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i
TRANSLATIONSOFEARLYDOCUMENTS
SERIESI
PALESTINIANJEWISHTEXTS
(PRE-RABBINIC)
THEBIBLICAL
ANTIQUITIESOFPHILO
DigitizedbytheInternetArchive
in2007withfundingfrom
IVIicrosoftCorporation
THEBIBLICAL
ANTIQUITIESOFPHILO
NOWFIRST
TRANSLATEDFROMTHEOLDLATINVERSION
BY
M.R.JAMES,LiTT.D.,F.B.A.
HON.LITT.D.DUBLIN,HON.LL.D.ST.ANDREWS,
PROVOSTOFking'sCOLLEGECAMBRIDGE
SOCIETYFORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE
LONDON:68,HAYMARKET,S.W.i.
NEWYORK:THEMACMILLANCOMPANY
1917
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1.General....
2.HistoryoftheBook
(a)TheEditioPrincepsandafter (b)Earlierhistory.
3.AuthoritiesfortheText
(a)Theprintededition. {b)MSS.ofthetext (4Subsidiaryauthorities (d)Geographicaldistribution. (e)Communityoforigin (/)Groupingofauthorities,illustratedby specimenpassages.
4.Title,andattribution'joPhilo
5.OriginalLanguage
6.Date.
7.Form....,
8.PurposeandTeaching.
9.Unity.Contents.
10.RelationtootherLiterature,espe-
cially - (a)Enoch (b)Jubilees. (c)ApocalypseofBatuch. (d)FourthBookofEsdras (e)NewTestamentWritings y 9 12 12 13 17 18 19 21
26
27
29
33
33
42
43
45
46
54
59
viCONTENIS PAGE
11.ExtentoftheCompleteBook:theLost
ConclusionDiscussed...6o
12.Conclusion.CharacterofthePresent
Edition......65
13.SynopsisoftheContents:Divisionof
theBook..,..67
AdditionalNote....-73
TEXTANDNOTES....75
Appendices -
I.Onvariousreadingsandcorruptpas-
sages243
II.Onthevocabulary,etc.,oftheLatin
version......269
Index.'......275
INTRODUCTION
I.ThebooknowpresentedtoEnglishreaders
so,buttheveryexistenceofithasremainedun- hundredyears,althoughitwasprintednoless thanfivetimesinthecourseofthesixteenth century.
Whatisit,andwhyisitworthrevivingafterso
longaperiodofoblivion?ItisaBiblehistory, tothedeathotSaul.Ithascometousonlyin aLatintranslation(madefromGreek,andthat thenameofthegreatJewishphilosopherofthe convenientshorttitle.
Itsimportanceliesinthis,thatitisagenuine
andunadulteratedJewishbookofthefirstcentury - aproductofthesameschoolastheFourthBook' ofEsdrasandtheApocalypseofBaruch^and destructionofJerusaleminA.D.70.Itisthus contemporarywithsomeoftheNewTestament writings,andthrowslightuponthemaswellas 7 ;g^:c-c'/r^c*'Introduction
2.(a)TheHISTORYOFTHEBook,asknownto
us,canbeshortlytold.ItwasprintedbyAdam
Petriin1527,atBasle,inasmallfoliovolume,
alongwiththegenuinePhilo'sQuaestioneset
SolutionesinGenesim^andafragmentoftheDe
Vitacontemplativa(calledDeEssaeis).These
werefollowedbytheOnomasticon{deNominibus andaLatinrenderingoftheDeMundoby
GuillaumeBude.ThewholevolumeisinLatin,
andwaseditedbyJoannesSichardus:forthe
FuldaandLorsch,ofwhichmorehereafter.In
collectioninaquartovolume,whichIhavenot
In1552ourbook(withouttheaccompanying
volumeissuedbyGryphiusatLyons,underthe atHeidelberg,editedbyJudaBonutius.
Philowasreadandoccasionallyquoted,e.g,by
Fabriciuswouldcertainlyhaveaccordedita
notice.HedoesspeakofitinhisBibliotheca
Ge'icsim,
HISTORYOFTHEBOOK9
pointofviewoftheeditions.Itisnottoomuch tosaythatthechancewhichkeptitfromhimhas keptitalsofromtheflockofscholarswhohave followedhimlikesheepfortwohundredyears. seemstohavebeenCardinalJ.B.Pitra.Inthe
AnalectaSacra(II.321;1884)heprintedthe
LamentofJephthah'sdaughterfromaVatican
totheprintededition.
