[PDF] Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions PDF 9.pdf

Carbonyl compounds are planar about the double bond and have bond angles of approximately 120° Nucleophilic (Lewis base) Electrophilic (Lewis acid)

Addition Reactions – Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions – This is one of the most important reactions of the carbonyl group Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones may be oxidized to form compounds at the next “oxidation level”, that of carboxylic acids

[PDF] Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl

17 9: Acetals and Ketals as Protecting Groups Protecting group: Temporarily convert a functional group that is incompatible with a set of reaction conditions into

[PDF] Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Why this Chapter? ▫ Much of organic chemistry involves the chemistry of carbonyl compounds ▫ Aldehydes/ketones are intermediates in

[PDF] Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition

3 oct 2010 · because the C=O group is the Lewis Acid in most of its reactions nucleophilic addition to the C=O bond of an aldehyde or ketone

[PDF] Lecture 4: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Last lecture we saw how carbonyl groups behave as electrophiles and therefore react with nucleophiles We spent some time discussing the mechanism of this

[PDF] Chapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Carbonyl compounds are planar about the double bond and have bond angles of approximately 120o Carbon-oxygen double bonds are polarized because of the

[PDF] Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group

115 and 121, where we showed you how cyanide reacts with aldehydes to give an alcohol As a reminder, here is the reaction again, this time with a ketone, with

[PDF] Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes Nucleophilic Addition

ketones is nucleophilic addition to the carbon– oxygen double Treatment of an aldehyde or ketone with a When a compound contains both a carbonyl group

[PDF] Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Carbonyl compounds are planar about the double bond and have bond angles of approximately 120° Nucleophilic (Lewis base) Electrophilic (Lewis acid)

Aldehydes and Ketones:

Nucleophilic Addition

Reactions

McMurry,

Organic

FOHPLVPU\· 7th Ed.

Chapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones

YAldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (R2CO) are

characterized by the the carbonyl functional group (C=O)

YThe compounds occur widely in nature as

intermediates in metabolism and biosynthesis 3

Why this Chapter?

YMuch of organic chemistry involves the

chemistry of carbonyl compounds

YAldehydes/ketones are intermediates in

synthesis of pharmaceutical agents, biological pathways, numerous industrial processes

YAn understanding of their properties is

essential 4

9.1 The Nature of Carbonyl Compounds

1. Aldehydes and Ketones

2. Carboxylic Acid and their Derivatives

Carbonyl Compounds:

Electronic Structure of the Carbonyl Group

Figure 9.1 Electronic structure of the carbonyl group.

YThe carbonyl carbon atom is sp2-hybridized and

forms three bonds YThe fourth valence electron remains in a carbon p orbital and forms a bond to oxygen by overlap with an oxygen p orbital

YCarbonyl compounds are planar about the double

Nucleophilic

(Lewis base)

Electrophilic

(Lewis acid) 6

9.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones

YAldehydes are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with ²al

YThe parent chain must contain the ²CHO group

Y The ²CHO carbon is numbered as C1

YIf the ²CHO group is attached to a ring, use the suffix carbaldehyde 7 common names 8

Naming Ketones

YReplace the terminal -e of the alkane name with ²one YParent chain is the longest one that contains the ketone group

YNumbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl

carbon 9

Ketones with Common Names

YIUPAC retains well-used but unsystematic names

for a few ketones 10

Ketones and Aldehydes as Substituents

YThe R²C=O as a substituent is an acyl group, used with the suffix -yl from the root of the carboxylic acid YThe prefix oxo- is used if other functional groups are present and the doubly bonded oxygen is labeled as a substituent on a parent chain 11

9.3 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones

YOxidize primary alcohols using periodinane

Preparing Aldehydes

Preparing Ketones

13 YFriedel²Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with an acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst YHydration of terminal alkynes in the presence of Hg2+ 14

[PDF] [PDF] Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions