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The noted linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir wrote this work to The way is now cleared for a serviceable definition of language Language is a purely

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LANGUAGE

ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHESTUDY

OFSPEECH

EDWARDSAPIR

NEWYORKHARCOURT,BRACEANDCOMPANY

COPTEIGHT,1921,BY

JtAECOUET,BRACEANDCOMPANY,ITTC

Mintedinthiu.e.A.

PREFACE

talhumaninterests - theproblemofthought,thenature ofthehistoricalprocess,race,culture,art. orkf-^.n,r»o ivPREFACE studyofaneglectedfield.

Prof.J.ZeitlinoftheUniversityofIllinois.

EdwardSapir.

Ottawa,Ont.,

April8,l'J21.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Peefaceiii

CHAPTER

I.ylXTKODUCTOBY:LANGUAGEDeFIXED....1

tionoflanguage.Thepsycho-physicalbasisof ofthespeechprocess.Theuniversalityoflan- guage.

II.TheElementsofSpeech24

Soundsnotproperlyelementsofspeech.Words

aformal,notafunctionalunit.Thewordhasa speech.Feeling-tonesofwords.

III.^THESoundsofLanguage43

Thevastnumberofpossiblesounds.Thearticu-

anditsparts.Vowelarticulations.Howand habitsofalanguage.The"values"ofsounds.

Phoneticpatterns.

ForminLanguage:GbajimaticalProcesses.59

Formalprocessesasdistinctfromgrammatical

Sixmaintypesofgrammaticalprocess.Word

sequenceasamethod.Compoundingofradical pitch. f Q viCONTENTS

CHAPTERPAOR

ofmoreconcreteorder.Formforform'ssake. principlesinthesentence.Concord.Partsof andverb. ^VI.TypesofLinguisticSteuctube127 gested:whattypesofconci'ptsareexpressed? lectsarise.Linguisticstocks.Directionor inanEnglishsentence.Hesitationsofusageas towardtheinvariableword.

CONTENTSvii

CHAPTERPAGE

IX.HowLanguagesInfluenceEachOther...20.5

yXiLanguage,Race,andCulture221

LanguageandLiterature236

Index249

LANGUAGE,

ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHESTUDYOFSPEECH

I

INTRODUCTORY:LANGUAGEDEFINED

1

2LANGUAGE

varies - notasconsciously,perhaps,butnonetheless tural"function;

INTRODUCTORY3

anyandeverysoundorevenanyphenomenoninour isconventionallyrepresentedby 'Oh !"belookedupon

4LANGUAGE

terlymeaningless.

Themistakemustnotbemadeofidentifyingour

overtureto 'WilliamTell 'isinfactastorm.Inother maythereforebelookeduponashavinggrownup

INTRODUCTORY5

6LANGUAGE

poeticsource.Howevermuchwemaybedisposed imitationofthings.

INTRODUCTORY7

sense,languageatall. ofadjustments - inthebrain,-inthenervoussystem, andinthearticulatingandauditoryorgans - tending

8LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTORY9

tentor 'meaning 'ofthelinguisticunit;theassociated oforsignalforthese 'meanings, 'ofwhichmoreanon. peculiarsymbolicrelation - physiologicallyanarbitrary one - betweenallpossibleelementsofconsciousness maybesaidtobe"inthebrain."Hence,wehaveno

10LANGUAGE

humanculture - sayartorreligion - asaninstitutional temsofsymbolismthatAvetermlanguages. perceptionoftheword"house"onthewrittenor

INTRODUCTORY11

andmorerapidthanmost. bol"house" - whetheranauditory,motor,orvisualex- perienceorimage - attachedbuttothesingleimageof

12LANGUAGE

experience.Wemustcuttotheboneofthings,we beinglookedupon - mistakenly,butconveniently - as relations.

