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[PDF] Haloalkanes and Haloarenes - NCERT

Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows: These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc ) compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures

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atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows: salt is formed (Unit 13, Class XII)

[PDF] Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

www ncerthelp com (Visit for all ncert solutions in text and videos, CBSE Haloalkanes and Haloarenes General Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes 1

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Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows: These may be Chemistry According to IUPAC system (Unit 12, Class XI), the name of an alcohol

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3018, Old Y Block, 3rd Street, 12th Main Road, Anna Nagar West Ph 23741471 formation of haloalkanes (or alkyl halides) and haloarenes (or aryl halides) These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as

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In this lesson, you will study the nomenclature, methods of preparation and properties of this important class of carbon compounds OBJECTIVES After reading 

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13 sept 2020 · haloalkanes and haloarenes chemistry cbse class 12, class 12 chemistry revision notes for chapter 10, alkyl amp aryl halides study material for 

[PDF] Named Reactions Of Amines - chemistryworkshopjr

Named Reactions Of Haloalkanes and haloarenes 1)Finkelstein Reaction This reaction used for the preparation of iodoalkenes from the corresponding

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Class -Xllth Chemistry 3rd week Ch 10 ( Haloalkanes and haloarenes) Section -A (1 Write and explain methods of preparation of haloalkanes with example

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Named Reactions Of Haloalkanes and haloarenes

1)Finkelstein Reaction

This reaction used for the preparation of iodoalkenes from the corresponding chloroalkanes or bromo alkanes.

CH3Br + NaI

CH3-I + NaBr

Methyl bromide Methyl Iodide

2)Fittig Reaction

In the reaction haloarene is reacted with metallic sodium in the presence of anhydrous ether to form Diphenyl which is an aromatic hydrocarbon Cl Cl 2Na

Dry ether+NaCl

Chlorobenzene Biphenyl 3) In this reaction, benzene is treated with alkyl halide or acyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride acting as a catalyst. As a result,a hydrogen atom in the ring gets replaced either by alkyl group or acyl group.

Friedel Craft Alkyltion

+CH3Cl

Anhydrous AlCl3

CH3 Benzene Methyl Benzene

Friedel Craft Acylation

COCH3

CH3COCl

Anhydrous AlCl3

Benzene Acetyl Benzene

4)Swarts reaction The synthesis of alkyl fluoride is best accomplished by heating n

alkyl chloride in the presence of metallic fluoride such as AgF,Hg2F2,CoF2

CH3Br + AgF

CH3F + AgBr

Methyl bromide Methyl Fluoride

5)Wurtz reaction-Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbon

containing double the no of carbon atoms present in halide.

2RX + 2Na ------------> RR + 2NaX

6)Wurtz-fitting reaction- A mixture of an alkyl halide gives an alkyl arene when

treated with sodium in presence of dry ether. Cl +CH3Cl2Na

Dry ether+NaClCH3

Chloro Benzene Methyl Benzene

Named Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1) chlorobenzene.

2) Reimer Tiemann Reaction: In this reaction, salicyaldehyde(2-Hydroxy

benzaldehyde) is prepared on reaction of phenols with chloroform while salicylic acid(2-Hydroxy benzoic acid) is formed when phenols are treated with carbon tetrachloride.

3) salicylic acid is prepared by the reaction of

sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide followed by acidification.

4) Williamson synthesis: This reaction is used for the synthesis of symmetrical

and unsymmetrical ethers. Named Reactions of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

1) Rosenmund Reaction: This reaction is used for the preparation of aldehydes

by the hydrogenation of acyl chlorides in presence of palladium supported over barium sulphate poisoned by sulphur

2) Stephen Reaction: This reaction is used for the preparation of aldehydes from

nitriles by their reduction in presence of stannous chloride followed by hydrolysis.

CH3CN+SnCl2 + HClCH3CHNHH3O+

CH3CHO

Methyl cyanide Ethyl Imine Ethanal

3) Etard Reaction: In this reaction, chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group to a

chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding benzaldehyde.

4) Gatterman Koch reaction: this reaction is used for the preparation of

benzaldehyde from benzene or its derivatives.

5) The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is

reduced to CH2 group on treatment with zinc- amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid. CH3 C CH3

OZn - Hg

Conc. HCl

CH3CH2CH3

Acetone Propane

6) Wolf Kishner Reduction: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is

reduced to CH2 group on treatment with hydrazine followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol. CH3 C CH3 O

CH3CH2CH3

i) NH2 -NH2 ii) KOH / Ethylene glycol / Acetone Propane

7) Aldol condensation: Į-hydrogen

ȕ-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively which

readily undergoes condensation.

CH3CHOdil NaOHCH3CHCH2

OH

CHOCH3CHCHCHO2

3-hydroxy butanal But-2-en-al Ethanal

8) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried out between

two different aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation.

9) Cannizzaro reaction: Į-hydrogen atom,

undergo self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.

10) Hell-Volhard-Į-hydrogen

Į-position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the

Į-halocarboxylic acids.

Named Reactions Of Amines

1)Hoffmann Ammonolysis reaction:

This reaction yields a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salt on reaction of alkyl halide with ammonia.

2) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:

This is a method for preparation of primary amines bytreating an amide with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolicsolutionofsodium hydroxide.

3) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:

This method is used for the preparation of primary amines from phthalimide.

4) Carbylamine reaction:

Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamine

5) Sandmeyer reaction:

In this reaction, chlorine or bromine or cyanide can also be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper(I) ion.

6) Gatterman reaction:

In this reaction, chlorine or bromine or cyanide can also be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder.

7) Diazotisation:

Aromatic primary amines react with nitrous acid (prepared in situ from NaNO2 and mineral acid like HCl) at low temperature (273-278 K) to form diazoniumsalts.This conversion of primary aromatic amines into diazonium salts is known as diazotisation.

8) Coupling Reaction:

The reaction of joining two aromatic rings through N=N- is known as coupling reaction. Arenediazonium salts react with phenols or aromatic amines to form coloured azo compounds.quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23