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THE USE OF TIMEBY MEN AND WOMENIN PORTUGAL
Heloísa Perista
Ana Cardoso
Ana Brázia
Manuel Abrantes
Pedro Perista
TitleThe Use of Time
by Men and Women in PortugalAuthors
Heloísa Perista
Ana Cardoso
Ana Brázia
Manuel Abrantes
Pedro Perista
Publishers
CESIS - Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção SocialAv. 5 de Outubro, 12-4º Esq.
1150-056 Lisbon
CITE - Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego Rua Américo Durão, 12A - 1º e 2º andares, Olaias1900-064 Lisbon
Design and page layout
Diagonaldesign, Lda
ISBN978-972-8399-81-8
Place and date of publication
Lisbon, September 2016
This is a publication of the research project National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women" (Inquérito
Nacional aos Usos do Tempo de Homens e de Mulheres , INUT), carried out from October 2014 until September2016 by the Centre for Studies for Social Intervention (
Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social
, CESIS) in partnership with the Commission for Equality in Labour and EmploymentComissão para a Igualdade
no Trabalho e no Emprego , CITE), and funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism, EEA Grants, Programme Area PT07 - Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance. Funded by the European Economic AreaFinancial Mechanism 2009-2014THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
Heloísa Perista
Ana Cardoso
Ana Brázia
Manuel Abrantes
Pedro Perista
THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
03Table of contents
1.Introduction 5
2.Methodology and sample characteristics 9
The questionnaire
9The interviews
12Characterisation of the sample
12Glossary
19 3.Me time 23
Introduction
23To have or not to have time, that is the question
24The quality of free time
37The content of free time
454.
Family time 57
4.1.Household chores and care work 58
Introduction
58Household chores and care work - shared times?
59Multitasking and simultaneous activities
79Externalising household chores
80Perceptions of fairness/unfairness concerning
the distribution of household chores 84Provision of care to adult persons in need
884.2.
Motherhood and fatherhood 95
Introduction
95Who cares for the children?
96Caring for the children - shared times?
106Parental responsibilities and paid work
115THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
04 5.Paid working time 125
Introduction
125People who sell their time for paid work
126Time spent on paid work
127The 'lost steps' of home-work and work-home trajectories 130
Time and organisation of paid work
133Employment: permanence or instability?
137Total working time of men and women
139And what about those unable to sell their time?
141The desired paid working time
144Interpenetration of paid work and family and personal life 146
Factors impacting on paid and unpaid working time: an attempt at a multidimensional model 156
6.
Conclusions and recommendations 161
6.1.Main research conclusions 161
What changes, and what remains, between 1999 and 2015? 1676.2. Final Conference of the INUT Project: conclusions and recommendations 169 7.
References 177
THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
05 1.Introduction
Speaking about time is speaking about the uses we make of time. Because afier all, if philosophically we can conceive time as an abstraction unrelated with the subjects living it, time as a psychological category is only existential, or, as María Ángeles Durán says, "something we live, rather than something that lives us" (Durán, 2013: 21). But time is also "a human invention" (Daly, 2002: 2). As an expression of a way of thinking and representing the social structure, the meaning of time is far flom neutral; it encompasses a means of measuring and quantifying, but also qualifying, that is, aributing value to human activities. e subjective experience of time is a fundamental dimension. Time is lived in a subjective manner by each person, by each man and by each woman, thus time is gendered ("a gendered time", in the words of Jane Pillinger, 2000). at is, the meanings of time are marked by gender. Women and men bestow dierent values and senses on time, in a process conditioned by responsibilities, resources, positions and statuses. Time is therefore a key topic for structuring our thought and intervention in the eld of equality between women and men. (cf. Perista, 2014, our translation) It was on the basis of the above premises that we have conducted our study on time use by men and women in Portugal, the main results of which are now presented in this book. Time use, and in particular the relationship between paid and unpaid work, has been widely debatedamong the scientific community, also with the contribution of various international organisations. A major
reference is owed to the United Nations (UN), through its World Conference on Women held in Nairobi in 1985 and especially the Beijing Platform for Action approved at the 4 thUN World Conference on
Woman in 1995, which defines time use as one of its priority interventi on areas. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Foundation for improving Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) have also carried outrelevant initiatives in this field. As far as the European Union (EU) is concerned, it should be underscored
that the Eurostat promoted in the mid-1990s the development of a harmonised model for time u se surveys which led to about twenty studies being conducted in different EU member states, includingPortugal.
