-?!JI'1I!.,,+.!(/!@E/]3EE_!],!1/+M,&.3(,0!]_!.(20,&(.>!wI,!.(-3(,@',.!'&!/-0,-!(/!/](3'&!3!],((,-!.E,,M!3-,!&/(!_,(!J,EE!0,U'&,0?!]2(!(I,!0,.'-,!(/!0,Y,E/M!(I,+!-3&@,!U-/+!M,-./&3E!('M.!(/!3!-,,Y3E23('/&!/U!.1I//E!.1I,02E,.!'&!/-0,-!(/!303M(!(I,+!(/!(I,!30/E,.1,&(R.!1'-130'3&!-I_(I+>!!"! ,-&./-+`,!ME2.!,&!ME2.?!E3!+32Y3'.,!O23E'()!02!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,.(!1/&.'0)-),!1/++,!2&!M-/]Ec+,!+3Q,2-!03&.!&/(-,!./1')()>!\3!-,1I,-1I,!M-/@-,..,!-3M'0,+,&(!3Y,1!2&,!32@+,&(3('/&!0,!E3!M-'.,!0,!1/&.1',&1,!V!1,!.2Q,(>!\R/&!3!0)1/2Y,-(!O2R2&,!+32Y3'.,!I_@'c&,!02!./++,'E!3]/2('(!V!2&,!U3('@2,!M-/E/&@),?!M/2Y3&(!0,Y,&'-!M,-.'.(3&(,!3Y,1!2&,!I2+,2-!1/"+/-]'0,!3+,&3&(!V!2&!)(3(!0R3&<')()!'&02'.3&(!,&1/-,!ME2.!0,!M-/]Ec+,.!U/&1('/&&,E.$>!6,!-3MM/-(!.,!1,&(-,!.2-!E3!-,1I,-1I,!0,.!M-'&1'M3E,.!132.,.!0,!+32Y3'.!./++,'E!03&.!2&,!M/M2E3('/&!0,!$9S!30/E,.1,&(.!@,&,Y/'.!o@).!0,!$9!V!$L!3&.!3'&.'!O2,!.2-!E,.!1/&.)O2,&1,.!32!&'Y,32!0,!E,2-!.3&()!H!.(_E,.!0,!Y',!,(!E,.!+3&'c-,.!M,-+,((3&(!ER'&.(32-3('/&!0R2&!1_1E,!0,!./++,'E!.3'&>!A/2-!1,!U3'-,?!2&!O2,.('/&&3'-,!0'.(-']2)!03&.!E,.!1_1E,.!0R/-',&(3('/&!E/132!\,.!.2Q,(.!3]/-0).!3EE3',&(!0,.!I3]'(20,.!0,!./++,'E!3'&.'!O2,!E,.!31('Y'().!3Y3&(!0,!.,!1/21I,-!V!ER'+M/-(3&1,!311/-0),!32!./++,'E!M3-!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!3'&.'!O2,!E3!M3-('1'M3('/&!0,!E,2-!U3+'EE,!3U'&!0,!E,.!3'0,-!V!3Y/'-!2&,!]/&&,!O23E'()!0,!./++,'E>!\,.!-).2E(3(.!/&(!+/&(-)!2&,!0,((,!1I-/&'O2,!0,!./++,'E!&,((,!3'&.'!O2R2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!O2'!.,+]E,!j(-,!@E/]3E,+,&(!]',&!1/+M,&.)!M3-!E,.!)EcY,.>!\,.!.(-3()@',.!3U'&!0R/](,&'-!2&!./++,'E!0,!+,'EE,2-,!O23E'()!&,!./&(!M3.!,&1/-,!1E3'-,+,&(!0)U'&',.?!+3'.!E,!0).'-!0,!E,.!0)Y,E/MM,-!.R)(,&0!0,!1/&.,'E.!M,-./&&,E.!V!E3!-))Y3E23('/&!0,.!I/-3'-,.!.1/E3'-,.!3U'&!0,!E,.!303M(,-!32!-_(I+,!1'-130',&!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.>!!1"2 01234(5&&DE,,M!MI3.,!0'./-0,-z!DE,,M!0,](z!80/E,.1,&(!I,3E(Iz!6'-130'3&!-I_(I+!

!$S!1"3 67'(45.*'847&$\,!],./'&!0,!./++,'E!,.(!M-).,&(!0,!+3&'c-,!2]'O2'(3'-,!1I,F!(/2.!E,.!+3++'Uc-,.>!h',&!O2R'E!,<'.(,!2&,!@-3&0,!Y3-'3]'E'()!'&0'Y'02,EE,?!_!1/+M-'.!32!`R2&!M/'&(!0,!Y2,!)Y/E2('U?!1,!],./'&!,.(!3..,F!M3-30/<3E!02!U3'(!O2R'E!&/2.!,!`R2&!32(-,!1d()?!'E!M,-+,(!E3!-)@)&)-3('/&!0,.!.(/1B.!)&,-@)('O2,.?!M-'&1'M3E,+,&(!32!&'Y,32!02!DZ6?!3'&.'!O2,!!E3!.(3]'E'.3('/&!0,.!M-/1,..2.!+&).'O2,.9>!Z/2.!M/2Y/&.!0)U'&'-!E,!./++,'E!1/++,!2&,!.211,..'/&!0R)(3(.!1)-)]-32!D/&!1/&(-dE,!.,!U3'(!M3-!0,.!&/_32!\,!./++,'E!,.(!0'Y'.)!,&!ME2.',2-.!MI3.,.!O2'!.,!0)U'&'..,&(!M-'&1'M3E,+,&(!M3-!ER2('E'.3('/&!0R2&!)E,1(-/,&1)MI3E/@-3++,!4ii=7>!%&!1_1E,!1/+M-,&0!2&,!M)-'/0,!0,!./++,'E!V!/&0,!E,&(,!4De\7?!)(3&(!,EE,"+j+,!.2]0'Y'.),!,&!T!MI3.,.?!3EE3&(!0,!E3!./+&/E,&1,!32!./++,'E!M-/U/&0?!M2'.!2&,!M)-'/0,!0,!./++,'E!M3-30/<3E!/2!^i5!/k!.,!(-/2Y,&(!E,.!-jY,.!0/&(!/&!.,!./2Y',&(>!*E!U32(!,&Y'-/&!2&,!I,2-,!M/2-!M3..,-!0,!ER)(3(!0,!Y,'EE,!V!ER)(3(!0,!./++,'E!M-/U/&0?!O2'!,.(!E,!.(30,!O23(-,!02!De\>!82!1/2-.!0,!E3!&2'(?!'E!_!32-3!3E(,-&3&1,!,&(-,!./++,'E!M-/U/&0!,(!^i5?!3Y,1!2&!3EE/&@,+,&(!M-/@-,..'U!02!(,+M.!M3..)!,&!./++,'E!M3-30/<3E;>!t!6I,F!E,.!I2+3'&.?!E3!E/&@2,2-!+/_,&&,!02!M-,+',-!1_1E,!0,!./++,'E!,.(!0R,&Y'-/&![:!+'&2(,.!,(!0,!$::!V!$9:!+'&2(,.!02!0,2<'c+,!32!O23(-'c+,!1_1E,?!O2'!,.(!@)&)-3E,+,&(!E,!0,-&',-!uT>!6I3O2,!MI3.,!02!1_1E,!0,!./++,'E!M/..c0,!0,.!13-31()-'.('O2,.!.M)1'U'O2,.!O23&(!32!\,.!M-/1,..2.!0,!.(3]'E'.3('/&!0,.!(-31,.!+&).'O2,.!.,!M-/02'.,&(!M-'&1'M3E,+,&(!E/-.!02!./++,'E!M-/U/&0!13-!1,E3!&)1,..'(,!E3!M-).,&1,!0R/&0,.!0,E(3?!O2'!.,!13-31()-'.,&(!M3-!2&,!]3..,!U-)O2,&1,!,(!2&,!I32(,!3+ME'(20,L>!*E!,<'.(,!2&,!I/-E/@,!02!./++,'E!3MM,E),!E,!-_(I+,!1'-130',&>!6,E2'"1'!M,-+,(!0,!.(-21(2-,-!E,!./++,'E!3U'&!O2R'E!./'(!-)M3-3(,2->!6R,.(!E2'!O2'!0)(,-+'&,!E,!-,E3-@3@,!M3-!E3!@E3&0,!M'&)3E,?!0,!E3!+)E3(/&'&,!M-/M'1,!V!ER,&0/-+'..,+,&(?!+3'.!32..'!E,!-)Y,'E!V!I,2-,!-)@2E'c-,>!*E!,.(!M-/M-,!V!1I312&!,(!Y3-',!.,E/&!ERo@,>!\,!1I,U!0R/-1I,.(-,!-)@2E3(,2-!02!-_(I+,!1'-130',&!,.(!E,!&/_32!.2M-31I'3.+3('O2,!02!(I3E3+2.>!D,.!&,2-/&,.!0)1I3-@,&(!9TI!.2-!9T!,(!./&(!'&UE2,&1).!M3-!0,.!U31(,2-.!0'UU)-,&(.!.,E/&!O2R'E!U3..,!Q/2-!/2!&/&>!8'&.'?!1,E3!M,-+,(!0,!@3-0,-!2&!._&1I-/&'.+,!3Y,1!E,!1_1E,!,<()-',2-!0,!Q/2-!,(!0,!&2'(S>!$!"#$%&#'()>!i<,+ME,!0,!+/_,&&,.!0,!],./'&.!0,!./++,'E!.,E/&!ERo@,X>!

