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ENGLISH

A case study of Swedish-English code-switching in the blog

Charlotta Flinkenberg

Ingrid Falk

Supervisor:

BA thesis Monika Mondor

Fall 2013 Examiner: Joseph Trotta

Title: Code-Switching Online, a case study of Swedish-English code-switching in the blog

Charlotta Flinkenberg

Author: Ingrid Falk

Supervisor: Monika Mondor

Examiner: Joseph Trotta

Course: EN1C03, fall of 2013, Department of languages and literatures

University of Gothenburg

Abstract

This study investigates the form and function of Swedish-English code-switching within Swedish pop culture online through a case study of the fashion blog Charlotta Flinkenberg. Code-switching can be found in a multitude of written data; however, research has primarily focused on code-switching in spoken language. This study seeks to explore written code- switching, and to answer the questions of when, how and why the writer utilizes code- switching in her blog posts. To facilitate this, a total of 310 blog post published between February 1, 2013 and September 30, 2013 were examined. The data was analyzed to see if any patterns of code-switching occurred as well as to examine what types of words were code-switched. The results show that the writer code-switches most frequently when she is writing about fashion and when answering questions from readers about fashion. The results further show that the most frequent type of code-switching was intra-sentential code- switching, with a high frequency of code- focus on clothes and accessories. The theories applied show that the code-switching may be a way for her to establish an identity as an integral part of the fashion community and to connect with her readers. Keywords: Code-switching, fashion, blog, sociolinguistics, Swedish popular culture, CMD

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Aim and research questions ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Overview of study ......................................................................................................................... 2

2. Bilingualism and Code-switching ....................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Bilingualism .................................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 The basics of code-switching ........................................................................................................ 4

2.3 Sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching ..................................................................................... 5

2.4 Code-switching in computer-mediated discourse.......................................................................... 5

3. Previous studies on written code-switching ........................................................................................ 6

4. Material and method ............................................................................................................................ 8

4.1 Material ......................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Problems and Limitations .............................................................................................................. 9

4.3 Method .......................................................................................................................................... 9

5. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 10

5.1 Overall frequencies of code-switched words .............................................................................. 10

5.2 Code-switching in different types of blog posts .......................................................................... 11

5.3 Most frequently code-switched words in Charlotta Flinkenberg ................................................ 12

5.4 The different types of code-switching in Charlotta Flinkenberg ................................................. 16

5.4.1 Intra-sentential code-switching ............................................................................................ 16

5.4.2 Inter-sentential code-switching ............................................................................................ 18

5.4.3 Tag-switching ....................................................................................................................... 19

5.5 Words-classes found in single word code-switching occurrences .............................................. 20

6. Discussion and further research......................................................................................................... 21

6.1 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 21

6.2 Further research ........................................................................................................................... 23

References ............................................................................................................................................. 25

Appendix - All code-switched words and their frequency ................................................................... 27

1

1. Introduction

The phenomenon of bilingualism, i.e when where a person is fluent in two languages, is a common occurrence in most countries, including Sweden. Bilingualism makes it possible for or more languages, and use code-switching, a phenomenon which allows speakers to mix languages within an utterance when speaking to each other (Montes-Alcalá, 2005:6). Romaine (1995) states that code-switching occurs amongst children as young as 2 years old, but that children tend to code-switch on sentence-

level, whereas adults fluent in both languages are more likely to code-switch phrases or

individual words (Romaine, 1995: 227-232). Code-switching can be found in all area of our lives, from high-culture to popular culture, as well as both in real life and in fiction. Given this, code-switching within popular culture has been chosen as the object of the present study. Popular culture reflects the way people today live and think as well as their interests and what they find important. It enables us to understand what people dream about and what they want to achieve in life (Bennich- Hancock (2013), fashion within popular culture is a phenomenon which exemplifies diversity, where clothes are given values, expressing individuality and peoples places in society. Through fashion we can express who and what we are, as well as showing others what we are not. Fashion is a non-verbal form of communication, and its importance within popular asing opportunities and interest in using fashion to express individuality, gender, religion and ethnicity (Hancock, Johnson-

Woods and Karaminas, 2013:xi-xii).

While a vast amount of research has been done on the subject of spoken code-switching, this study focuses on the form and function of written code-switching within Swedish popular culture online, concentrating on code-switching between Swedish and English in the posts of a specific blogger. The usage of discussion forums and blogs as a way of voicing personal opinions is constantly growing and with this, online-language is changing (Laroussi,

2011:10).