Internationally, time use is a field of statistical enquiry and research with a long and consolidated tradition,
in some cases dating back more than a century. In Portugal, it was only in the 1980s and 1990s that a
perspective of time use analysis was first considered in some studies on the distribution of household
tasks and childcare. Some of those studies were of academic nature and most of them had a limitedscope of application, namely with regard to territorial coverage; other studies were public initiatives
undertaken within the body then designated as Directorate-General of the Family (Direcção-Geral da
Família
THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
06 This eld of work and reection has been consolidated over the last twenty years at the Centre forStudies for Social Intervention (
Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social
, CESIS), since in 1996-1997 the (then called) Commission for Equality and Women"s Rights (
Comissão para a Igualdade e
para os Direitos das Mulheres , CIDM) promoted the project European Union Policies for Equality -Elaboration of new assessment indicators" (
Políticas para a Igualdade da União Europeia - Elaboração de novos indicadores para a sua avaliação ) (CIDM, 1997). Time use was one of the areas identied by the CIDM for proposing new indicators, the work in this domain being ensured by the CESIS. In 1999, the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no
Trabalho e no Emprego
, CITE), then headed by Maria do Céu da Cunha Rêgo, decided to become an active partner of Statistics Portugal (Instituto Nacional de Estatística
, INE) for the purposes of the Survey on Time Use (Inquérito à Ocupação do Tempo
, IOT); the CESIS provided expert consultation in thisprocess. It was only at that time that greater visibility was granted to the subject of time management
between paid work in the context of the labour market and unpaid work in the context of the households. The outcome of the ensuing work, carried out by a team of the CESIS unde r an agreement with theCITE, gave rise, among other things, to a publication entitled Gender and unpaid work: women"s times
and men"s times" ( Género e trabalho não pago: os tempos das mulheres e os tempos dos homensPerista, 2002). Those results, based on the rst ofcial statistical source in Portugal allowing an analytical
approach to time use, conrmed and provided evidence of the sharp asymmetry that persisted, and still persists today, in the distribution of unpaid work between women and men. The conclusions of that study were widely disseminated and contributed to fuel the public debate, aswell as to substantiate policies promoting equality between women and men and a better conciliation of
working, family and personal life.Today, more than sixteen years later and following the same path, it is with great satisfaction that we
are able to draw an updated and nationally representative diagnosis of time use by men and women inPortugal, particularly with respect to paid work and unpaid care work, based on the results of the research
project National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women" (Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo de
Homens e de Mulheres
, INUT). This project started in October 2014 and ended in September 2016; it was carried out by the CESIS in partnership with the CITE and funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism, 2009-20014 EEA Grants, through its Programme Area PT07 - MainstreamingGender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance.
Preliminary results were presented at the Final Conference of the project on 28 June 2016, together with the publication of thePolicy Brief
(Perista et al., 2016). The aim of the Conference was twofold: to disseminate the knowledge and to share and jointly reect on the ndings about gendered time use as summarised in thePolicy Brief
. Through a participatory model, namely with parallel sessionsfocusing on the various key themes under analysis, the conference granted us the opportunity to collect
contributions from all of the participants (more than one hundred, with diverse proles and experiences)
in order to draw up a set of public policy recommendations.THE USE OF TIME BY MEN AND WOMEN IN PORTUGAL
07 This is the moment to renew our message of gratitude to all of those participating as speakers, moderators or rapporteurs at the different sessions of the Conference. A public acknowledgement note is owed in particular to Maria do Céu da Cunha Rêgo for writing a document with the conclusions and recommendations compiled at the conference; thanks to the generosity of the author, such document is partially reproduced as the last chapter of this book. 1 The book deals with time use. And time, and the uses we make of it, touc h upon and cross throughthe lives of all of us. The lives of the INUT project team members too. Health problems; a baby"s birth;
difculties in combining peak period demands with the needs to provide care to children and parents,but also with holiday periods... all of these issues and more have traversed the INUT project and its
development. Mention should be made as regards our colleague Eudelina Quintal: after participatingactively in most of the execution period of the project, she was unable to accompany its last stage of
development. The ndings presented in this book also beneted from important contributions that we must acknowledge and thank. Since the beginning of the Project, and even before so, in its conception and discussion stages, we could count on the CITE as an ever-present, active and committed partner, namely through its President as well as Anita Sares and Ana Curado. In specic components of the study, our work beneted from expert support by two consultants: Sandra Ribeiro, who accompanied and participatedin the denition of the study goals and methodological options, as well as in the conception and testing
of data collection instruments; and Helena Carvalho, whose counselling a nd guidance were especiallyuseful during the stages of data processing and statistical analysis of the results to be drawn from the
National Survey on Time Use, 2015 (
Inquérito Nacional aos Usos do Tempo
, INUT, 2015). Last, but not the least, we thank all of the women and all of the men wh o gave us a little of their time by answering our survey and our interviews. The main conclusions of these two years of work gave rise to this book, which is organised into six chapters. After this rst chapter of introduction, Chapter 2 provides a detailed account of the methodological design as well as the major characteristics of our sample. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 draw on a possible categorisation of the different times that intersect and clash in the lives of women and men: Me time";Family time", in which particular attention is paid to household chores and care work on the one hand,
and to practices of motherhood and fatherhood on the other; and Paid working time". The last chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations; a rst section comprises the main conclusions drawnfrom our research, while a second section is dedicated to the conclusions and recommendations arising
from the Final Conference of the project. 1fie full version of the document (in Portuguese), including relevant contextual information about applicable legislation, political commitments binding Portugal, norms of international organisations and the European Union, as well as the situation in Portugal, is available on the website of the project: www.inut.info.