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ED 068 262
AUTHOR
TITLEINSTITUTION
PUB DATE
NOTEAVAILABLE FROMDOCUMENT RESUME
RC 006 557
Correll, J. Lee, Ed.; Watson, Editha L., Ed.Welcome to the Land of the Navajo. A Book of Information about the Navajo Indians. Third Edition, 1972.Navajo Tribe, Window Rock, Ariz.
72178p.
Navajo Tribal Museum, P.O. Box #797, Window Rock,Arizona 86515 ($4.00)
EDRS PRICE
MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58DESCRIPTORSAmerican Indian Languages; *American Indians;Bibliographies; Camping; *Cultural Background;Government (Administrative Body); Handicrafts;History; Parks; Physical Environment; *RecreationalFacilities; Religion; *Reservations (Indian);*TourismIDENTIFIERS*Navajos
ABSTRACT
Compiled and edited by the Museum and ResearchDepartment of the Navajo Tribe in 1972, the text provides informationabout the Navajo Indians and their vast reservation. Majorareascovered include Navajo history and customs, religion,,arts andcrafts, Navajo tribal government and programs, Navajoland and placesto go, 7 wonders of the Navajo world, books on the Navajos, and itemson sale at the Navajo Tribal Museum.(Several pages may be light.)(FF)
FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE
COPYWelcome
to the land oroN %-p--ILCEIVI;3 iiov 13
:.--,tImsu k--;)F.. R J.C.the-NAVAJO
book of laforinalion about theNavajo
Indians
#4,0072U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFICE OF EOUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRO-OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIG-INATING IT POINTS OF VIEWOR OPIN-IONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY
REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EOUCATION POSITION OR POLICYWELCOMET 0T H ELAND0 FTHE NAVAJO
ABOOKOFINFORMATION ABOUTTHENAVAJOINDIANS
PREPARED BY MUSEUM, AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
THE NAVAJO TRIBE
WINDOW ROCK, ARIZONA
Third Edition
1972Compiled and edited by J. Lee Correll and Editha
L. Watson
Museum and Research Department
The Navajo Tribe
Drawings by Eliason Scott
inASK ANY NAVAJO TRIBAL OR NATIONAL PARK SERVICERANGER,THE NAVAJO POLICE, THE TRIBAL PUBLIC AFFAIRSOFFICE OR AT
INFORMATION BOOTHS WHAT YOU WANT TO KNOW, OR VISITTHENAVAJO TRIBAL MUSEUM, WINDOW ROCK, ARIZONA
Phones
871-4414, 871-4096, 871-4282
2Printed by
The Navajo Times Publishing Company
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
3CONTENTS
Page THEPEOPLE1
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO.
2The People
2History
2Social Revolution
4Tourism
5Minerals
6Agriculture and Livestock
6Manufacture
6POPULAR FALLACIES REGARDING THE NAVAJO
8THE PEOPLE - IN ACTION
10SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO HISTORY
12SOMETHING ABOUT THE
NAVAJO HOGAN15
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAVAJO LANGUAGE
18General Notes on PronounCiatiou
18Navajo Word Lists
19Parts of the Body
19Adjectives.
19Animals
19 Nouns 20SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO CLANS
22List of 75 Navajo Clans
23SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO DRESS
24SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO MOCCASIN
26SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO CRADLEBOARD
28SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO FOOD
294 Page
SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO GAMES
34SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO TABOOS AND BELIEFS
.35HERE AND THERE IN NAVAJOLAND
37RELIGION
41IN THE BEGINNING
42SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO SACRED PLACES
48SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO CEREMONIES
51SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO MARRIAGE AND
DIVORCE53
NAVAJO WEDDING CEREMONY
54SOMETHING ABOUT PEYOTISM
57MISSION SITES
59ARTS AND CRAFTS
65SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO ARTS AND
CRAFTS GUILD66
SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO SILVERSMITHING
68SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO SANDPAINTING.
70SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO WEAVING
72ADMINISTRATION AND
PROGRAMS75
SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO TRIBAL
ADMINISTRATION76
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO TRIBAL
FLAG77
We, The People by Jay DeGroat
77SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT SEAL
OF THE NAVAJO TRIBE79
SOMETHING ABOUT THE BUREAU OF INDIAN
AFFAIRS AND RELATEDAGENCIES80
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO TRIBAL
RANGERS81
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO POLICE
DEPARTMENT82
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO FAIRS
84SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO CHAPTERS
865 Page
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO TIMES
88SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO HEALTH AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICE..90
SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO EDUCATION
92SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO LIVESTOCK
94SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO FISH & WILDLIFE PROGRAM 95
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO TRIBAL MUSEUM
96SOMETHING ABOUT NAVAJO TRIBAL LAWYERS
98SOMETHING ABOUT TRADING POSTS.
99NAVAJO PEN PALS
102THE
LAND103
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO INDIAN RESERVATION:
HOW IT GREW..104
Map of The Navajo Indian Reservation Showing
All Additionsto the Original June 1, 1868 Treaty Reservation106ANTIQUITIES OF THE NAVAJO COUNTRY
107An Act for the Preservation of American
Antiquities109
Resolution of the Navajo Tribal Council
Enacting an
Antiquities Preservation Law110
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NAVAJOLAND
111Navajoland is the Heart of the Southwest
111Motel and Hotel Accommodations in
Towns Around theNavajo Reservation112
Motel Accommodations on or Adjacent
to the NavajoReservation114Arts and Craft Shops
on the Reservation114National Parks and Monuments & Navajo
Parks on andAround the Reservation115
Exhibits, Displays, and Information
on Navajo Culture..and History - Where to See115Festivities and Celebrations
on and Around the Reservation.116Horseback Riding
116Fishing for Trout and Warm -Water Fish
117Page
Reservation Tour - Boat Trips Down the River
- PackSaddle Treks - Aircraft Excursions117
SOMETHING ABOUT FACTS, FIGURES, AND STATISTICS ON THENAVAJOS..119
CROSSING THE RESERVATION
L22PLACES
TOGO123
NAVAJO PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT REST AREAS &CAMPINGFACILITIES 1972124
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO TRIBAL PARKS
127Monument Valley Tribal Park
127General Information
128Lake Powell Tribal Park
129Little Colorado River Gorge Tribal Park
129Window Rock and Tse' Biinito Tribal Parks
130Kinlichee Tribal Park
131Tse'gi Canyon Tribal Park
131Bowl Canyon Creek Dam Recreational Area
132Grand Canyon Navajo Tribal Park
132SOMETHING ABOUT WINDOW ROCK
134SOMETHING ABOUT FORT DEFIANCE
136SOMETHING ABOUT GANADO AND THE PUEBLO COLORADO VALLEY 138
SOMETHING ABOUT CHINLE
141SOMETHING ABOUT TUBA CITY
143SOMETHING ABOUT KAYENTA
146SOMETHING ABOUT SHIPROCK
147SOMETHING ABOUT SHIPROCK PINNACLE
149SOMETHING ABOUT CROWNPOINT
151Page SEVEN
WONDERSOFTHENAVAJOWORLD
153154
MONUMENT VALLEY
CANYON DE CHELLY
RAINBOW BRIDGE
THE WINDOW AT WINDOW ROCK
BETATAKIN CLIFF-DWELLING
GRAND FALLS OF THE LITTLE COLORADO RIVER
GORGE OF THE LITTLE COLORADO RIVER156
158159
161
162
163
BOOKS
TOREAD165
SOMETHING ABOUT BOOKS ON THE NAVAJOS
166INSIDE
BACKCOVER
ITEMS FOR SALE BY THE NAVAJO PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT THEPEOPLE
SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAVAJO
The People
The Navajo Nation presents
a fascinating paradox of 20thCentury America.Other Indians have "vanished."
Not the Navajo.They now numbermore than 130,000 and are increasing five timesas fast as the restof the country.