!$[!./&(!,&!M-,+'c-,!E'@&,!M/2-!-,&1/&(-,-!E,.!,&U3&(.!,(!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,&!0'UU'12E()>!iEE,.!,..3',&(!0,!+,((-,!,&!ME31,!,(!0,!+3'&(,&'-!2&,!-,E3('/&!0,!1/&U'3&1,!3Y,1!E,.!)(20'3&(.?!03&.!E,!-,.M,1(!0,!ER)(I'O2,!,(!02!130-,!E)@3E>!!!`,M2'.!O2,EO2,.!3&&),.?!E3!0'+'&2('/&!0,.!]20@,(.!3!1/++,!1/&.)O2,&1,!2&,!]3'..,!02!&/+]-,!0R'&U'-+'c-,.!.1/E3'-,.?!1,!O2'!3!2&!'+M31(!0'-,1(!.2-!E,!&/+]-,!0,!1/&.2E(3('/&.!/UU,-(.!32!\R'+M31(!.,!Y/'(!)@3E,+,&(!.2-!E,!&/+]-,!,(!E3!O23E'()!0,.!.)+'&3'-,.!0,!U/-+3('/&!1/&('&2,!/-@3&'.).>!!!!!D31I3&(!O2,!ERI_@'c&,!02!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!02!&'Y,32!02!6_1E,!0R/-',&(3('/&!,.(!-,E3('Y,+,&(!+32Y3'.,!,(!O2,!E3!132.,!M-'&1'M3E,!,.(!E'),!32!Z/(-,!)(20,!.,!]3.,!.2-!2&!./&03@,!,UU,1(2)!.2-!E,!(,--3'&!M3-!E3!0'.(-']2('/&!0,!O2,.('/&&3'-,.!)1-'(.!32!($/.L G6&9+'#3$#&$49&(*5#$!*#+ !#,-./.0#1-2!\R)(20,!M/-(,!.2-!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!0/&(!E,!1-'(c-,!0R'&1E2.'/&!)(3'(!0Rj(-,!.1/E3-'.).!03&.!2&!1_1E,!0R/-',&(3('/&!V!=,&cY,!,&!D2'..,>!%&,!M/M2E3('/&!0,!$9S!)EcY,.!o@).!0,!$9!V!$L!3&.!0/&(!$::!Y,&3',&(!02!6_1E,!0,.!K/'-,(.!,(!9S!02!6_1E,!0,!63_E3!3!)()!/](,&2,>!!*$+ 34/#%.2#-.41!!\,.!30/E,.1,&(.!Y/E/&(3'-,.!/&(!)()!-,1-2().!03&.!0,2e>7!0,!=,&cY,?!ER2&!.'(2)!.2-!E3!-'Y,!@321I,!02!E31!b!E,!6>e>!0,.!K/'-,(.!32!=-3&0"\3&1_?!ER32(-,!.2-!E3!-'Y,!0-/'(,!b!E,!6>e>!0,!63_E3!32!A/2-!0,.!-3'./&.!0R32(/-'.3('/&.!,(!0,!ME3&&'&@?!E,!-,1-2(,+,&(!.R,.(!U3'(!M,&03&(!0,2!A3-!1,E3?!2&!]'3'.!3!)()!'&(-/02'(?!./'(!E3!-)1/E(,!0,!ME2.!0,!0/&&),.!.2-!0,.!)EcY,.!0,![,!0,!.,<,!U)+'&'&?!Y2!O2,!E,.!Y311'&.!,UU,1(2).!M/-(3',&(!&/(3++,&(!.2-!E,!A3M'EE/+3Y'-2.>!\,.!32(/-'.3('/&.!&)1,..3'-,.!/&(!)()!/](,&2,.!M3-!ER'&U'-+'c-,!.1/E3'-,!02!1_1E,!0,.!K/'-,(.?!Y'3!E,!`*A!4`)M3-(,+,&(!0v'&.(-21('/&!M2]E'O2,7?!E3!0'-,1('/&!0,.!1_1E,.!0R/-',&(3('/&.!1/&1,-&).!3'&.'!O2,!E,!DDm!4D,-Y'1,!D3&()!m,2&,..,7>!!*/+ !,4/56',&2!!%&!O2,.('/&&3'-,!3&/&_+,!0,!S!M3@,.?!1/&.('(2)!0,!T!.,1('/&.?!3!)()!0'.(-']2)!V!(/2.!E,.!)EcY,.!./-(3&(!0,!E,2-!Y311'&3('/&!3'&.'!O2,!1,2!%&,!M-,+'c-,!M3-(',!M/-(3'(!.2-!E,.!0/&&),.!@)&)-3E,.!1/&1,-&3&(!,&(-,!32(-,.?!ERo@,?!E3!1E3..,!,(!E,!.,<,!0,!ER)EcY,>!%&,!0,2<'c+,!.,1('/&!.,!M-j(3'(!V!0,.!O2,.('/&.!.2-!E,.!

!9:!I3]'(20,.!0,!./++,'E!0,!ER30/E,.1,&(!V!-,+ME'-!.,E/&!E,.!Y3-'3]E,.!Q3+3'.?!-3-,+,&(?!M3-U/'.?!./2Y,&(!/2!(/2Q/2-.?!/2!V!1/+ME)(,-!0,!0/&&),.!ME2.!,<31(,.!-3Q/2(),.!V!E3!+3'&>!\,!(-/'.'c+,!M3-3@-3MI,!.R'&()-,..3'(!V!ER'+M31(!.2-!E3!Y',!O2/('0',&&,!0,!ER)EcY,!.,E/&!E,.!Y3-'3]E,.!Q3+3'.?!-3-,+,&(?!M3-U/'.?!./2Y,&(!/2!(/2Q/2-.>!i&U'&!2&,!0,-&'c-,!.,1('/&!ME2.!1/2-(,!M3-E3'(!0,.!0'.12..'/&.!3Y,1!ER,&(/2-3@,!0,!ER)EcY,?!E3!-)M/&.,!3((,&02,!)(3&(!./2.!U/-+,!]'&3'-,!/2'{&/&>!\,.!)EcY,.!)(3',&(!'&U/-+).!02!13-31(c-,!3&/&_+,!02!O2,.('/&&3'-,!,(!3Y3',&(!M/2-!'&.(-21('/&!0,!E,!-,+ME'-!,&!$:"$L!+'&2(,.!3Y3&(!0,!-,(/2-&,-!,&!1E3..,?!.'!M/..']E,!.3&.!,&!M3-E,-!3Y,1!E,.!32(-,.>!6,((,!0,-&'c-,!1/&0'('/&!&R3!M3.!)()!(,&2,?!E,.!)EcY,.!)(3&(!03&.!2&,!+j+,!.3EE,!/2!03&.!E,!1/2E/'-?!E',2!*E.!3Y3',&(!)@3E,+,&(!M/2-!1/&.'@&,!0,!0,+3&0,-!0,.!)1E3'-1'..,+,&(.!V!ER)O2'M,!-)1/E(3&(!E,.!0/&&),.!.2-!E,.!)E)+,&(.!02!O2,.('/&&3'-,!O2R'E.!&,!1/+M-,&3',&(!M3.>!i&!(/2(?!&/2.!3Y/&.!0'.(-']2)!$;:!O2,.('/&&3'-,.!0/&(!T!&,!&/2.!/&(!M3.!)()!-,&02.?!M-/]3]E,+,&(!M3-!0,.!)EcY,.!)(3&(!-3MM,E).!,&!1E3..,!/2!/2]E'3&(!0,!&/2.!E,.!-3MM/-(,-!3M-c.!E3!-)1-)3('/&>!\R)E3]/-3('/&!02!O2,.('/&&3'-,!.R,.(!U3'(,!,&!'&1E23&(!0,.!Y3-'3]E,.!/](,&2,.!M3-!'&(,--/@3('/&!02!M,-./&&,E!./'@&3&(!0,.!1_1E,.?!M3-!M3..3@,!03&.!2&,!1E3..,!0R30/E,.1,&(.!,&!0'UU'12E()!M/2-!0,+3&0,-!E,2-.!'+M-,..'/&.!.2-!E,!./++,'E!3'&.'!O2R,&!3Q/2(3&(!0,.!0/&&),.!&/2.!.,+]E3&(!0R2&!'&()-j(!M3-('12E',->!\3!O23&('U'13('/&!0,.!Y3-'3]E,.!3!)()!)(3]E',?!M/2-!E3!ME2M3-(?!M3-!ER)1I,EE,!