In1893Icameuponfourdetachedfragments
inamanuscriptatCheltenham,inthePhillipps andStudies,II.3).Noonewhoreviewedthe bookinEnglandorabroadrecognizedthatthey weretakenfromatextalreadyinprint.At length,in1898,thelateDr.L.Cohn,whowas anarticleinwhichthesourceofmyfragments waspointedoutandaveryfullaccountgivenof thewholebook,withcopiousquotations.This articleofDr.Cohn'sisatpresentourstandard sourceofinformation.Nothingtosupersedeit has,sofarasIknow,appearedsince.Afew
ContemporaryJewishThought.
{b)CanwetracethehistoryofPhilofurther backthantheprintededitionof1527bymeansof quotationsorallusionstoit?Thewholebodyof evidenceisremarkablysmall.Attheveryend loINTRODUCTION asticis,printedatParisin1512.Onf.18^isa andaddstheopeningwords:Adamgenuittres filios,whichshowsthathehadseenthetext.It fromthetext(ofwhichweshallspeakunderthe* ourbook(V.8).Hecallshissource'Philothe bookofquestionsuponGenesis':thewordsshow thathewasquotingamanuscriptwhichcon- tainedthatworkaswellasourtext.His chroniclers. ofrareoccurrence.TheFuldacatalogueofthe sixteenthcentury^has"Repertoriinoniordo primus,liberPhilonisantiquitatum36."The number36istheolderlibrarynumber,perhaps onthecoverofthevolume.Thiswasoneofthe toit.
Inthetwelfthcenturyamonkwritestothe
AbbotofTegernseefortheloanofthe"liber
Philonis."In831theabbeyofSt.Riquier,near
p.105;1902),
HISTORYOFTHEBOOKii
unumvolumen."Boththesereferencesmaybe foundinBecker'sCatalogi}
Onepossiblehint,andoneonly,oftheexist-
enceofPhilointheEasternChurchisknownto me.TheTaktikonofNicon,cap.13,inthe
Slavonicversion,asquotedbyBerendts{Zach-
ariaS'Apokryphen,p.5,note3),reckonsamong thecanonicalbooksoftheOldTestament"the
Palaea(theEasterntext-bookofBiblehistory
comparabletotheHistoriaScholasiicainthe
West)andPhiloT
TheDecretumGelasianumofthefifthorsixth
centurycondemn?,amongmanyotherapocryphal thatPki/omentionsthedaughtersofAdaminthe firstfewlines,whereasinJubileestheydonot occurbeforethefourthchapter.
Iknowofnothinginearliercenturieswhich
lookslikeanallusiontoPhilo,unlessitbea passageinOrigenonJohn(Tom.VI.14)inwhich hesays^:"Iknownotwhatisthemotiveofthe whoadmittedlylivedthroughthedaysofmany oftheJudges,isthesameasElias,andthat immortalitywaspromisedtohiminNumbers catalogues. f|6KeVT7]{r6TJ]vMabiavlriy,/c.t.A.
12INTRODUCTION
(xxv.12),"withmoretothesameeffectHe referstonobook,buttoatraditionwhichis,in cationisfoundinPhilo,c.XLVIII.Seethenote inloc,
3.ThenextbusinessistodescribetheAUTHORI-
TIESFORTHETextofPhilo.
(a)Wewilltaketheprintededitionof1527 aremerereprints).ItssymbolshallbeA.Inhis substanceofwhathesaysisasfollows.Atone timehehadhopedtobeabletoremedythemany corruptionsofthemanuscripts,ofwhichhehad two;buthegraduallycametodespairofdoing so,andresolvedtogivethetextashefoundit.
