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5U.S. HISTORY
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After the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor in 1941, the United States re-
alized that the Atlantic and Pacific oceans could no longer protect the na- tion from an enemy"s air and sea power. American leaders concluded that the U.S. must have a military de- fense superior to all other nations and never again permit a hostile power to dominate Europe or East Asia.When the Germans invaded the
Soviet Union in 1941, it lost more
than 20 million soldiers and civilians.Russia had also been invaded by
Napoleon early in the 19th century
and by the Germans in World War I.Soviet leaders concluded they must
secure their national borders and never again suffer an invasion.The capitalist U.S. and commu-
nist Soviet Union were allies in WorldWar II. But their conflicting world
views and national security concerns soon drove them into a Cold War.Chp ;cW mbY :heW PTk LmTkm5
In early 1945
,American and So- viet armies pushed toward the Nazi capital of Berlin. The Soviets occu- pied the Eastern European countries of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,Bulgaria, Romania, and the eastern
part of Germany.The chief Allied leaders (Franklin
Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and
Joseph Stalin) met in the Crimean re-
sort city of Yalta (in the Soviet Union) in February 1945. Roosevelt andChurchill agreed to recognize pro-
Soviet governments in each of theEastern European nations as long asfree elections were held.In April 1945, Roosevelt died and
Harry Truman, the U.S. vice presi-
dent, became president. In July, theAmerican and British leaders met
again with Stalin, this time in Pots- dam, Germany. Stalin wanted to per- manently weaken Germany to ensure it would never again invade the So- viet Union. The three leaders agreed to divide Germany and Berlin intoAmerican, British, French, and Soviet
occupation zones.The next month, the U.S. dropped
atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, which quickly led to Japan"s surren- der. Stalin believed that the U.S. used the atomic bombs to intimidate theSoviet Union after the war. He called
it "atomic blackmail."Truman and Churchill soon wor-
ried that Stalin wanted to expand So- viet power and communism intoWestern Europe. By early 1946, Tru-
man had dropped Roosevelt"s plan to withdraw all American troops fromEurope in two years.
Stalin believed that communism
would eventually overcome capital- ism. His top priority, however, was to secure the Soviet Union"s borders from attack. To protect his western border, he wanted not only a weakGermany but pro-Soviet Eastern Eu-
ropean governments.At first, Stalin was satisfied with
communist and non-communist coalition governments. He believed the communists would graduallyoperate from within to gain controlof the powers of government.In March 1946, Winston Churchill
delivered a speech in the UnitedStates, warning that Stalin was rap-
idly transforming the Eastern Euro- pean countries into communist states. He said, "an iron curtain has descended across the continent" that separated Europe between the demo- cratic and capitalist West from the to- talitarian and communist East.In early 1947, a Greek communist
minority was fighting a guerilla war against Greece"s government, which the British had long helped to defend.The British informed President Tru-
man that they no longer could afford to provide military and economic aid to Greece or its neighbor Turkey.Truman quickly decided to take
on the role of defending Greece andTurkey in order to block possible So-
viet control of this strategic area near the oil-rich Middle East. Truman and his advisers believed Stalin was be- hind the Greek communists. ButJosip Broz Tito, the communist
leader of neighboring Yugoslavia, was their chief supporter.In March 1947, Truman ad-
dressed Congress and asked for mili- tary and economic aid, but no U.S. troops, for Greece and Turkey to pre- vent them from falling under Soviet control. "It must be the policy of theUnited States," he declared, "to sup-
port free peoples who are resisting at- tempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside powers."MC?:IF;P6K4
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