&/&!1/&('&2,!b!Q3+3'.?!-3-,+,&(?!M3-U/'.?!./2Y,&(?!(/2Q/2-.!3U'&!0R3Y/'-!0,.!-)M/&.,.!ME2.!M-)1'.,.!O2,!/2'!/2!&/&!+3'.!0,!M/2Y/'-!E,.!-,@-/2M,-!U31'E,+,&(>!%&!O2,.('/&&3'-,!3!02!j(-,!,<1E2!M/2-!-3'./&!0,!0/&&),.!3],--3&(,.>!A/2-!E,!-,.(,?!E,.!)EcY,.!-)M/&03',&(!@E/]3E,+,&(!M,-./&&,EE,+,&(!,(!3Y,1!.)-',2!6,M,&03&(?!2&!0/2(,!-,.(,!O23&(!V!ERI/&&j(,()!0,.!-)M/&.,.!V!1,-(3'&,.!O2,.('/&.!M/2Y3&(!j(-,!Q2@),.!.,&.']E,.!3'&.'!O2,!E,!&'Y,32!0,!1/+M-)I,&.'/&!0,.!O2,.('/&.!M3-!E,.!)EcY,.!+3E@-)!E3!0'.M/&']'E'()!0,.!,&O2j(,2-.!M/2-!E,2-!-)M/&0-,>!!!*6+ 7&2',&2(6&2(0#,#89-,&2!!\,!M-,+',-!/]Q,1('U!0,!1,((,!)(20,!)(3'(!0R)(3]E'-!2&!.1/-,!0,!@-3Y'()!0,.!M-/]Ec+,.!0,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.?!3MM,E)!'1'!t!.1/-,!02!./++,'E!u>!*E!3!.,-Y'!V!+,.2-,-!ER'+M/-(3&1,!0,!ER'+M31(!0,.!31('Y'().!M-)1)03&(!ER,&0/-+'..,+,&(!0,.!Q,2&,.>!`R32(-,.!M3-3+c(-,.!./&(!Y,&2.!.R3Q/2(,-!(,E.!O2,!E,.!31('Y'().!E,.!3'03&(!V!0/-+'-?!ER'+ME'13('/&!0,!ER,&(/2-3@,!03&.!E,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,(!ER3'0,!M/(,&(',EE,!O2,!M,2(!3MM/-(,-!E,!M,('(!0)Q,2&,-!3Y3&(!E,.!1/2-.>!\,!13E12E!0,.!0'UU)-,&1,.!0,!(,+M.!0,!./++,'E!32!&'Y,32!02!1/21I,-?!02!E,Y,-!,(!0,!E3!02-),!,&(-,!E3!.,+3'&,!,(!E,!J,,B",&0!3!M,-+'.!0,!0)U'&'-!ER'+M/-(3&1,!02!0)13E3@,!,<'.(3&(!V!1,!&'Y,32!3+,&3&(!V!2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,>!%&!0,-&',-!M/'&(!0R)(20,!3!)()!0R)(3]E'-!E,!&/+]-,!0R30/E,.1,&(.!M-j(.!V!U3'-,!0,.!.31-'U'1,.!03&.!E,2-.!31('Y'().!02!./'-!3U'&!0,!M,-+,((-,!0,!+',2!(!*&+ "#.%%&(6&(%:5/;#1-.%%41!!%&,!(3'EE,!0,!$9S!.2Q,(.!'..2.!0,!0,2!6,M,&03&(?!&/(-,!M/M2E3('/&!)(3'(!1/&.('(2),!0,!ME2.!0,!U'EE,.!O2,!0,!@3-g/&.!,(!0,!ME2.!0,![,!3&&),!O2,!0,!$:,!/2!$$,>!6,1'!,.(!0l!V!E3!1/&(-3'&(,!0,!-)1/E(,!0,!0/&&),.!O2'!.R,.(!,UU,1(2),!E/-.!0,!13+M3@&,.!0,!Y311'&3('/&!M/2-!E,.![,!3&&),?!1/&1,-&3&(!,&(-,!32(-,.?!0,.!Y311'&.!.(-'1(,+,&(!U)+'&'&.>!!

!9$!!*<+ =1#%>2&(6&2(64115&2!!!A/2-!)(3]E'-!E,!.1/-,!02!./++,'E?!(-/'.!Y3-'3]E,.!/&(!)()!M-'.,.!,&!1/+M(,?!V!.3Y/'-!.'!E,!.2Q,(!.,!1/&.'0)-3'(!1/++,!./2UU-3&(!0,!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E!4t!G3]'(20,.!0,!./++,'E!u?!O2,.('/&!$7?!.R'E!3Y3'(!0,!E3!M,'&,!V!-,.(,-!-)Y,'EE)!E3!Q/2-&),!4t!*+M31(!.2-!Y/(-,!Y',!u?!O2,.('/&!97!,(!.'!02-3&(!E3!Q/2-&),?!'E!.,!.,&(3'(!U3('@2)!4t!*+M31(!.2-!Y/(-,!Y',!u?!O2,.('/&!;7>!%&!M/'&(!)(3'(!311/-0)!M3-!-)M/&.,!.,E/&!E3!-c@E,!b!m3+3'.!!:?!^3-,+,&(!!$?!A3-U/'.!!9?!D/2Y,&(!!;!,(!w/2Q/2-.!!T>!\3!./++,!0,!1,.!Y3-'3]E,.!3!M,-+'.!0R/](,&'-!2&!-).2E(3(!0,!:!V!$9!3Y,1!:!1/++,!./++,'E!M3-U3'(!,(!$9!1/++,!E,!M'-,!./++,'E!'+3@'&3]E,>!\,!.,2'E!3&/-+3E!0,!.1/-,!02!./++,'E!3!)()!)(3]E'!V!ÄT?!.2-!1/+M3-3'./&!,&(-,!E,.!I,2-,.!0/-+',.!,&!J,,B",&0!M3-!&/.!.2Q,(.!M3-!-3MM/-(!32!8!M3-('-!0,!1,!.1/-,?!0,.!1/--)E3('/&.!/&(!)()!)(3]E',.!3Y,1!E,.!31('Y'().!M-)1)03&(!ER,&0/-+'..,+,&(!3U'&!0,!Q2@,-!0,!E,2-!'+M31(!.2-!E,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.>!\,!.,2'E!0,!.'@&'U'13('/&!0,!&/.!0/&&),.!.,!.'(2,!V!!!Å!:?:L>!iEE,.!./&(!+3-O2),.!0R2&,!3.()-'.O2,!4#7>!!\R)1I,EE,!)(3]E',!M/2-!(/2(,.!E,.!1/--)E3('/&.!,.(!E3!.2'Y3&(,?!.32U!.M)1'U'13('/&!M3-('12E'c-,!./2.!E3!U'@2-,!1/&1,-&),!b!!Abscisse Correspondance 0,0 Jamais 1,0 Rarement 2,0 Parfois 3,0 Souvent 4,0 Toujours "#$%&#'(?@!\)@,&0,!0,.!)1I,EE,.!0,!:?:!V!T?:!0,!ER3].1'..,!0,.!U'@2-,.!0,!1/--)E3('/&>! i&!/-0/&&),?!E,!.1/-,!02!./++,'E!.R)(,&0!0,!:!4./++,'E!M3-U3'(7!V!$9!4./++,'E!E,!ME2.!+32Y3'.7>!!i&!1,!O2'!1/&1,-&,!1/&Y,-.'/&!0,.!L!Y3-'3]E,.!4Q3+3'.?!M3-U/'.?!-3-,+,&(?!./2Y,&(!,(!(/2Q/2-.7!,&!-).2E(3(!]'&3'-,!4/2'{&/&7?!E,.!Y3-'3]E,.!Q3+3'.!,(!-3-,+,&(!/&(!)()!'&(,-M-)(),.!1/++,!&)@3('Y,.!3E/-.!O2,!M3-U/'.?!./2Y,&(!,(!(/2Q/2-.!3!)()!1/&.'0)-)!1/++,!2&,!-)M/&.,!M/.'('Y,>!!\,.!(,1I&'O2,.!2('E'.),.!M3-!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!M/2-!.R,&0/-+'-!