Other Indians have lost their native
language.Not the Navajo.Over 97% of them speak their nativetongue fluently, whilea largepercentage of this group also speaksat least a few words ofEnglish.Though known as the Navajo, theyrefer to themselvesasDine;meaning The People.
Other Indians have lost all
or part of their ancient huntingground.Not the Navajo.Since their treaty with theUnited Statesin 1868, they have increasedthe size of their reservation fourtimes,from 31/2 million acres to almost 16million acres'.
Other Indian have deserted their
long houses or tipis formoremodern housing.But many Navajo families stilllive several milesfrom their nearest neighbors inhogans - mud and log dwellings,often with earthen floors.
One look at Navajoland, and the
story of the Navajo beginstomake sense.Civilization has always moved
along the world's waterways,railroads, and highways.Until a few yearsago the majority ofNavajos had found themselvesby-passed by all of these.Nor didthey see much of other modernmiracles:electric power, the tele-phone, radio or television.Today across the reservationthey haveall of these, and a dramaticchange is in evidenceas the NavajoNation merges with the mainstream of modern America.
History
The Navajos (who call themselves
"Dine'e - The People) migratedto the Southwest some time duringthe Fourteenth Century,or possi-bly earlier, and settled inwhat is now northern New Mexico.Theyspeak a variant of the Athabascantongue, a languageone can stilltrace through Indian tribes residingin California, Oregon,BritishColumbia and the interior of Alaska.The People, always progressiveand adaptable, added agricultureto their economy when theymadethis area their home.
By the early Seventeenth Century, early Spanish explorerimistook them for Apaches (indeed, theirlanguages are similar) andcalled them the "Apaches de Nabaju"- theApaches of the Cultivat-ed Fields.This was the first mention in historicalrecords ofthe Navajos as a tribe by thatname.
During the Seventeenth Century they
began to acquire horses,sheep and goats from the Spaniards, andby 1680, when the PuebtoIndians revolted against the Spaniardsand drove them south toEl Paso del Norte, the Navajos had adopteda pastoral culture andcame to rely heavily on the sheep that provided them withfood andclothing.
Raiding had become something of
a way of life.Navajo womenand children were taken as slaves by theSpaniards, while theNavajos retaliated by also capturingslaves and driving off live-stock to add to their flocks and herds.Raids continued with theadvent of American sovereignty in 1846,and the settlers appealedto the United States Army for assistance.Another period of war-fare commenced, and within a fewyears, conditions had become suchthat it was determined that Navajopower must be crushed once andfor all.In 1863, Colonel Kit Carsonwas directed by the Army tosubdue the Navajos.They were rounded up and internedat FortSumner, New Mexico, for a period of fouryears.
In 1868, the experiment proving
a total failure, GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman signeda treaty with Navajo leaders atFort Sumner.The Navajos agreed to return toa reservation of some31/2 million acres in northeasternArizona and northwestern New Mexico,which included the Canyon deChelly, and to keep peace with otherIndian tribes and with the settlers.In turn, the United Statesagreed among other stipulations to givethem 30,000 head of sheepand goats - approximately threeto a person - and to establisha schoolroom for every thirty Navajo children.
Successive presidential orders
gave the Navajos more territory.Even so, under their expanding pastoraleconomy they did not haveenough land.Livestock steadily devouredrange grasses and theheavy rains of the late 1800's producedwidespread erosion.
Following careful surveys, it
became evident that the reservationwould not support more than 500,000sheep, and that therange wasmore than 100% overstocked.Stock reduction was recommendedwhich the People resisted.In spite of their wishes, thegovern-ment bought many of their sheep,goats, and horses, but still itbecame necessary to destroythousands more to reduce the herds.This was a bitter experiencefor the People.In 1940 the Navajosreceived their first permitsto run stock within grazing districtscalculated to provide browse foran established number of animals.Against their will, thePeople submitted to this limitationontheir livestock holdings.- 3 -
11Still, they clung to theii old
ways.They continued to makealivelihood from sheep raisini,squash and corn growing,rugweaving, silversmithing, and some farm andrailroad employment offthe reservation.
