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Par Damien BRESSON

Thèse présentée

pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur de l'UTC Étude de l'écoulement sanguin dans un anévrysme intracrânien avant et après trait ement par stent flow diverter : quantification par traitement d'images de séquences angiographiques 2D

Soutenue le 14 novembre 2016

Spécialité : Biomécanique et Bio-ingénierie : Unité de Recherche Biomécanique et Bio-ingénierie (UMR-7338) D2308

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