/&(!)()!-)M,-(/-'),.!M3-!M/2-1,&(3@,!03&.!2&!13+,+],-(?!M2'.!;!-).2E(3(.!0R'&()-j(!/&(!)()!1/+M3-).!32!.1/-,!02!./++,'E!32!+/_,&!0R2&,!1/--)E3('/&>!!\,!-dE,!0,!ER'+ME'13('/&!0,!ER,&(/2-3@,!3!)()!1/&.'0)-)!1/++,!M/.'('U!.'!ER)EcY,!-)M/&03'(!M3-!ER3UU'-+3('Y,!V!32!+/'&.!2&,!O2,.('/&!0,!E3!.,1('/&!t!`'.12..'/&.!3Y,1!Y/(-,!,&(/2-3@,!u>!%&!E',&!,&(-,!ER,&(/2-3@,!,(!E,!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!3!)()!-,1I,-1I)!32!+/_,&!0R2&,!1/--)E3('/&>!!\R'+M/-(3&1,!02!M,('("0)Q,2&,-!3Y3&(!E,.!1/2-.!3!)()!+,.2-),!,&!)(3]E'..3&(!E,!M/2-1,&(3@,!M3-!Y3-'3]E,!3EE3&(!0,!Q3+3'.!V!(/2Q/2-.!,(!,&!U3'.3&(!2&!w"(,.(!0)U'&'..3&(!E,!M/2-1,&(3@,!0R3((,&('/&!/](,&2!M3-!E3!M-).,&1,!/2!ER3].,&1,!0,!0)Q,2&,->!\,.!0)13E3@,.!0,!MI3.,.!,&(-,!E,!./++,'E!0,!E3!.,+3'&,!,(!02!J,,B",&0!/&(!)()!)(20').!(/2(!0R3]/-0!M3-!E3!1/&.(-21('/&!0RI'.(/@-3++,.!3U'&!0,!1/+M3-,-!0,.!M/2-1,&(3@,.!/2!0,.!Y3-'3]E,.!.'+ME,.!3Y,1!ER2('E'.3('/&!0,!+/_,&&,.!ME2(d(!O2,!0,!E3!+)0'3&,>!\,.!I,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-?!0,!E,Y,-!,(!E3!02-),!02!./++,'E!,&(-,!E3!.,+3'&,!,(!E,!J,,B",&0!/&(!)()!,<3+'&),.>!`,.!w"(,.(.!0,!1/+M3-3'./&.!0,!Y3-'3]E,.!/&(!

!99!M,-+'.!0,!+,.2-,-!E,.!0'UU)-,&1,.!,&(-,!E,.!I,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-?!0,!E,Y,-!,(!E3!02-),!02!./++,'E!,&!.,+3'&,!,(!,&!J,,B",&0!3U'&!0,!+,((-,!,&!)Y'0,&1,!E,!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,>!%&,!1/--)E3('/&?!,&(-,!E3!0'UU)-,&1,!0,!02-),!02!./++,'E!,(!ER'+M31(!.2-!E3!Y',!0,!ER30/E,.1,&(?!3!)()!)(3]E',!M/2-!E,.!Y3-'3]E,.!02!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E?!E3!U3('@2,!,(!ER3&<')()>!i&U'&?!2&!M/2-1,&(3@,!0,.!Q,2&,.!M-j(.!V!1I3&@,-!E,2-.!I3]'(20,.!0,!./++,'E!3!)()!13E12E)!,(!M-).,&()!./2.!U/-+,!0,!(3]E,32!,(!2&!w"(,.(!0,!1/+M3-3'./&!0,!@-/2M,.!3!)()!)(3]E'!3U'&!0R/](,&'-!2&!-).2E(3(!@E/]3E>!\,.!-).2E(3(.!/&(!)()!)(3]E'.!./2.!5D!eUU'1,!i<1,Ep!,(!E,!M-/@-3++,!D(3('.('13p!3!)()!2('E'.)!M/2-!E,2-!'&(,-M-)(3('/&!3'&.'!O2,!ER)E3]/-3('/&!0,.!@-3MI'O2,.>!!! !"9 ,-&.:')'&+!*#+ A#$.-'6&2(6&(2488&.%!D2-!E,.!$9S!)EcY,.!'&(,--/@).?!$9L!/&(!)()!'&1E2.!03&.!E3!M-).,&(,!)(20,!0/&(!T$!.2Q,(.!0,!.,<,!+3.12E'&!,(!X;!0,!.,<,!U)+'&'&?!2&!)EcY,!&R3_3&(!M3.!.M)1'U')!./&!@,&-,>!\3!+/_,&&,!0Ro@,!,.(!V!$;?:T!3&.?!)13-(!(_M,!b!:?W[[!,(!E,.!o@,.!0,.!)EcY,.!Y/&(!0,!$9!V!$L!3&.>!X9?[}!0,.!)EcY,.!U/&(!M3-(',!0,!E3!1E3..,!0,![,!3&&),?![?X}!0,!E3!1E3..,!0,!$:,!,(!W?;}!0,!E3!1E3..,!0,!$$,!3&&),!02!1_1E,!0R/-',&(3('/&>!%&!./&03@,!-)M/&03&(!M3-!/2'!,(!M3-!&/&!3!M,-+'.!0,!0)(,-+'&,-!O2,EO2,.!'&U/-+3('/&.!0,!]3.,!.2-!ER)(3(!02!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!0/&(!;X?T}!.,!ME3'@&,&(!0,!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E!4"#$%&#'(B7>!!!;)()*'-(8&'8<.1&+51&+-:=>1&+?+@+4*&5-%0/6*67&8*&79.+:-*)&8+&).;;*0-&;X>T!$*+9&*67.+9%/*&%&'.6)7%7<&+6&59.:-=;*&8*&).;;*0-&$[>9!>?%67&+6&).;;*0-&9S!@*6)%67&A+B+6&).;;*0-&9[!>?%67&-*&7*;5)&8*&;%6/*9&-*&;%706&%C%67&-B<'.-*&WX>W!$*)&5%9*67)&-*+9&0;5.)*67&+6&9?7(;*&8*&).;;*0-&8=)&-B*6D%6'*&WT>:!$*)&5%9*67)&-*+9&0;5.)*67&+6&9?7(;*&9<'*;;*67&;9>9!("#$%&#'(B@!=0&,C'(6'(2488&.%(6&2(#64%&2/&1-2(&-(6&(2#(D&2-.41(#'(648./.%&(0#,&1-#%>!!!i&!1,!O2'!1/&1,-&,!E,.!I,2-,.!0,!./++,'E?!2&,!+/_,&&,!3!)()!)(3]E',!M/2-!1/+M3-,-!E,.!0'UU)-,&1,.!0RI/-3'-,!,&(-,!E,!./++,'E!0,!E3!.,+3'&,!,(!02!J,,B",&0!4"#$%&#'(T7>!!AB421771+51&+C8D"+#E+1'+#FG+H1/)871+I11JK175+L1.(1+51+*4.*M1(+99I$$!::I$[!L1.(1+51+:1>1(+:SITL!$:I:[!N.(-1+5.+&4//18:+:XI;9!:[IL:!!"#$%&#'(E>!A4,#.,&2(6&(2488&.%(6&2(#64%&2/&1-2(&1(2&8#.1&(&-(&1(F&&GH&16@!!i&!.,+3'&,?!E3!+/_,&&,!0,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,.(!'&U)-',2-,!V![I?!E3!E'+'(,!(/E)-3]E,!0,!./++,'E!M3-!&2'(!V!1,(!o@,[>!A3-!1/&(-,?!E,!J,,B",&0?!E3!02-),!,.(!3EE/&@),!V![IL:?!./'(!$I:S!0,!ME2.!O2R,&!.,+3'&,>!D,E/&!E3!0)U'&'('/&!O2R2&,!0,((,!

