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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 368

FEATURES SHOWN ON

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

W. E. Wrather, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 368

FEATURES SHOWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

By John B. Rowland

Washington, D. C., 1955

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 1 B 3

FEATURES SHOWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

Contents

Abstract .............. .

Principles of map representation

1. Definition of a n1ap • •

a. Topographic map . . . . . . . . . b. Planimetric map .....

2. Elements of map construction .

a. Colors and classes of features . . b. Lines and symbols . . .... c. Letters and numbers . . • . . d. Map scale . . . . . . . . . . .

3.. Problem of selecting features .

4. Selecting map features for a purpose

5. Other factors in selecting map

Page 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 features. . . . . . . . 7 a. Legibility . . . . . . 7 b. Cost of production . . . . . 8 c. Obsolescence . . . . . . . . . 8 d.

Concept of a landmark 8

Map delineation of topographic relief 8 6.

Methods and objectives 8

a. Measurement . . . . . . . . . 9 b. Interpretation . . . . • . . . 9

7. Selection in mapping relief features . 9

a. Choosing a contour interval 9 b. Generalization . . . . . . . . 10

8. Topographic expression 10

9. Kinds of relief features 10

a. Erosional features . . . b. Residual features ... c. Depositional features . .

10. Symbols and patterns used to show

relief ....... . 10 12 12 12 a. Hachures . . . . 12 b. Area patterns . . 12 c. Relief shading. . . . 15

Map representation of water features . 15

11. Periodic changes in water features . 15

a. Classification of water features . 16 b. "Normal" water level ...... . 16 Page

Map representation of water features--Continued

12. Kinds of water features and map

symbols . . . . . . . . . . 16 a. Linear watercourses . . • . . . 16 b. Area water features. . . . . . . 17 c. Glaciers and permanent snow fields •....•. d. Springs and wells . e. Coastal features . •

Manmade map features . . •

13. Coordinate systems, subdivisions,

and boundaries . . . • . . . a. Coordinate systems • • • • b. Public-land subdivisions c. Boundaries . . . . . • . .

14. Travel and transportation routes .

a. Roads and trails . • . b. Railroads .•..•... c. Other route features

15. Buildings and cities ..

a. B11ildings ..•.. b. Building groups . . c. Towns and cities

16. Names, notes, and numbers •

a. Map names . • • • . • . b. Geodetic control marks . c. Spot elevations •....

Information on map margins . • .

17. Identification, orientation, and

explanation . . . • . • . . a. Identification . . . . . . b. Responsibility, methods, and dates • . • . • . • ••• c. Scale, contour interval, and other data ..•

Map references • . • . . . . .

18. Special selected list .

19. Other reference maps

17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
3

Figure 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Pictographic map symbols

Comparison of map scales

Illustrations

Contours. . • . • • • . • . • . • .. Two maps of identical areas in southeast New York State •.• Con toured slopes • • . • • • • • • . . . • . • .

Drumlins in northern New York .•.

Cedar Creek alluvial fan in Montana .

Depression contours and hachures ..

Hydrographic features. • . • . • • • • . • • • .

Information shown in

center of lower margin. Topographic map symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Page 6 7 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 22
facing page 22

Chapter 1 B 3

1

FEATURES SHOWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

ABSTRACT

Topographic

maps represent features on the earth's surface by means of symbols and labels; separate colors distinguish the main classes of map features. The amount of information shown on a topographic map depends on the map scale, the purpose of the map, and the cost of obtain ing the information. This chapter describes the three main categories of map information and the methods by which they are shown. Reference lists of published maps and a chart illustrating standard map symbols are included.

PRINCIPLES

OF MAP REPRESENTATION

1. Definition of a map

A map is a graphical representation, at an established scale, of a part of the earth's sur face, showing important natural and manmade features in their correct positions relative to a coordinate reference system and to each other. a. Topographic map. --A topographic map, as distinguished from other kinds, portrays by some means the shape and elevation of the ter rain. Geological Survey topographic maps usu ally represent elevations and laNdforms--the shapes into which the earth's surface is sculp tured by natural forces--by contour lines. Other features are shown by a variety of conventional signs, symbols, lines, and patterns, which are printed in appropriate colors and identified by names, labels, and numbers. The chart facing page 22 shows the standard symbols used on the topographic maps of the Survey. b. Planimetric map. --A planimetric map is similar to a topographic map, except that it does not portray relief in a measurable form.

The Survey publishes some planimetric maps for

use until they can be replaced by topographic maps.

1The number

1 B 3 signifies Book 1, Part B, Chapter 3 of the

Geological Survey looseleaf manual of Topographic Instructions. For a table of contents, see Chapter 1 A 2 (Circular 92).

2. Elements of map construction

A topographic quadrangle map is the prod

uct of both engineering and the graphic arts.

Surveys made on the ground and from photographs

are organized in a coherent form and reproduced graphically according to a plan. To be useful the map must present information legibly. The graphic accuracy must be consistent with the accuracy of the source surveys and with the pub lication scale. The map must include the infor mation essential to its purpose and must exclude nonessentials. The main -elements of quadrangle map construction have been formulated to attain these objectives. a. Colors and classes of features. --The information shown on the quadrangle map is divided into three general classes, each printed in a different color. Information about the shape of the land surface--hypsographic or topographic information--is printe'd in brown. Water fea tures--hydrographic information--are shown in blue. Cultural features--manmade objects·- are shown in black. The system of division is not precise. Some manmade features--for ex ample, levees and earth dams--are also topo graphic features and are printed in brown, ·not black. 5

6 (Ch. 1 B 3) TOPOGRAPIDC INSTRUCTIONS

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