Histwomanuscriptswereaslikeeachotheras
twoeggs,sothathecouldnotdoubtthatonewas acopyoftheother,thoughtheywerepreserved inlibrariesfarapart.HeemployedtheFulda copy,andhadpreviouslyobtainedtheuseofone fromLorschAbbey,whichwasveryold,andhad windoftheexistenceofanothercopy.Buthis preparingithehasaimedatfollowinghismanu- toputtingforthagreatlyimprovedtextinthe future.^
MANUSCRIPTS13
{b)WehaveseenthattheFuldaMS.istrace- lost,alongwiththebulkoftheFuldaMSS.: then,independently,byDr.P.Lehmann,witha
TheLorschMS.stillremainsundiscovered.
TheidentityoftheCasselMS.withthatused
bySichardusisnotdoubtful.Initscoverisan quitatum,andtheoldFuldapress-mark.
Thebookwhichfurnishesthisinformationisa
LatinPhiloknowntoexist,andhassucceededin
increasingthenumber,fromthreewhichwere knowntoDr.Cohnin1898,tosixteen,elevenof .,.absolverentur.
14INTRODUCTION
whichcontainthetextoftheAntiquities,They areasfollows ingAnt.andQuaest.inGen. tainingAnt.andQuaest. containingAnt. tainingAnt.andQuaest. containingAnt.andQuaest. tainingAnt.andQuaest. tainingAnt.andQuaest. andQuaest, Ant.
Ant.andQuaest.
ofwhichnoparticularswereforthcoming.
Forthepurposesofthepresentvolumeonly
namely,theFulda-CasselMS.asrepresentedby someuseofthelostMS.fromLorsch),theChel- tenham,Vatican,andViennaMSS.Thefactthat
Dr.Cohnwasknowntohaveincontemplationa
tocoverthewholeground,and,evenhaditbeen
Germany.Thereare,forinstance,noprinted
libraries.
MANUSCRIPTS15
tellsus^issufficienttoshowthatnoneofthe
MSS.presentacompletertextthanwealready
know.Allmustgobacktoanancestorwhich itweremade.Uponthispointmorewillbesaid.
AtpresentwewilltakeaccountofwhatDr.Leh-
mannhastosayofSichardus'sMSS.,andproceed ofsomesubsidiaryauthorities.
OftheFuldaMS.wenowlearnthatitisthe
workofmorethanonescribe,oftheeleventh century.TheAntiquitiesoccupyff.\-6^a,and haveatitleinalatemedievalhand:Libri isanoteworthyfeature.Onf.86,inthemiddle ofthepagetheMS.omits,withoutanysignof abreak,alongpassagecontainingtheendofthe edition.AtthispointSichardushasamarginal note:*'Herethecopiesdiffered,butwehave fromtheFuldaMS.Wemaysay,therefore,that allMSS.showingthisgapareindependentofthe
FuldaMS.
IV.I.1912).
i6INTRODUCTION waswronginregardingtheFuldaMS.asacopy heexaggeratesgreatlywhenhesaysthatthetwo
MSS.wereasalikeastwoeggs.^Dr.Lehmann's
finalremarkisthatthedisappearanceofthe
LorschMS.isverymuchtobedeplored,for,
judgedbytheGreekfragmentsandtheArmenian traditionthanalltheextantLatinMSS.
OftheotherMSS.inthelistgivenabove,it
maybeobservedthattheCuesMS.(writtenat
Gottweihin1451)andthetwoWlirzburgMSS.
arenotlikelytobeofverymuchvalue:andthat, ofthethreeMunichMSS.,thatfromTegernsee two.ProbablythemonkwhowrotetoTegernsee toborrowaPhilo(seep.10)wasamemberof
BenedictbeurenorSchaftlarn.TheSchaftlarn
Inowproceedtogiveadetailedaccountofthe
threecompleteMSS.whichIhavebeenableto threeMSS.arethosementionedbyDr.Cohnin hisarticle,andIhavebeenledtoexaminethem withoutseriousthoughtofusingthemforthe purposesofanedition.Theyarethecopies preservedatCheltenham,Vienna,andRome. ofPhilo.
MANUSCRIPTS17
C077lpOSUi.
withoutcolophon,occupyingthewholevolume. thereisnoothermarkofprovenance.
Pisthustheonlyoneofthethreemanuscripts
whoseoldhomecanbedefinitelyfixed.Itbe- longedtotheabbeyofSt.Eucharius,otherwise outsideTreves. extractsfromthetext. i8INTRODUCTION
Ess,andhasanoldpress-markCiorC7.