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c@E,!.2'Y3&(,!1/&1,-&3&(!E,!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!b!E,.!.1/-,.!,&"0,../2.!0,!T!./&(!1/&.'0)-).!1/++,!311,M(3]E,.?!E,!.1/-,!0,!;!)(3&(!2&,!@,.('/&!30)O23(,!02!./++,'E>!A/2-!2&!.1/-,!Ä!T?!1,E3!0,Y',&(!3&/-+3E?!3Y,1!2&,!M3(I/E/@',!U-3&1I,!0c.!2&!.1/-,!0,!L>!\,!&/+]-,!0R)EcY,.!3_3&(!2&!.1/-,!Ä!T!3((,'&(!L9?9}>!\3!L.D',&()!+/&(-,!E,.!,UU,(.!0,!E3!O23E'()!02!./++,'E!.2-!E3!U3('@2,!32!1/2-3&(!0,!E3!Q/2-&),>!!!!L.D',&()@!M4,,5%#-.41(6&(%#(<#-.D'&(N4',1#%.9,&(&1(<41/-.41(6'(2/4,&(6&(2488&.%(4!O(P@PPPP7>#!\R)1I,EE,!0,.!3].1'..,.!,.(!)(3]E',!.,E/&!E,!"#$%&#'(?>!%&!)EcY,!&,!.,!.,&(3&(!Q3+3'.!U3('@2)!4:?:7!3!,&!+/_,&&,!2&!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!0,!$!4./++,'E!,<1,EE,&(7>!A/2-!2&!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!0,!;!4./++,'E!30)O23(7?!E,.!)EcY,.!.,!.,&('-/&(!-3-,+,&(!U3('@2).!4$?:7>!6,!&R,.(!O2R3M-c.!3Y/'-!0)M3..)!2&!.1/-,!0,!L!O2,!E,.!)EcY,.!.,-/&(!./2Y,&(!4;?:7!Y/'-,!(/2Q/2-.!4T?:7!U3('@2).>!!!\3!+,.2-,!0R32(-,.!Y3-'3]E,.!+/&(-,&(!2&!)(3(!)+/('/&&,E!@E/]3E,+,&(!3]3'..)!E/-.O2,!E,!Q,2&,!./2UU-,!0,!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E?!&/(3++,&(!32!&'Y,32!0,!ER3&@/'..,!4L.D',&(?7!,(!02!0).,.M/'-!4L.D',&(B7>!A3-!1/&(-,!2&!)EcY,!0/-+3&(!]',&!32-3!ME2.!(,&03&1,!V!.,!.,&('-!Q/_,2!D'@&3E/&.!1,M,&03&(!O2,!E,!-!,.(!(-c.!U3']E,!4-!/M('+3E!!$7!+/&(-3&(!2&,!0'.M,-.'/&!0,.!Y3E,2-.>!!

!;:!!8'&.'?!1,.!-).2E(3(.!+/&(-,&(!O2,!E3!02-),!02!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,&!.,+3'&,!,.(!'&U)-',2-,!32!!!*/+ [5/#%#D&(6&(0;#2&!6,((,!.,1('/&!3!M/2-!/]Q,1('U!0,!.,!1/&1,&(-,-!ME2.!.M)1'U'O2,+,&(!.2-!E,!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!0,!|9I!,&(-,!E,.!I,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-!E,!J,,B",&0!,(!E3!.,+3'&,>!\3!L.D',&()?!-,M-).,&(,!E,!&/+]-,!0R)EcY,.!,&!U/&1('/&!02!&/+]-,!0RI,2-,.!0,!./++,'E!M3-!&2'(>!*E!,.(!'&()-,..3&(!0,!&/(,-!O2R2&,!(-,&(3'&,!0R)EcY,.!])&)U'1',&(!0,!ME2.!0,![I!0,!./++,'E!M3-!&2'(!,&!.,+3'&,>!\,!J,,B",&0?!E,!&/+]-,!0R)EcY,.!0/-+3&(!,&(-,![I!,(![I;;!1/--,.M/&0!V!2&,!O2'&F3'&,!0,!Q,2&,.?!1,2!!L.D',&()?@(\48$,&(6:5%9J&2(&1(<41/-.41(6'(148$,&(6:;&',&2(6&(2488&.%(0#,(1'.-@R!i&!]E,2?!E,!&/+]-,!0R)EcY,.!0/-+3&(!,&!.,+3'&,!3Y,1!E,.!02-),.!.M)1'U'),.!32"0,../2.>!\3!+3Q/-'()!4,&(-,!9:!,(!9L7!0/-+,&(![I!M3-!&2'(!,&!.,+3'&,!3Y,1!0,2!!i&!-/2@,?!E,.!I,2-,.!0,!./++,'E!,&!J,,B",&0>!\3!02-),!+/_,&&,!+3<'+3E,!,.(!+/'&.!&,((,!+3'.!.,!.'(2,!V!$:I!M3-!&2'(!M/2-!,&Y'-/&!$L"9:!)EcY,.?!E,.!9!+/_,&&,.!'+M/-(3&(,.!.2'Y3&(,.!./&(!.'(2),.!V!$$I{&2'(!M/2-!2&,!O2'&F3'&,!0R,&(-,!,2!\3!0'UU)-,&1,!,&(-,!E,.!02-),.!+/_,&&,.!+3<'+3E,.!,&!.,+3'&,!,(!E,!J,,B",&0!,.(!0R2&!M,2!ME2.!0R2&,!I,2-,!1,!O2'!+/&(-,!0/&1!O2,!E,.!)EcY,.!./2UU-,&(!0,!0,((,!0,!./++,'E>!\3!1/+M3-3'./&!,&(-,!E,.!I,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-!,(!0,!E,Y,-!0,.!Q,2&,.!,&!.,+3'&,!,(!,&!J,,B",&0!+/&(-,!O2,!1,EE,."1'!Y3-',&(!1/&.'0)-3]E,+,&(>!w/2(,U/'.!E3!(,&03&1,!@)&)-3E,!0,!E3!1/2-],!U/-+),!M3-!E,.!I'.(/@-3++,.!-,.(,!.,+]E3]E,?!E3!1/2-],!02!J,,B",&0!)(3&(!0)ME31),!Y,-.!E3!0-/'(,!4L.D',&2()B@=!,(!)B@]7>!%&!M'1!,.(!V!&/(,-!,&!h!32!&'Y,32!0,!WI::?!1,!O2'!1/--,.M/&0!V!ERI,2-,!V!E3O2,EE,!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!.,!EcY,&(!,&!@)&)-3E!M/2-!3EE,-!V!ER)1/E,>!\3!+/_,&&,!0,.!I,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-!,&!.,+3'&,!.,!.'(2,!V!99I$$!3Y,1!2&!-)Y,'E!V!SITL>!A/2-!1,!O2R'E!,.(!02!./++,'E!02!J,,B",&0?!E,!1/21I,-!+/_,&!,.(!V!::I$[!,(!E,!E,Y,-!V!$:I:[!4"#$%&#'(E7>!\,.!0'UU)-,&1,.!0RI,2-,.!0,!1/21I,-!,&(-,!E,!J,,B",&0!,(!E3!.,+3'&,!./&(!0,!9I:X!,(!1/--,.M/&0,&(!0/&1!V!2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!4|9I7!.,E/&!ER*&(,-&3('/&3E!6E3..'U'13('/&!/U!DE,,M!`'./-0,-.!4*6D`"97>(

!;;!!\,!E',&!,&(-,!ER)(3(!0R3&@/'..,!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!,(!E,!0)13E3@,!0,!MI3.,!,.(!M3-!1/&(-,!.'@&'U'13('U!4!OPQPPSU7>!\,.!)Ec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c-,!M2'.O2R'E!/.1'EE,!,&(-,!Q3+3'.!3&@/'..)!,(!-3-,+,&(!3&@/'..)>!!!!!8'&.'?!]',&!O2R'E!_!3'(!2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!03&.!E,!./++,'E!0,.!.2Q,(.!)(20').?!ER'+M31(!U/&1('/&&,E!.2-!E,2-!Y',!O2/('0',&&,!&R3!M3.!M2!j(-,!)(3]E'!1E3'-,+,&(>!!!!*6+ ^%9J&2(0,_-2(Z(#85%.4,&,(%&',(2488&.%!\R)Y3E23('/&!0,!ER'&1E'&3('/&!0,.!Q,2&,.!V!1I3&@,-!E,2-.!I3]'(20,.!03&.!E,.!31('Y'().!,UU,1(2),.!3Y3&(!0,!.,!1/21I,-!3U'&!0,!M,-+,((-,!2&!./++,'E!0,!+,'EE,2-,!O23E'()!3!+/&(-)!E,.!0/&&),.!.2'Y3&(,.!4"#$%&#'(U7>!!Elèves prêts à l'effort (%) Jamais 31.2 Rarement 20.0 Parfois 26.4 Souvent 10.4 Toujours 12.0 "#$%&#'(U@(!4',/&1-#D&(6:5%9J&2(0,_-2(Z(2#/,.<.&,(%&',2(#/-.J.-52(6#12(%:;&',&(0,5/56&1-(%:&164,8.22&8&1-(#<.1(6:#J4.,('1(8&.%%&',(2488&.%>!!