Code-switching in written form outside of literature was once, and still might be, a somewhat rare phenomenon. However, investigating code-switching in internet language is especially interesting since the way people communicate has expanded enormously through the use of the internet, and the speed of publishing texts has changed, becoming much faster. Discussion-boards, social media, instant messaging and blogs are common tools for 2 communication today, and studying internet language when researching code-switching within bilingual communities can therefore be very useful (Laroussi, 2011:77). Furthermore, code-switching can be a way for writers to express identity through their language use. A writer has the choice to use words and phrases from another language to express their religion, ethnicity and political views, as well as their interests, proficiency and knowledge in certain areas of life to their readers (Sebba, Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012:193). In addition to this, writers can use code-switching to strengthen group identity, using language to enhance the connection to the readers and involving the readers by using certain phrases and words in another language (Gardner-Chloros in Bullock and Toribio, 2009:106).

1.1 Aim and research questions

The aim of this essay is to investigate the form and function of code-switching between Swedish and English within Swedish popular culture online, in order to see if any patterns of use occur. The essay focuses on a sample of posts from the fashion blog Charlotta Flinkenberg. In order to fulfill this aim the following research questions are adressed:

1. In what type of blog posts does Swedish-English code-switching occur insection

Charlotta Flinkenberg?

2. What types of code-switching are used online by the writer of Charlotta Flinkenberg?

3. What types of words are being code-switched in the blog posts from Charlotta

Flinkenberg?

In connection to these three research questions, the possible reasons for using code- switching will be examined and discussed.

1.2 Scope

This study is limited to the analysis of 310 blog posts from the blog Charlotta Flinkenberg. These blog posts were all posted on Charlotta Flinkenberg between February 1, 2013 and

September 30, 2013.

1.3 Overview of study

In section 1, the study is introduced and the aim and research questions are presented. Section

2 gives an overview of bilingualism and code-switching, explaining different aspects of code-

switching as well as code-switching in computer mediated discourse (CMD). Section 3 discusses previous studies made on written code-switching in the resent years, particularly in the field of online writing. Section 4 explains the material and method used in the study, as 3 well as problems and limitations. The results are presented in section 5. In section 6 the results are summarized and discussed and suggestions for further research are presented.

2. Bilingualism and Code-switching

This section gives an overview of bilingualism and code-switching, both in spoken conversations and in written texts. In this section the different aspects of code-switching are discussed, focusing particularly on Swedish-English code-switching in Sweden. In section

2.1, Bilingualism is discussed as well as the influence of English in Sweden. Section 2.2

examines the basics of code-switching as well as different types of code-switching. Section

2.3 looks at the sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching and section 2.4 discusses code-

switching online in computer-mediated discourse (CMD).

2.1 Bilingualism

The influence of the English language on Swedish started in the 17th century with the first introduction of these types of English words into Swedish are known as convenience borrowings, caused by the lack of Swedish words for the increasing number of new goods and concepts introduced into Swedish society. As a result, the English words were brought into the Swedish language (Stålhammar, 2004:85). Among the subject areas and concepts introduced were sports, trade and fashion. Words such as mollskin and smoking are directly

Stålhammar,

2004:90).However, these loan words can sometimes change meaning over time, or be given

additional meanings not found in the original language (Baker, 2013:22). In the last 30 years the use of the English language in Sweden has expanded, turning English into a second language in Sweden rather than a foreign language. English has become intranational as opposed to international, and has become indispensable for many Swedes who speak English on a daily basis, even when communicating with other Swedes. It is now common to hear two or more Swedes speaking in English to each other, or using English words in their Swedish speech, regardless of the fact that they could communicate just as well by simply speaking Swedish (Sharp, 2007:224). The contact between the two languages will ultimately lead to linguistic interference, where grammar, pronunciation and concepts are transferred from the native language to the foreign language (Galvao, 2009:1). Amongst the natural consequences of the daily contact between these languages is English-Swedish interference on a phonological level. These 4 interactions are often known as foreign accents and are shown in intonation, stress and pronunciation (Montes-Alcalá, 2005:11). Another interference occurs on a syntactic level. This type of interference alters word order in meaning, giving Swedish words English word order and English words Swedish word order. Interactions on a morphological level affect gender and number markers. Interactions on a lexical level include semantic extensions, borrowing, calques and code-switching. Semantic extension occurs where a lexical item that already exists in L1 changes and expands its meaning from the original item to an item with similar meaning in L2. Borrowing however occurs when lexicon and a loan word is brought in to fill the gap. These loan words can be assimilated into the language such as the word e-maila, to send an e-mail, but can also be unassimilated, such as the word styling. Calques are literal translations of a word or a phrase from one language to these previously mentioned interferences between languages in that code-switching occurs when a speaker or writer alternates between the two languages intra-sententially or inter- sententially, or by using tag-switching (Montes-Alcalá, 2005: 11-12).