Then came World War II.
Social Revolution
Railroads and war industries needed
manpower and recruitedmore than 15,000 Navajos.Thirty-five hundred joined theArmy,Navy, and Marines.The Navajos made an outstandingcontribution tothe war effort.In the South Pacific Navajo Marinesdeveloped acode in their own language that theJapanese never succeeded incracking.
At war's end, the returning Navajos
were reluctant to continuethe manner of life they once knew.They were now psychologicallyready to begin discarding the inertiaof centuries, and a combi-nation of circumstances aided them in doingso.
Big drilling companies discovered
oil, and the Tribewas paidmillions of dollars in royal,:ies and forrights to reserves on oilpumped to New Mexico and the WestCoast.
Congress, in the midst of big spending for
postwar foreign aid,became aware of the needs of Indiansat home, and in 1950 voted $88million for rehabilitation.
Changes in their economy caused by these
circumstances createda renaissance among the People.The tribe, for many years a somewhat
loose association offamilies, achie"ed a sense of togethernessand awareness.In 1923it set up its own Tribal Councilto govern under the leadershipofa Chairman (Chief Executive), and tookover functions long delegatedto the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Although the United States committed
itself in the 1868 Treatyto provide a schoolroom and teacher forevery thirty Navajo children,Navajos in the past resisted schoolingfor their children.Whenthe war began, the People'seyes were opened to the way of lifeoutside the reservation, and theyrealized that theywere progress-ing too slowly.More federal funds were made available,and theeducation explosion began.As late as 1950, only 12,000 children
were in school.At present practically all Navajochildren attendschools either on or away from thereservation, or around itspe-riphery.Few Navajos live in villages.They are scattered over allparts of the 25,000 square mile reservation.Consequesntly, manychildren must leave their isolated familyhomes to attend school.
- 4 - ,12How well do the Navajos learn?
The language barrier slows many
down, and presents more problems to teachers than any other single factor.But for a good Navajo student (usually one whose parents speak English at hc!le) the sky is the limit.In 1974 1800 Navajos graduated from High School.For the 1971-72 school year, more than1400 Navajo students - assisted through the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Grant Program - enrolled in colleges and universities across the country. With support from the Navajo Scholarship Fund, Some ,39Navajos are presently pursuing graduate studies.
The U.S. Public Health Service has virtually stopped the march of disease on the reservation.Since it took .over the ad- ministration of Indian Health Services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, The U. S. Public Health Service has setup six hospitals and a chain of Health Centers and clinics in the field.As a re-sult, more and more of the People are enjoying better health.Lifeexpectancy has also increased.From an estimated population of
15,000 on their return from Fort Sumner in 1868, the Tribe
nownumbers more than 130,000. In their land of paradox and contrast, one of the biggest problems facing the Navajo today may turn out to be one of theirbiggest assets tomorrow.The booming population of the Navajo Tribe will
mean anavailable pool of valuable manpower anda ready market for allmanner ofmanufactured goods and services. In assessingthe value ofreservation resources, its manpower isone of the greatest.Asthe Navajos acquire greater job skills, thatmanpower will grow invalue.
Tourism
Not to be overlooked as one of Navajoland's greatest and most valuable resources is its dramatic scenery.Tourist potentialas an economic force is rapidly assuming major importance. Tribal leaders already recognize the tremendous drawingpowerof such spectacular scenes as the precipitous red-rock wallsofCanyon de Chelly, the stately pines andspruces, rippling troutstreams and lakes of the Chuska mountains,the majestic and ancientspires of Monument Valley, the amazing falls ofthe Little Colorado,massive Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell, andcountless other scenicwonders.
With recreational areas becoming
more crowded every year inthe wide-open West, the Navajos realize that theyhave a goldenopportunity to meet the increasingneeds.To help meet these needs,
some thirty-four lakes with a total of approximately 5,000 surface acres of water are now available for fishing or boating, and other -5-13 0 water sports.