!;T!%&!w"w,.(!3U'&!0R/](,&'-!0,.!Y3E,2-.!]'&3'-,.?!+/&(-,!O2,!TX?X}!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!.,-3',&(!M-j(.!V!U3'-,!0,.!.31-'U'1,.!M/2-!+',2!!!!"O N8&*.&&847+!*#+ Y488&.%(6.8.1'5!!6/++,!M-)Y2?!1,((,!)(20,!0)+/&(-,!]',&!O2,!E,!(,+M.!0,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!@,&,Y/'.!'&(,--/@).!,.(!(-/M!1/2-(!,&!.,+3'&,!3Y,1!2&,!+/_,&&,!0,!XI;9!M3-!&2'(!32!E',2!0,.![I!+'&'+3E,.!-,1/++3&0),.L>!`,!ME2.?!E3!02-),!02!./++,'E!E,!J,,B",&0!4[IL:!M3-!&2'(7!,.(!32@+,&(),!32"0,EV!0R2&,!I,2-,?!M-/2Y3&(!O2R'E!_!3!]',&!2&,!0,((,!0,!./++,'E!1I-/&'O2,?!O2,!E,!Q,2&,!-3((-3M,!0c.!O2R'E!&R3!M3.!0R/]E'@3('/&!0,!.,!E,Y,-!M/2-!E,.!1/2-.>!%&,!)(20,!U-3&g3'.,!+/&(-,!O2,!t!E3!0'UU)-,&1,!0,!./++,'E!,&(-,!E3!Y,'EE,!0,.!Q/2-.!0,!1E3..,.!,(!1,EE,!0,.!Q/2-.!.3&.!1E3..,!32@+,&(,!3Y,1!ERo@,!M3..3&(!0,!$I$T!,&!Sc+,!V!$IT$!,&!;c+,>!6,E3!()+/'@&,!0/&1!0R2&,!0,((,!0,!./++,'E?!1/+M,&.),!M3-!2&,!I32..,!02!(,+M.!0,!./++,'E!E,.!&2'(.!/k!1,.!)EcY,.!&R/&(!M3.!0,!1/2-.!E,!E,&0,+3'&!u!497>!h',&!O2,!WT}!0,.!.2Q,(.!/&(!2&!-_(I+,!0,!./++,'E!'+M/.)!M3-!E,2-.!M3-,&(.!0,M2'.!E,2-!,&U3&1,!,(!O2,!;9?9}!ER/&!(/2Q/2-.!-)1,++,&(?!E,!&/+]-,!0R30/E,.1,&(.!3_3&(!2&!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!3&/-+3E!4Ä!T7!3((,'&(!L9?9}>!*E!.R3@'(!0/&1!0R2&!-),E!M-/]Ec+,!0,!./1')()?!1/&1,-&3&(!ME2.!0,!E3!+/'(')!0,.!Q,2&,.!0,.!1_1E,.!0R/-',&(3('/&>!`,!+j+,?!.'!WW?[}!0,.!'&(,--/@).!M,&.,&(!O2R2&!./++,'E!-)@2E',-!,.(!'+M/-(3&(?!.,2E.!;S>S}!3UU'-+,&(!3Y/'-!2&!./++,'E!-)@2E',->!6,.!0/&&),.?!]',&!O2R3E3-+'.(,.?!&,!./&(!M3.!ME2.!+32Y3'.,.!O2,!1I,F!&/.!Y/'.'&.>!i&!s-3&1,?!ER)Y/E2('/&!0,!E3!02-),!02!./++,'E!32!1/EEc@,?!1/--,.M/&03&(!32!6>e>!.2'..,?!3!)()!-)M,-(/-'),!,(!ER/&!3!(-/2Y)!O2,!t!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!M,-0,&(?!,&!,UU,(?!1I3O2,!3&&),?!9:!+'&2(,.!0,!./++,'E!O2/('0',&!E,.!Y,'EE,.!0,!Q/2-.!0,!1E3..,!M3..3&(!0,![I$:!0,!./++,'E!,&!Sc+,!V!XI:X!,&!;c+,!u$9>!\3!.'(23('/&!,.(!],321/2M!ME2.!.,&.']E,!32!!*$+ `'#%.-5(6&(J.&(#$#.225&(*E!,.(!30+'.!32!&'Y,32!'&(,-&3('/&3E!O2,!t!0,.!I,2-,.!0,!./++,'E!'&30)O23(,.!M,2Y,&(!1/&(-']2,-!32!Z/.!1/--)E3('/&.!0)+/&(-,&(!O2,!E,.!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E!'&02'.,&(!2&,!32@+,&(3('/&!0,.!)(3(.!0R3&<')()!,(!0,!0).,.M/'-!1I,F!E,.!Q,2&,.!02!6>e>>!8!ER'&Y,-.,?!E3!.,&.3('/&!0,!Q/',!,.(!3../1'),!V!2&!]/&!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!4yT7!,(!0)U,&0!ER'0),!M/M2E3'-,!O2R2&!30/E,.1,&(!O2'!0/-(!]',&!,.(!2&!30/E,.1,&(!I,2-,2<>!\,.!(-/2]E,.!0,!ER3((,&('/&!,&!1E3..,!.,!+3&'U,.(,&(!t!M3-U/'.!u!0c.!ER/](,&('/&!0R2&!.1/-,!0,!./++,'E!0,!T?!M3..3&(!V!t!(/2Q/2-.!u!M/2-!2&!.1/-,!0,!L>!\R'+M31(!0R2&!0_.U/&1('/&&,+,&(!02!./++,'E!,.(!0/&1!+3Q,2-?!&/&!.,2E,+,&(!.2-!ER)(3(!0R)Y,'E!32!O2/('0',&!0,!ER)EcY,?!+3'.!M,2(!'&02'-,?!.R'E!,.(!1I-/&'O2,?!0,.!1/&.)O2,&1,.!@-3Y,.!.2-!E3!1/&.(-21('/&!0,!.3!U2(2-,!Y',!0R302E(,?!&/(3++,&(!32!&'Y,32!0,!1,.!)(20,.>!`,.!1/+M3-3'./&.!,&(-,!ER3((,&('/&!0,.!)EcY,.!3_3&(!E,!(,+M.!0,!+3&@,-!E,!+3('&!3Y3&(!E,.!1/2-.!,(!1,2!8'&.'?!ER/&!&,!M,2(?!V!M-'/-'?!M3.!3+)E'/-,-!2&!+3&O2,!0R3((,&('/&!M3-!0)U32(!0,!./++,'E!M3-!2&!M,('(!0)Q,2&,-!.3'&>!(!

