[PDF] [PDF] Linking Words (Conjunctions and Connectors) - Yale Center for

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Connectors divided into CONJUNCTIONS and ADVERBS After: después de Although / Though / Even though: aunque Before: antes de (prep /conjuction) But: pero For: para (followed by a gerund) In case: por si acaso

[PDF] Linking Words (Conjunctions and Connectors) - Yale Center for

conjunctions, but modern English rarely uses them anymore for that purpose They are more commonly used as subordinating conjunctions Grammar rules

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Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking a Apply the understanding that usage is a matter of 

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Linking words (connectors) are essential for academic writing and your international English exams To achieve a B2 or B1 Concluding linkers In conclusion

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some linkers that help you to write a descriptive paragraph What are linkers? Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another They connect the ideas logically Why are nevertheless, he got a distinction in English

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D initionBroadlyspeaking,conjunctionsandconnectorsdescribetherelationshipbetweentwostatement s.Thesestatementscanbewrittenwithoutlinkingwords,butoftenmoreinformationcanbesuccinctlyconveyedusingthesewords.Conjunctionsgrammaticallyjointwoclauses(independent ordependent,dependingontheconjunction)sothatitreadsasonesentence.Connectorsareusedbetweentwoseparatesentences.Typ o conjunctionsTherearefourtypesofconjunctions:coordinating,correlative,subordinating,andconjunctiveadverbs(discussedelsewhere).Onesentencecancontainmultipletypesofconjunctions,andoftendoes.CoordinatingConjunctionD initionTheselinkingwordsgiveequalvaluetothetwoelements(nouns,adjectives,clauses,etc.)whichtheycoordinateWordsus d(limit dlist)• And(addition)• or(alternative)• but(contrastive)• yet(contrastive)• nor(negative)Note:Forandsoaresometimesmentionedascoordinatingconjunctions,butmodernEnglishrarelyusesthemanymoreforthatpurpose.Theyaremorecommonlyusedassubordinatingconjunctions.Grammarrul s• Conjunctionsmustgobetweentwoelements(nouns,clauses,etc.)theylink• CommasareoptionalEXCEPTforandandbut:o and:iftherearemorethan2elementsbeingdescribed,acommamustfolloweachelementbeingconnected.Theandmustcomebetweenthesecondtolastandlastelementitlinks.Foronly2elements,nocommaisnecessaryo but:acommamustalwaysprecedebut• Whentousenorvs.or:o or:linksnouns,adjectives,adverbphrases,orpositiveverbphrases.o nor:linksanegativeverbphrases.§ Norisalsooftenusedwith"neither."Seethelastexamplesentencebelowaswellasthecorrelativeconjunctionssectionformoredetails.Exampl S nt nc s• Thegraduatestudenthadtoteachsectionandtakeclasses.• Thegraduatestudenthadtoteachsection,takeclasses,andconductresearch.• Theserviceanimalwasnotapony,butaminiaturehorse.• Hewasexhaustedyetveryhappy.• Maryhadnotgonetothestorenorhadshevisitedthegym.o Note:Noticeherethat"not"couldbereplacedwith"neither"andhavethesamemeaning.Thisisagoodwaytocheckifyou'veusednorcorrectly.Graduat WritingC nt rYaleCenterforTeachingandLearning LinkingWords(ConjunctionsandConnectors)DariaHuang@May2015

QuickPractic :corr ctth s nt nc s⊗ Theinvestigatorsfoundahairclipabottleofnailpolish,andacreditcardbelongingtothekidnappingvictim.⊗ Shehadascholarshiptoballetschoolbutlongedtobeadoctor.⊗ Sinceyoucannotswim,youarenotallowedontheboatnornearthedocks.Corr lativ ConjunctionD initionThesearepairsofcoordinatingconjunctions;thesepairsmustbeusedtogether.Likecoordinatingconjunctions,correlativeconjunctionsdescribeequalelements.Wordsus d(limit dlist) • both...and,notonly...butalso(combiningoraddition)• either...or,whether...ornot(binarychoice)• neither...nor(negative)Grammarrul s• Thefirstwordoftheconjunctionmustgodirectlybeforethefirstsubjectorclause;thesecondwordoftheconjunctionmustgodirectlybeforethesecond.• both...andcanonlybeusedwithsimplesubjectso However,notonly...butalsocanbeusedwithsimplesubjectsandclausesExampl S nt nc s• Thepaper'sresultswerebothimpressiveandinnovative.• Iwillnotonlygrowthecellsfortheassay,butalsointerprettheresults.• Thedaughterboughtnotonlyadesignerpurse,butalsoacustomwallet.• Harrywilleithergotothemarketorthemallthisafternoon.• Ineitherwanttocleanmyroomnordesiretogocaroling.QuickPractic :corr ctth s nt nc s⊗ Jillneitherwantedorneededsingingbassnovelty.⊗ Thechildbothateanentirecakeanddrankaliterofsoda;shesoonvomited.⊗ MarkwantedeitherCheeriosandRaisinBran.SubordinatingConjunctionD initionTheselinkingwordsareoftenusedtoexpandorfurtherdescribethemainclause/element(theexplanationclauseissubordinate).Wordsus d(limit dlist)• as,because,since(cause)• so,sothat(purpose)• although,though(contrastive)• after,before,until,while(temporal)• if,unless,provided,whichever,whenever(conditional)Grammarrul s• Theconjunctionmustgobeforethesubordinatingclause(theexplanationclause)• Commasmustgoattheendofthefirstclause,whichcanbeeitherthesubordinatingormainclauseExampl S nt nc s• Beforegoingtothegame(subordinate),weofteneatatthepub(main).• Althoughverycute(sub),pandasarenotsuitablepets(main).• Candicewasfeelinglonely(main),sosheadoptedanothercat(sub).• Peanutbutterisdelicious(main),providedyoudon'thaveanutallergy(sub).

