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Alcohols and Phenols

Dr. Seham ALTERARY

Chapter 7

Chem 145

1434-1435

2013-2014

2ndsemester

Chapter Head Lines

Introduction

Types and Classifications.

Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols.

Physical Properties.

Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols.

Preparation of Alcohols and Phenols:A. Preparation of Alcohols

2-Hydration of Alkenes

1-Hydration of Alkyl halide

3-Oxidation of Alkenes to vicinal diol.

4-Reduction of Carbonyl group.

5-NucleophilicAddition of Grignard Reagents to carbonyl group

B. Preparation of Phenols

Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols:

I-Reactions involving oxygen-hydrogenbond breaking II-Reactions involving carbon-oxygenbond rupturing III. OxidationIV-Reaction of Aromatic Ring of Phenols

Introduction

-Alcoholsare characterized by the hydroxyl group-OH -The general formula for Alcoholsis

Alcohols

O H H H H HH CC OHRC sp3 As all alcoholsare the compounds containinghydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the alkyl group, hybridization is sp3

Phenolsor, Aryl alcohols

O H

Phenols , ArOH

OHsp2 thehydroxylgroup,OH.

H-O-H R-O-HorPhCH2OH Ph-O-H

WaterAlcoholPhenol

OHOHOH

Types of Alcohols

differentcarbonatoms.

Example;ethanol (C2H5OH)

2. Dihydroxyls(glycols): containing twohydroxyl groups connected

by differentcarbon atoms.

Example;1,2-Ethanediol

Ethyleneglycol

(CH2OH-CH2OH).

Example; 1,2,3-propanetriol

Glycerolor Glycerin

(CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH).

Classification of MonohydroxylAlcohols

¾The mono hydroxyl alcohols can be classified into three types according to the type of the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group: CHR H OH CRR H OH CRR R OH ࡈalcoholࡈalcoholࡈalcohol CHH H OH

Methyl alcohol

Draw the structures of the above alcohols?

Nomenclature

1) Common Nomenclature(Alkyl + alcohol)

Examples:

-In the common system, you name an alcohol by listing the alkyl groupand adding the word alcohol.

CH3OHOHCH3CH2

Methyl alcoholEthyl alcohol

CH3CH2CH2OH

Propyl alcohol

-You can use both the common and IUPAC systems to name alcohols.

CH3CHCH3

OH

Isopropyl alcohol

Vinyl alcohol

CH2CHCH2OH

CH3CCH3

CH3 OH

Allyl alcohol

t-butyl alcohol CH2OH

Benzyl alcohol

Examples:

CH2CHOH

2) IUPAC Nomenclature

3) Numberthe longest continuous carbon chain so as to give

the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl groupthe lower number.

1) Select the longest continuous carbon chain to which the

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