!;L!*/+ I80#/-(6&2(#/-.J.-52(#J#1-(%&(/4'/;&,!D,E/&!E,.!-).2E(3(.!)+,-@,3&(!0,!&/(-,!)(20,?!1,-(3'&,.!31('Y'().!3Y3&(!0,!.,!1/21I,-!.,+]E,&(!,UU,1('Y,+,&(!'&UE2,&1,-!E3!O23E'()!02!./++,'E!0,.!Q,2&,.!,(!1,E3!.,!-)M,-12(,!02-3&(!E3!Q/2-&),>!i&!,UU,(?!ER3112+2E3('/&!0,!U3('@2,!3!2&!,UU,(!0'-,1(!.2-!ER)(3(!M._1I'O2,!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.>!\3!E,1(2-,!,.(?!M3-!,<,+ME,?!1/--)E),!0,!+3&'c-,!'&Y,-.,!3Y,1!E,!.1/-,!02!./++,'E>!`,!+j+,!03&.!2&,!,&O2j(,!U-3&g3'.,?!t!E,.!Q,2&,.!0)1E3-3&(!E'-,!3Y3&(!0,!.,!1/21I,-!0/-+,&(!ME2.!E/&@(,+M.!O2,!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!O2'!&,!E'.,&(!M3.!,({/2!U/&(!32(-,!1I/.,!4XIL9!Y.!XI9X7!u$9>!82!1/&(-3'-,?!ER2('E'.3('/&!0,!+)(I/0,.!0,!1/++2&'13('/&!)E,1(-/&'O2,.!.,+]E,!j(-,!2&!U31(,2-!M/2Y3&(!1/&02'-,!V!0,.!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E>!*E!,.(!0c.!E/-.!'&()-,..3&(!0R/].,-Y,-!ER)Y/E2('/&!0,.!+r2-.!1/&1,-&3&(!E,.!31('Y'().!3Y3&(!E,!1/21I,->!8Y,1!ER311c.!0,!ME2.!,&!ME2.!U31'E,!V!0,.!&/2Y,EE,.!(,1I&/E/@',.?!'E!0,Y',&(!ME2.!.'+ME,!0,!U3'-,!ER31O2'.'('/&?!M3-!2&!Q,2&,!0,!ERo@,!02!1_1E,?!0R3MM3-,'E.!M,-+,((3&(!0,!.,!1/&&,1(,-!3Y,1!./&!-).,32!0R3+'.!Q2.O2RV!(3-0!03&.!E3!./'-),>!\/-.!0,!&/.!0'.12..'/&.!3Y,1!E,.!)(20'3&(.?!&/2.!3Y/&.!M2!1/&.(3(,-!O2R2&,!M-/M/-('/&!'+M/-(3&(,!0R,&(-,!,2!6,E3!M/2--3'(!E,.!M/2..,-!V!2&,!2('E'.3('/&!ME2.!U-)O2,&(,!.2-(/2(!.'!3212&!1/&(-dE,!M3-,&(3E!&R,.(!M-).,&(>!t*E!,<'.(,?!0R2&,!1,-(3'&,!+3&'c-,?!2&,!1/&12--,&1,!,&(-,!E,.!E/'.'-.!,(!E,!./++,'E>!\R2.3@,?!E,!./'-?!0R/2('E.!)E,1(-/&'O2,.!,(!320'/Y'.2,E.!'+ME'O2,-3'(!;:!V!TL!+'&2(,.!0,!./++,'E!,&!+/'&.!u$9>!8Y,1!ER3--'Y),!+3..'Y,!0,!1,.!&/2Y,EE,.!M/..']'E'().!0,!1/++2&'13('/&?!'E!&/2.!.,+]E,!'+M/-(3&(!O2,!E,!._.(c+,!0,!./'&.!E/13E!,(!E,.!31(,2-.!M/E'('O2,.!.,!M,&1I,&(!.2-!1,!M-/]Ec+,!./2.!M,'&,!0Rj(-,!3..,F!-3M'0,+,&(!0)M3..).!,(!0,!&,!M/2Y/'-!O2,!1/&.(3(,-!E,.!0)@o(.>!!!*6+ ",4'$%&2(.16'.-2!\,.!-)M,-12..'/&.!02!./++,'E!3E()-)!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!'&(,--/@).!.,!M-).,&(,&(!./2.!U/-+,!0,!0,2!i&!1,!O2'!1/&1,-&,!E3!0,((,!0,!./++,'E?!&/2.!3Y/&.!1/&.(3()!0,!+3&'c-,!@E/]3E,?!2&,!0'UU)-,&1,!0,!ME2.!0R2&,!I,2-,!03&.!E,.!02-),.!+/_,&&,.!0,!./++,'E!,&!.,+3'&,!,(!,&!J,,B",&0!4"#$%&#'(E7>!AE2.!.M)1'U'O2,+,&(?!2&,!/].,-Y3('/&!.2-!E,.!(,+M.!0,!./++,'E!32!&'Y,32!'&0'Y'02,E!+/&(-,!O2,!.,2E!2&,!(-,&(3'&,!0R)EcY,.!0/-+,&(!-),EE,+,&(!ME2.!0,![I!M3-!&2'(!E/-.!0,.!Q/2-.!0R)1/E,?!E,.!32(-,.!0,Y3&(?!M3-!1/&.)O2,&(?!-3((-3M,-!E,2-!-,(3-0!V!2&!32(-,!+/+,&(!4L.D',&()?7>!\3!+/_,&&,!0,!1,((,!02-),!0,!./++,'E!,&!.,+3'&,!)(3&(!0,!XI;9?!ER'&(,-Y3EE,!0,!02-),!0,!./++,'E!E,!J,,B",&0!0,![I"[I;9!M,2(!,.(!1/&.'0)-)!1/++,!&/-+3E!43].,&1,!0,!0,((,7!,(!1/&1,-&,!2&,!O2'&F3'&,!0R)EcY,.>!\,.!)EcY,.!.'(2).!32"0,../2.!4;:7!0,!1,(!'&(,-Y3EE,!./&(!,&!+3&O2,!0,!./++,'E!13-!/&(!+/'&.!0,![I!0,!./++,'E?!1,2!*E!,.(!'&()-,..3&(!0,!1/&.(3(,-!O2,!ME2.!0R2&!(',-.!0,.!)EcY,.!'&(,--/@).!./2UU-,&(!0,!1,((,!0,((,>!ZR/2]E'/&.!1,M,&03&(!M3.!0,!M-)1'.,-!O2R'E!,<'.(,!0,.!@-/.!,(!0,.!M,('(.!0/-+,2-.?!+j+,!M,&03&(!ER30/E,.1,&1,!,(!O2,!1,.!1I'UU-,.!0/'Y,&(!j(-,!'&(,-M-)().!,&!1/&.)O2,&1,>!A/2-!E,!0)13E3@,!,&(-,!E,.!I,2-,.!02!1/21I,-!,&!.,+3'&,!,(!E,!J,,B",&0?!&/.!0/&&),.!+/&(-,&(!2&!(-/2]E,!1I-/&/"]'/E/@'O2,!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.?!V!.3Y/'-!2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!0,!9I:X>!i&!,UU,(?!E,2-!I,2-,!0,!1/21I,-!Y3-',!1/&.'0)-3]E,+,&(!.,E/&!O2R'E.!3',&(!0,.!1/2-.!E,!E,&0,+3'&!/2!&/&>!Z/.!0/&&),.!.2-!ER'+M31(!0,!1,!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,!32!&'Y,32!0,!E3!

!;S!O23E'()!0,!Y',!E3!Q/2-&),!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!&,!+/&(-,&(!1,M,&03&(!M3.!0,!-).2E(3(!.'@&'U'13('U>!6R,.(!E,!+j+,!13.!V!ER)(-3&@,-?!/k!ER/&!/].,-Y,!O2,!t!E,!./++,'E!M-/E/&@)!02!J,,B",&0!&R,.(!&/-+3E,+,&(!M3.!-,1/++3&0)!Y2!O2,!1,E3!0)13E,!E,!-_(I+,!1'-130',&?!+3'.!3!O23&0!+j+,!)()!/].,-Y)!1I,F!S:}!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.>!6,M,&03&(?!1,((,!I3]'(20,!0,!./++,'E!&R3!M3.!)()!3../1'),!3Y,1!E,.!-).2E(3(.!.1/E3'-,.!&'!E3!.3&()!u9$>!\R3E()-3('/&!02!-_(I+,!1'-130',&!,.(!,&!E',&!)(-/'(!3Y,1!E,!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,>!*E!.,+]E,-3'(!O2,!t!E,!._&0-/+,!0,!0)13E3@,!0,!./++,'E?!O2'!1/++,&1,!(_M'O2,+,&(!E/-.!0,!E3!0,2<'c+,!0)1,&&',!0,!Y',?!.,-3'(!2&,!+3&'U,.(3('/&!,<(-j+,!0,!1I3&@,+,&(.!I/+)/.