2.2 The basics of code-switching

One important aspect of bilingual communication is code-switching. Romaine (1995), discusses different types of code-switching; tag-switching, where one inserts a tag from one will you get there later, you knowfurther identifies two other types of code- switching, inter-sentential and intra-sentential. Inter-sentential code-switching concerns switching languages at a clause or sentence boundary, using one element in one language and the final type of code-switching, intra-sentential switching, the switch between languages also include mixing within the boundaries of a word so that a word may have a stem in one language and inflictions in another, for example the English stem attach and Swedish inflection a in attacha, to attach something. The same pattern can be seen in words such as e-maila, to e-mail something. These types of code-switching can be used individually, but it is possible to find more than one, and on occasion all three of them in the same discourse (Romaine, 1995: 122-123). 5

2.3 Sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching

According to Gardner-Chloros (in Bullock and Toribio, 2009:97) it is argued that the perspective to use when looking at code-switching should first and foremost be sociolinguistic, that is from a use of language correlates to the cts of their social and cultural life. Gardner- , 2009:104) of we-codes and they- codes, where the minority language serves as a we-code, associated with activities within the group and informal conversations, while the majority language serves as the they-code, associated with formal speech and out-group relations. The relationship between these codes and their non-linguistic context is considered to be indirect and it is very uncommon that only one of these codes is considered to be appropriate in a situation. The two are often used side by side in a conversation, using code-switching. Furthermore, code-switching can be used to create a common identity within a group of people of different origin. An example of this might be when a person with Swedish as their first language, but with some knowledge of English, interacts with people who have English as their first language and Swedish as their second language. A conversation between these people would most likely be full of code- switching, even though none of the participants need to use code-switching as a tool to make themselves understood by all. Code-switching can therefore be used, not out of necessity, but by choice in order to strengthe (Gardner-Chloros in Bullock and Toribio, 2009:106).

2.4 Code-switching in computer-mediated discourse

Communication between people via the internet is termed Computer-mediated discourse beings interact with one another by transmitting messages via networked computers in Schiffrin, Tannen and Hamilton, 2001:612). Even though code-switching in the past has mostly been found in real life conversations, and has been considered by scholars to only exist in spontaneous speech (Dorleijn and Nortier in Bullock and Toribio, 2009:126), it is becoming more common in the virtual world. This may be caused by the fact that CMD can be considered to be if not an extension of speech, a way for the writer to infuse colloquial forms as well as features of spoken language. Furthermore, it is often composed instantly, without a pause to edit oneself and to consider being consistent in the choice of one language over another (Dorleijn and Nortier in Bullock and Toribio, 2009:126). This being said, it is clear that code-switching is not always used in the same way in spoken language and in CMD. In CMD editing of texts is possible, and code-switching is 6 therefore always to a higher degree a conscious choice, whether it is used as a means to identifying oneself with the reader or to emphasize the , status or interests. According to Dorleijn and Nortier (in Bullock and Toribio, 2009), CMD data show similarities to written data when it comes to lexical density, but similarities to spoken data regarding the use of pronouns, with first and second person pronouns occurring even more often in CMD data than in spoken data (Dorleijn and Nortier in Bullock and Toribio, 2009: 129).

3. Previous studies on written code-switching

This section discusses previous studies made by scholars concerning code-switching in written form and code-switching online. While this is a new area of research, as the practice of publishing texts through blogs online is relatively new, some studies have been carried out in recent years. A common consensus among researchers has long been that real patterns of code-switching can only be found in spontaneous speech. Therefore, research of code-switching in written form has long been neglected. Sebba (in Sebba, Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012) states that the answer to why this has come to be lies within the concept of code-switching itself. The monolingual bias of researchers identifying with one language in particular can cause problems when researching texts containing a language differing from their specialty, and they therefore tend to avoid it (Sebba, Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012:2). Sebba also states that while research on code-switching in written texts does exist, some of the problems have been that the area has no independent theoretical framework, but has drawn on framework developed for spoken code-switching research or frameworks from other theoretical diciplines (Sebba , Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012:1). With the expansion of the internet however, the interest for written code-switching as a tool to mark identity has grown, and the Markedness Model by Myers-Scotton (in Sebba, Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012:5) where code-switching is seen as rational choices, and the use of a particular word to display a certain meaning can be, at least partially, applied to interactive written genres such as blogs, forums and online chat (Sebba, Mahootian and Jonsson, 2012:5). Since a blog can be compared to a personal diary, where one writes to oneself or to others within the same community online, it is likely that code-switching as a

rational choice can occur there to a greater extent than in other online texts (Romaine.

1995:121)

7 focus on the content and not the language used, leading to language rules sometimes being overlooked or disgarded (Laroussi, 2011:77). As mentioned above, some of the focus on code-switching research has recently shifted towards the use of code-switching as a tool in identity construction, where code-switching is aquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23