[PDF] pdf Algebraic Formula Sheet - Middle Georgia State University

Algebraic Formula Sheet Algebraic Formula Sheet Arithmetic Operations ac bc = c(a + b)



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pdf Algebraic Formula Sheet - Middle Georgia State University

Algebraic Formula Sheet Algebraic Formula Sheet Arithmetic Operations ac bc = c(a + b)

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Algebraic Formula Sheet

Arithmetic Operations

ac+bc=c(a+b) ab !c =abc ab +cd =ad+bcbd abcd=badc ab+aca =b+c; a6= 0a bc abc a bc =acb ac cd =adbcbd a+bc =ac +bc ab cd =adbc

Properties of Exponents

x nxm=xn+m (xn)m=xnm (xy)n=xnyn x nm x1m n= x n 1m xy n yx n =ynx nx

0= 1; x6= 0

xy n =xny n 1x n=xn x nx m=xnm x n=1x n

Properties of Radicals

n px=x1n n pxy=npx npy m qn px=mnpx n rx y =npx n py n px n=x;ifnis odd n px n=jxj;ifnis evenProperties of Inequalities

Ifa < bthena+c < b+candac < bc

Ifa < bandc >0 thenac < bcandac

Ifa < bandc <0 thenac > bcandac >bc

Properties of Absolute Value

jxj=( xifx0 xifx <0 jxj 0 jxyj=jxjjyjj xj=jxj xy =jxjjyj jx+yj jxj+jyjTriangle Inequality jxyj jxj jyjReverse Triangle Inequality

Distance Formula

Given two points,PA= (x1;y1) andPB= (x2;y2),

the distance between the two can be found by: d(PA;PB) =p(x2x1)2+ (y2y1)2

Number Classications

Natural Numbers:N=f1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .g

Whole Numbers:f0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .g

Integers:Z=f... ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. .g

Rationals:Q=All numbers that can be writ-

ten as a fraction with an integer numerator and a nonzero integer denominator,ab

Irrationals:fAll numbers that cannot be ex-

pressed as the ratio of two integers, for examplep5, p27, andg

Real Numbers:R=fAll numbers that are either a

rational or an irrational numberg 1

Logarithms and Log Properties

Denition

y= logbxis equivalent tox=by

Example

log

216 = 4because24= 16

Special Logarithms

lnx= logexnatural log wheree=2.718281828... logx= log10xcommon logLogarithm Properties log bb= 1 log bbx=x lnex=xlog b1 = 0 b logbx=x e lnx=x log b(xk) =klogbx log b(xy) = logbx+ logby log b xy = log bxlogby

Factoring

xa+xb=x(a+b) x

2y2= (x+y)(xy)

x

2+ 2xy+y2= (x+y)2

x

22xy+y2= (xy)2

x

3+ 3x2y+ 3xy2+y3= (x+y)3

x

33x2y+ 3xy2y3= (xy)3x

3+y3= (x+y)x2xy+y2

x

3y3= (xy)x2+xy+y2

x

2ny2n= (xnyn)(xn+yn)

Ifnis odd then,

x nyn= (xy)xn1+xn2y+:::+yn1 x n+yn= (x+y)xn1xn2y+xn3y2:::yn1

Linear Functions and Formulas

Examples of Linear Functionsxy

y=xlinear functionxy y= 1constant function 2

Constant Function

This graph is a horizontal line passing

through the points (x;c) with slopem= 0 : y=c or f(x) =c

Slope (a.k.a Rate of Change)

The slopemof the line passing through

the points (x1;y1) and (x2;y2) is : m=yx=y2y1x

2x1=riserun

Linear Function/Slope-intercept form

This graph is a line with slopem

andyintercept(0;b) : y=mx+b or f(x) =mx+b

Point-Slope form

The equation of the line passing through

the point (x1;y1) with slopemis : y=m(xx1) +y1

Quadratic Functions and Formulas

Examples of Quadratic Functionsxy

y=x2parabola opening upxy y=x2parabola opening down

Forms of Quadratic Functions

Standard Form

y=ax2+bx+c or f(x) =ax2+bx+c

This graph is a parabola that

opens up ifa >0 or down if a <0 and has a vertex at b2a;f b2a .Vertex Form y=a(xh)2+k or f(x) =a(xh)2+k

This graph is a parabola that

opens up ifa >0 or down if a <0 and has a vertex at (h;k). 3

Quadratics and Solving forx

Quadratic Formula

To solveax2+bx+c= 0,a6= 0,

use : x=bpb

24ac2a.

The Discriminant

The discriminant is the part of the quadratic

equation under the radical,b24ac. We use the discriminant to determine the number of real solutions ofax2+bx+c= 0 as such :

1.Ifb24ac >0, there are two real solutions.

2.Ifb24ac= 0, there is one real solution.

3.Ifb24ac <0, there are no real solutions.Square Root Property

Letkbe a nonnegative number. Then the

solutions to the equation x 2=k are given byx=pk.

Other Useful Formulas

Compound Interest

A=P 1 +rn nt where:

P= principal of P dollars

r= Interest rate (expressed in decimal form) n= number of times compounded per year t= time

Continuously Compounded Interest

A=Pert

where:

P= principal of P dollars

r= Interest rate (expressed in decimal form) t= time

Circle

(xh)2+ (yk)2=r2

This graph is a circle with radiusr

and center (h;k).

Ellipse

(xh)2a

2+(yk)2b

2= 1

This graph is an ellipse with center

(h;k) with verticesaunits right/leftquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20