(3('O2,.!,(!1'-130',&.!0,!ER30/E,.1,&1,!u9;>!*E!.,-3'(!0l?!M-'&1'M3E,+,&(?!V!0,.!U31(,2-.!M._1I/./1'32!!*&+ Y-,#-5D.&2(6:#/-.412!A/2-!E2((,-!1/&(-,!E,.!M-/]Ec+,.!0,!./++,'E!0,!ER30/E,.1,&1,?!0,!&/+]-,2.,.!.(-3()@',.!./&(!+'.,.!,&!ME31,!/2!,&!1/2-.!0R'&.(32-3('/&>!D'!ER/&!.,!1/&1,&(-,!0R3]/-0!.2-!E,.!)EcY,.!02!1_1E,?!TX?X}!/&(!2&,!Y/E/&()!0R3+)E'/-,-!E,2-!./++,'E>!*E.!/&(!0,.!+)(I/0,.!M,-./&&,EE,.!31O2'.,.!0,!+3&'c-,!,+M'-'O2,!/2!M3-!0'.12..'/&!3Y,1!E,2-.!M-/1I,.!3U'&!0,!.R3'0,-!V!0/-+'-?!&/(3++,&(!32!&'Y,32!02!1I/'!\3!+2.'O2,?!E3!()E)Y'.'/&!,(!E3!E,1(2-,!./&(!E,.!(-/'.!31('Y'().!E,.!ME2.!M-3('O2),.!3U'&!0,!.R3'0,-!V!0/-+'->!6,M,&03&(?!.,E/&!&/.!.(3('.('O2,.?!.,2E,!E3!E,1(2-,!3!2&!-),E!'+M31(!.2-!ER,&0/-+'..,+,&(>!%&,!./E2('/&!ME2(d(!'&3((,&02,!,.(!ER2.3@,!0,.!+)0'13+,&(.>!i&!,UU,(?!.2-!&/(-,!M/M2E3('/&!1/&.('(2),!0R30/E,.1,&(.!+3Q/-'(3'-,+,&(!,&!0)]2(!0,!1_1E,!0R/-',&(3('/&?!9}!3UU'-+,&(!2('E'.,-!0,.!3'0,.!MI3-+31/E/@'O2,.!M/2-!0/-+'-?!.3&.!(/2(,U/'.!M-)1'.,-!E,.O2,EE,.>!6,-(3'&.!.,+]E,&(!3Y/'-!,2!2&!M-/]Ec+,!0,!1/+M-)I,&.'/&!0,!E3!O2,.('/&?!3_3&(!-3Q/2()!O2R'E.!M-,&3',&(!0,.!+)0'13+,&(.!1/&(-,!ER3EE,-@',!M/2-!0/-+'->!6,M,&03&(?!E3!(,&03&1,!V!M-,&0-,!0,.!./+&'Uc-,.!3!0)QV!)()!1/&.(3(),!,&!D2'..,!,&!9::9!/k!t!2&!M/2-!1,&(!0,.!U'EE,.!,(!:>L}!0,.!@3-g/&.!0'.Ç3'É,&(!M-,&0-,!0,.!./+&'Uc-,.!ME2.',2-.!U/'.!M3-!.,+3'&,!,(!9}!0,.!U'EE,.!,(!$}!0,.!@3-g/&.!,&Y'-/&!,&!M-,&Ç3'É,&(!ME2.',2-.!U/'.!M3-!+/'.?!E3!+/'(')!0R,&(-,!,2!\R2('E'.3('/&!0,!ER,&(/2-3@,!M/2--3'(!j(-,!2&,!32(-,!./E2('/&!3U'&!0,!M-/+/2Y/'-!2&,!+,'EE,2-,!O23E'()!0,!./++,'E>!6,M,&03&(?!&/2.!&R3Y/&.!M3.!0,!-).2E(3(.!.'@&'U'13('U.!O23&(!V!2&,!3+)E'/-3('/&!O2,E1/&O2,!02!./++,'E!M3-!ER'+ME'13('/&!0,.!M-/1I,.>!i&!,UU,(?!&/2.!3Y/&.!M2!+,((-,!,&!E2+'c-,!O2,!XX?W}!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!3_3&(!2&!+32Y3'.!./++,'E?!0'.,&(!,&!M3-E,-!V!E,2-!,&(/2-3@,>!6,!&/+]-,!(-c.!)E,Y)!M,2(!M3-3n(-,!3..,F!1/&(-30'1(/'-,?!Y2!O2,!ER/&!.R3((,&0-3'(!V!1,!O2,!E,.!M3-,&(.!1/&.,'EE,&(!V!E,2-.!,&U3&(.!0,!.,!1/21I,-!ME2.!(d(>!`,2!\3!M-,+'c-,!.,-3'(!2&,!1,-(3'&,!(,&03&1,!V!E3!1/&(-30'1('/&!3_3&(!E',2!E/-.!0,!ER30/E,.1,&1,!3U'&!0,!+,((-,!,&!3Y3&(!E,2-!Y/E/&()!0R'&0)M,&03&1,!,(!0/&1!E,!-,U2.!0,!ER3MME'13('/&!0,.!-c@E,.!M3-,&(3E,.>!\R32(-,!.,-3'(!ME2.!.M)1'U'O2,!32!8'&.'?!&/&!.,2E,+,&(!E,!Q,2&,?!+3'.!,&1/-,!./&!,&(/2-3@,!32-3',&(!],./'&!0R3'0,!3U'&!0,!@)-,-!E,!M-/]Ec+,!02!./++,'E>!\R'&,UU'131'()!V!@)-,-!E,.!(-/2]E,.!02!./++,'E!1I,F!E,.!Q,2&,.!@,&.!&/2.!3+c&,!V!&/2.!0,+3&0,-!t!.R'E!&,!.,-3'(!M3.!/MM/-(2&!0R303M(,-!03&.!2&,!1,-(3'&,!+,.2-,!E,.!I/-3'-,.!0R)1/E,!32

!;W!-_(I+,.!&_1(I)+)-32!!*<+ M41/%'2.412!\,.!0/&&),.!0,!1,!./&03@,!'&0'O2,&(!O2,!E,!./++,'E!0,.!30/E,.1,&(.!U-)O2,&(3&(!E,.!1_1E,.!0R/-',&(3('/&!0,!=,&cY,!,.(!0)()-'/-)>!6,1'!132.,!0,.!3E()-3('/&.!32!&'Y,32!0,!ERI2+,2-!,(!0,.!M,-U/-+3&1,.!.1/E3'-,.!0,.!Q,2&,.>!`,!ME2.?!'E!3!)()!M/..']E,!0R_!3../1',-!V!E3!U/'.!2&,!0,((,!0,!./++,'E!3'&.'!O2R2&!-,(3-0!0,!MI3.,>!\3!132.,!,&!,.(!M-'&1'M3E,+,&(!E,.!31('Y'().!3Y3&(!ER,&0/-+'..,+,&(!(,EE,.!O2,!E,.!+/_,&.!0,!1/++2&'13('/&!)E,1(-/&'O2,.!,(!E,.!-).,32!`R32(-,.!31('Y'().!1/++,!E3!E,1(2-,!/&(!2&!U31(,2-!])&)U'O2,!,(!1/&.('(2,&(!+j+,!2&,!.(-3()@',!2('E'.),!M3-!E,.!30/E,.1,&(.!3U'&!0R3+)E'/-,-!E,2-!./++,'E>!\R,&(/2-3@,?!]',&!O2,!1/&1,-&)?!&,!Q/2,!M3.!2&!-dE,!30)O23(!03&.!E3!@,.('/&!02!./++,'E!0,!ER30/E,.1,&(>!*E!3MM3-3n(!'+M/-(3&(!0,!(-/2Y,-!2&,!./E2('/&!V!1,!M-/]Ec+,?!ER)0213('/&!02!Q,2&,!,(!0,!./&!,&(/2-3@,!M/2--3'(!,&!U3'-,!M3-(',?!0,!+j+,!O2,!E3!+'.,!,&!ME31,!0RI/-3'-,.!.1/E3'-,.!303M().!32!!!!!!

!;X!3 Epilogue : !M.- $!"$B*N6>#$4*1B#4#"&9$!Z/2.!3--'Y/&.!32!(,-+,!0,!1,((,!,<12-.'/&>!D'!Y/2.!E,!Y/2E,F!]',&?!M-/1)0/&.!1/++,!2&,!U'&!0,!1/&.2E(3('/&!+)0'13E,!,(!-).2+/&.!]-'cY,+,&(!1,!O2'!&/2.!3!3+,&)!V!,&(-,M-,&0-,!1,!Y/_3@,?!M2'.!&/2.!Y,--/&.!1,!O2,!&/2.!3Y/&.!0)1/2Y,-(!,(!,&U'&!&/2.!,!!Z/2.!3Y/&.!)()!1/&U-/&().!32!*E!,.(!132.)!+3Q/-'(3'-,+,&(!M3-!1,!O2,!E,.!Q,2&,.!U/&(!3Y3&(!0R3EE,-!32!E'(?!.2-(/2(!E/-.O2R'E!.R3@'(!0,!.2-U,-!.2-!E,2-.!/-0'&3(,2-.!M/2-!0'.12(,-!3Y,1!E,.!1/M3'&.>!A3-!1/&(-,?!.'!&/2.!3--'Y/&.!V!M,-.230,-!&/.!30/E,.1,&(.?!M3-!,<,+ME,!0,!E'-,!3Y3&(!0,!0/-+'-?!E,2-!./++,'E!0,Y',&(!+,'EE,2->!6R,.(!M/2-O2/'!E3!M3-(!0,.!M3-,&(.!,.(!.'!'+M/-(3&(,!03&.!E3!O23E'()!0,!Y',!0,!E,2-.!,&U3&(.>!!!M./ $!"#$H#+>#$5#$%*))'H'3'&9)$!%&,!0,.!M-,+'c-,.!./quotesdbs_dbs35.pdfusesText_40