QuickPractic :corr ctth s nt nc s⊗ Marywashungrywhileatthegrocerystoresosheboughtchipsicecreamandanentirecake.⊗ ThecableTVislagging,theinternetisfast,though.⊗ Becausetheislandwasbeautiful,ithadaninfestationofcoconutcrabs.Typ so conn ctorsWecanthinkofconnectorsasfunctionallysimilartocoordinatingandsubordinatingconjunctions,buttheformerconnectscompletesentences(insteadof)nouns,clauses,etc.Becauseconnectorsoftenusedifferentwordsthanconjunctions,weneedtobecarefulthatwedonotuseaconjunctionwhereaconnectorshouldbeandviceversa.Belowaresomec ommonconne ctorsandtheir correspondingconju nction.Ifyouoften strugglewithr un-onsentences,tryreplacingtheconjunctionwiththecorrectconnector!Grammarrul s• Connectorsmustgobetweenthetwostatementswhichtheyconnect.• Connectorscangobeforeorafterthesubjectofthesecondsentence.o Ex.MountKilimanjaroisontheEquator.It,however,hasacoveringofsnowandice.• Acommamustfollowaconnectorifitisthe1stwordinthesentence.Ifit'snot:o Iftheconnectorgoesafterthesubjectofthesentencebutbeforetheverb,useacommabeforeandaftertheconnector(seeabove).• Connectorscansometimesgoafterthesubjectandverbofthesentence,buttheyfollowdifferentgrammarrules(notdiscussed).Usually,though,theseconnectorsdonotrequirecommas.ConjunctionCorr spondingConn ctorandalso,inaddition,additionally,moreover,furthermorebuthowever,evenso,though,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,yet,incontrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontraryso,because(cause-effect)therefore,thus,consequently,hence,forthisreason,asaresult,thatiswhyso(similarity)similarly,likewiseExampl S nt nc s• AghostnamedCasperhauntedthehouse.It,though,wasnotfriendly.• Wehadtogettothebeachearly.Otherwise,wehavemissedthesunrise.• Thewindowswereveryold.Consequently,theroomwascoldanddrafty.• Stephlovesicecream.Hersister,likewise,adoresgelato.beforebeforehand,beforethis,first,then,next,afterwardsoralternatively,otherwisewhile(sametime)meanwhile,atthesametime/momentQuickPractic :corr ctth s nt nc s⊗ Meanwhile,Timmyhadfalleninthewell.Lassiewasatthevet.⊗ Themeadowseemedbucolicandinnocuous.Thepeopleofthevillagenonethelessknewitsdarksecret.⊗ PETAlovessavinganimals.Theyloveshockingthepublic,also.

Wh ntous conjunctionvs.conn ctorTwomainconsiderationsshouldbetakenintoaccount:1. Whenconjunctionsareused,thisimpliesthatthestatementaftertheconjunctionisrelayingknowledgealreadyknowntothereader.Connectorsareusedwhentheinformationispresentedintheprecedingsentencesandisnotassumedknowledge.Ifitsnowstomorrow,thecitywillsendtheplows.Itmaysnowtomorrow.Ifso,thecitywillsendtheplows.Intheleftexample,thestatementthatfollowstheconjunctionimpliesthatthereaderalreadyknowsthatthereisachanceofsnow.Theexampleontherightmuststatefirstthatitmaysnowandthentheconnectordescribestheeffectofthesnow.2. Joiningthestatementwithaconjunctionimpliesthattheyarepartofthesameidea.Byusingaconnector,theseparationbetweentwostatementsallowstheirrelationshiptobemorepreciselydefined,whichisespeciallyimportantforprofessionalwriting.Carscanbedangerousandtheypollute.Carscanbedangerous.Moreover,theypollute.Theleftsentenceisstructuredsothat"dangerous"and"pollute"aretwoequalpointsthatemphasizeonebroadermessage:carsarebad.Theexampleontherightisstructuredtomaketwoseparatepoints,and"moreover"indicatesthat"pollute"ismoreimportant.3.Sheisafraidofdogs|Shewasbittenbyherneighbors'Chihuahuaasachild______________________________________________________________4.Tsunamisarehighlydestructiveevents|Theyarerareandoftenunpredictable______________________________________________________________5.Chickenshavewings|Theycannotfly______________________________________________________________1.Pennydidnotpasstheclass|Sheneverdidherhomework_______________________________________________________________2.TheMayanswereoneofthemostacademicallyadvancedculturesinpre-ColombianNorthAmerica|Thecauseforthecollapseoftheircivilizationisstillunknown_______________________________________________________________Practic Re-writethesentencewiththeappropriatepunctuationandlinkingword.(Therearemultiplecorrectanswers)Sourc sandFurth rR ading/Practic :GrammarandVocabularyinAcademic&ProfessionalEnglish."Conjunctionsversusconnectors."https://guinlist.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/40-conjunctions-versus-connectors/Linguapress."Conjunctions,coordinationandsubordination."http://linguapress.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmAgendaWeb."ConjunctionsExercises."http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/conjunctions.html

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