T.No.117intheTownLibraryatTreves.Apaper
to"place'^Ph.
RhineProvinces,orinEasternFrance.
(d)Glancingbackoverthelist,weseethatfor allbutoneoftheitemsaGermanoriginisestab- lished.TheVaticanMS.istheexception,and origin.Nearthebeginningofthebook(III.3) isaspeechbeginningDeleam,RreadsVelearn.
GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION19
verylikeacapitalV;nordoIknowanyother scriptinwhichthelikenessbetweenDandVis sostriking.MyguessisthatthescribeofR, ofhiswork,madethemistake,whichhedoesnot repeat;andIregarditasanindicationthathis remarkablysimilartexttothatofV). toshowthatintheMiddleAgesPhilowascir- confinesthoselimitstoGermanyandNorthern
France.
{e)OftheseauthoritiesIhavetranscribedA, infull;haveexaminedandpartiallycollatedV (onthespot),andhavetranscribedPh,T,andF
Jisinprint,andIhavecollatedthatalso.
Thecompletecopieswhichareknowntousareall
speech:"SaytoDavid:ThussaithSaul:Be notmindfulofmyhatrednorofmyunrighteous- ness."Howmuchfurtherthestorywentweshall thedeathofGideon(XXXVII.i)wereadthat"he
20INTRODUCTION
desiringtoberuleroverthepeople.Then tree,andsaid:Comereignoverus."Thuswe passfromthefirstentryofAbimelechtoapoint somewhereintheParableofJotham.1thinkwe theancestorofallourcopies.Noneofthemmake anyattempttofillthegap.Attheendofthe stoneuponhim.(ThenJairjudgedIsraeltwenty andtwoyears.)HebuiltasanctuarytoBaal," mentsofP.ThetextasreadinAwouldimply thatAbimelechbuiltasanctuarytoBaal;butit gap,theextentofwhichisuncertain.Theimme-
Ourhistorianmayormaynothavenoticedhim:
hedoes,lateron,omitoneoftheminorjudges,
Ibzan.Atmost,anotherleafiswantingatthis
damage.
Intheearlypagesofthebookmuchspaceis
totheBible.Themanydisagreementsastothe inthismatter.Sodosuchvariantsasmemoraret
TRANSMISSION21
incapitalsinV,whichIinterpretasanattempt fusions(inpropernames)o{fands^ofcandz,of
Thereisanapriorilikelihoodthatararetext
bythem.Acloserstudyofthevariantsmay perhapsconfirmthisnotion.^ esim,andDeEssaeis,whichhadsurvivedatsome mostlikelyinornearTreves. {/)Theauthoritiesusedinthisbookfallinto
Sichardusgivesusnomeansofdistinguishing
haveseen,isprobablywronginsayingthatthey wereverycloselyallied.TheTrevesMSS.arein morefrequentagreementwithAthanVR.Vand
R,ifnotparentandchild(andprobablytheyare
not)areatleastuncleandnephew.Generally toanyoneofthecompleteMSS.thatIhave seen.
22INTRODUCTION
wewilltakeashortpassageforwhichallour (hominiquifactusestVRF). trorumF). (facturaVRF).
SicomminusmemoraretartariinquoambulasA.
obscureinT). labasVRF. inconspectutuomultis(inmultisVRF)psallo? (inchaomatenataVRF)estuestracreatura?
GROUPINGOFAUTHORITIES23
light. thewholeclauseisomittedbyVR. thewordhassurvived. theotherlonger,inwhichthisisthecase.
24INTRODUCTION
ilHus,"whichisquiteright. rest. takingAasthebasis,wehave sumcoronisnuptiarummearum. (c)NonsumusaMosiodorismei. ""preciosiodoramentimeiPPhT. ""moysiodorismeiVR[pm.usaR). (SichardusconjecturedMoschoforMosi:Pitra printsnonsuntthymiaodoris.) quod(quibusR)praeparatumestmihiAVR.
Neefroniuitanimammeamoleumunctionisquod
praeparatumestmihiPPhT.quotesdbs_dbs18.pdfusesText_24
THE WORKS OF PHILO - Friends of the Sabbath