INTRODUCTORY13

14LANGUAGE

thefinishedthought. todoso.StillIknowitcanbedone."Languageis butagarment!Butwhatiflanguageisnotsomuch

INTRODUCTORY15

fact,nosoonerdowetrytoputanimageintocon- pingintoasilentflowofwords.Thoughtmaybea butspeechwouldseemtobetheonlyroadweknow- veryfarindeedfrombeingavalidone.Onemaygo

16LANGUAGE

unconsciouslinguisticsymbolism. guagearosepre-rationally - justhowandonwhatpre- ciselevelofmentalactivitywedonotknow - butwe ment.Inmostcasesthenewsymbolisbutathing

INTRODUCTORY17

beafetter.

18LANGUAGE

latingreadingorintensivethinking.

INTRODUCTORY19

wayisopenedforanewtypeofspeechsymbolism - that makeof 'readingfromthelips"asasubsidiarymethod aresecondarysymbolsofthespokenones - symbolsof symbols - yetsocloseisthecorrespondencethatthey

20LANGU-AGE

auditorysymbols.

INTRODUCTORY21

flowofspeech. j\sj/ f

22)LANGUAGE

ofthenameofreligionorofart,butweknowofno oflanguage - thedevelopmentofaclear-cutphonetic pressionofallmannerofrelations - allthismeetsus knowinwhatvariedformsathoughtmayrun.The

INTRODUCTORY123/

expression,haditselftakenshape. II

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH

Wehavemorethanoncereferredtothe

'elementsof elementofspeech - andby"speech"weshallhence- flowofspokenwords - istheindividualsound,though, originallyfullerphoneticgroups - LatinJiahetandad 24

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH25

havefloweredfromthefundamentalone.Wemay, ceptofmoreabstractorder - oneofperson,number, bined.

26LANGUAGE

oftheword 'form, 'itputsuponthefundamentalcon- calelement 'oraffix.Asweshallseelateron,thegram-

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH27

sjinbolizedas(A)+'(^)-

23LANGUAGE

sings) ofEnglishformsthatsetinaboutthetimeofthe

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH29

perficiallycomparable.Harriotmeans 'bone"inaquite thedifference. degreeofcomplexity.

30LANGUAGE

tweenthe-lyandtheindependentwordlike. berofways.The(0)mayhaveamultiplevalue;in formulawouldbe(A)- - ,{A)indicatingtheabstracted ofusage.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH31

sitandcutup"

A-\-B.Theelements{g) - which

denotesfuturity - ,(7i) - aparticipialsuffix - ,and{%) - indicatingtheanimateplural - aregrammaticalele-

mentswhichconveynothingwhendetached.The orelement-groups - aninstrumentallyusedstem{F)

32LANGUAGE

group - (^)+C+cZ("blackcoworbull").This theadditionofthetemporalelement(g) - this(g),by theway,mustnotbeunderstoodasappendedtoB alone,buttothewholebasiccomplexasaunit - ;and expressionintoaformallywell-definednoun. concept - concreteorabstractorpurelyrelational(as inoforhyorand) - totheexpressionofacomplete

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH33

grammatical)elementandsentence - thesearethepri- subsidiaryones.Wemayputthewholematterina

34LANGUAGE

Butisnottheword,onemayobject,asmuchofan

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH35

element,onthegroundthatit 'makesnosense. '^What, matecriterionoftheword,whatis? ofart.Addedtothe 'feel 'ofthewordarefrequently, argument.

36LANGUAGE

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH37

subjectofdiscourse themayor - andthepredicate is however,arelanguageonlyinaderivedsense.

38LANGUAGE

ofindividualstyle.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH39

therewouldbenogrammar.Thefactofgrammar,a callyconsistent.Allgrammarsleak.

Uptothepresentwehavebeenassumingthatthe

{Wouldhemightcome!orWouldhewerehere!)The

40LANGUAGE

statesofhesitationordoubt - attenuatedfear.Onthe ofcommunication.

THEELEMENTSOFSPEECH41

42LANGUAGE

feelthewordascold,cheerless,sinister. vidualjuxtapositionofconceptsorimages. Ill

THESOUNDSOFLANGUAGE

nectedwiththesoundsoflanguage.quotesdbs_dbs5.pdfusesText_9