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Dynamic Memory Allocation

Spring 2012Programming and Data Structure1

Basic Idea

In some situations, data is dynamic in nature.

Amount of data cannot be predicted beforehand.

Number of data item keeps changing during program

execution. Dynamic Memory Allocation: Ability of a program to use more memory space at execution time Memory space required can be specified at the time of execution. C supports allocating and freeing memory dynamically using library routines.

Spring 2012Programming and Data Structure2

Dynamic Memory Allocation

Ability of a program to use more memory space at

execution time

Hold new nodes

Use function mallocto allocate memory

Release space no longer needed

Use functionfreeto deallocatememory

Use #include header file when using

malloc& free functions

Memory Usage + Heap

Variable memory is allocated in three areas:

Global data section

Run-time stack

Dynamically allocated -heap

Global variablesare allocated in the global

data section and are accessible from all parts of the program.

Local variablesare allocated during

execution on the run-time stack.

Dynamically allocated variablesare items

created during run-time and are allocated on the heap.

Trap Vector Table

Program Code

Global Data Section

(Global and Static vars)

Run-Time Stack

(Local and Auto vars)

Trap Routines

0x0000

0xFFFF

Operating System

Heap (Dynamically allocated vars)

I/O Space

Interrupt Vector Table

0x3000

Memory Allocation Functions

malloc Allocates requested number of bytes and returns a pointer to the first byte of the allocated space. calloc

Allocates space for an array of elements, initializes them to zero and then returns a pointer to the memory.

free

Frees previously allocated space.

realloc

Modifies the size of previously allocated space.

Spring 2012Programming and Data Structure5

Functions malloc& free

ptr= malloc(sizeof(structnode)); sizeof(structnode) returns the size in bytes of the structure malloc() allocates the specified number of bytes in memory

Returns a pointer to the place in memory

Returns NULL, if no more memory is available

free(ptr); Deallocatesthe memory referred to by the pointer so it can be reused

Contd.

Examples

p = (int*) malloc(100 * sizeof(int)) ; int" bytes is reserǀed. The address of the first byte of the allocated memory is assigned to the pointer p of type int.

Spring 2012Programming and Data Structure7

p

400 bytes of space

malloc int*ip; ip= (int*) malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

If (ip== NULL)

/* Handle Error! */

Options for handling error

Abort

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Save user data

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malloc --What happens? intfoo(intn) { int*ip;quotesdbs_dbs3.pdfusesText_6