10 5 Using in-line assembly code to set up the System stack 284 10 6 Calling a processors are used as examples, but in general the principles are similar irre- spective of In our example the 6809 has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Six dedicated Address registers are accessible to the programmer and are as-
6809 Assembly Language Programming WIGAN LIBRARIES WITHDRAWAN FOR DOOK SALE Lance A Leventhal OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill Berkeley
6809 Assembly Language Programming Lance A Leventhal puter, tried all the examples, and suggested numerous corrections and improvements Mr Curt
The MC6809 was released to the world as the 'programmer's dream machine' All machine code programming is done in assembly language where each
example, I say the 6809 µP is an NMOS device which it most surely is Metal Oxide Within these examples, you will see assembler instructions (described in
language constructs in a concise manner The second part is a comprehensive reference manual for the Waterloo 6809 Assembler Acknowledgement
Motorola's MC6809 Preliminary Programming Manual describes the processor in detail; the assembly language is described in M6809 Cross Macro Assembler
e-Book Name : 6809 Assembly Language Programming - Read 6809 Assembly Language Programming PDF on your Android, iPhone, iPad or PC directly, the
10 5 Using in-line assembly code to set up the System stack 284 10 6 Calling a processors are used as examples, but in general the principles are similar irre- spective of In our example the 6809 has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Six dedicated Address registers are accessible to the programmer and are as-
18 jui 2019 · en caractère d'imprimerie puis scannériser la page en format PDF END DEBUT ; indique à ASM que la première instruction Il en résulte qu'avant de programmer les registres (DDRA ou DDRB) et (ORA ou ORB) il faudra
A 6800 to 6809 cross assembler allows 6809 programs to be assembled and then executed as a the object level or at the assembly language (source code)
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Contents Part I Target Processors1 1 The 6809 Microprocessor: Its Hardware2 1.1 Architecture3 1.2 Outside the 68096 1.3 Making the Connection9 2 The 6809 Microprocessor: Its Software19 2.1 Its Instruction Set19 2.2 Address Modes30 2.3 Example Programs41 3 The 68000/8 Microprocessor : Its Hardware56 3.1 Inside the 68000/857 3.2 Outside the 68000/864 3.3 Making the Connection71 4 The 68000/8 Microprocessor: Its Software86 4.1 Its Instruction Set86 4.2 Address Modes106 4.3 Example Programs114 5 Subroutines, Procedures and Functions122 5.1 The Call-Return Mechanism123 5.2 Passing Parameters129 6 Interrupts plus Traps equals Exceptions141 6.1 Hardware Initiated Interrupts143 6.2 Interrupts in Software161 Part II C167 7 Source to Executable Code168 7.1 The Assembly Process170 7.2 Linking and Loading178 7.3 The High-Level Process189 v vi Contents
8 Naked C199 8.1 A Tutorial Introduction200 8.2 Variables and Constants202 8.3 Operators, Expressions and Statements213 8.4 Program Flow Control224 9 More Naked C236 9.1 Functions236 9.2 Arrays and Pointers245 9.3 Structures258 9.4 Headers and Libraries271 10 ROMable C278 10.1 Mixing Assembly Code and Starting Up278 10.2 Exception Handling286 10.3 Initializing Variables291 10.4 Portability297 Part III Project in C309 11 Preliminaries310 11.1 Specification313 11.2 System Design315 12 The Analog World323 12.1 Signals323 12.2 Digital to Analog Conversion329 12.3 Analog to Digital Conversion337 13 The Target Microcomputer345 13.1 6809 - Target Hardware345 13.2 68008 - Target Hardware350 14 Software inC355 14.1 Data Structure and Program355 14.2 6809 - Target Code359 14.3 68008 - Target Code370 15 Looking For Trouble383 15.1 Simulation384 15.2 Resident Diagnostics397 15.3 In-Circuit Emulation408 16 C"est la Fin416 16.1 Results416 16.2 More Ideas420 Contents vii A Acronyms and Abbreviations423 List of Figures 1.1 Internal 6809/6309 structure.4 1.2 6809 pinout.7 1.3 A snapshot of the 6809 MPU reading data from a peripheral device.10 1.4 Sending data to the outside world.11 1.5 The structure of a synchronous common-bus microcomputer.12 1.6 An elementary address decoding scheme.14 1.7 A simple byte-sized output port.15 1.8 Talking to a 6116 2kbyte static RAM chip.15 1.9 Interfacing a 6821 Peripheral Interface Adapter to the 6809.17 2.1 Postbyte for pushing and pulling.20 2.2 Moving 16-bit data at òne go".22 2.3 Stacking registers in memory.23 2.4 16-bit binary to decimal string conversion.48 2.5 Evaluating factorialn.51 2.6 A memory mapof the factorial process.52 3.1 Internal structure pf the 68000.58 3.2 Internal 68008 structure.63 3.3 68000 and 68008 DIL packages.65 3.4 Memory Organization for the 68000.67 3.5 The structure of an asynchronous common-bus micro-computer.72 3.6 The 68000/8 Read cycle.73 3.7 The 68000/8 Write cycle.75 3.8 A simple address decoder with no-wait feedback circuitry.77 3.9 A DTACK generator for slow devices.78 3.10 A simple word-sized output port.80 3.11 Interfacing 6264 RAM ICs to the 68000 MPU.81 3.12 Fast EPROM interface.82 3.13 Interfacing the 68230 PI/T to the 68000"s buses.83 3.14 Interfacing a 6821 Peripheral Interface Adapter to the 68000.84 4.1 Multiple moves to and from memory.90 4.2 Multiple precision addition.93 4.3 UsingDBccto implement a loop structure.101 4.4 Two examples of machine coding.114 5.1 Subroutine calling.124 5.2 Saving the return address on the Stack.126 5.3 The stack when executing the code of Table 5.3(b), viewed as word-oriented.128 viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix 5.4 The Stack corresponding to Table 5.6.132 5.5 The Stack used for theBLOCK_COPYsubroutine.134 5.6 The 6809 System stack organized by the array averaging subroutine.136 5.7 The 68000 System stack organized by the array-averaging subroutine.138 6.1 Detecting and measuring an asynchronous external event.142 6.2 Interrupt logic for the 6809 and 68000 processors.145 6.3 Using a priority encoder to compress 7 lines to 3-line code.146 6.4 How the 6809 responds to an interrupt request149 6.5 How the 68000 responds to an interrupt request151 6.6 Using an external interrupt flag to drive a level-sensitive interrupt line.153 6.7 Servicing four peripherals with one interrupt.157 6.8 External interrupt hardware for the 68000 MPU.158 7.1 Onion skin view of the steps leading to an executable program.170 7.2 Assembly-level machine code translation.172 7.3 Assembly environment.188 7.4 Syntax tree forsum = (n+1) * n/2;191 7.5 The WhitesmithsCcompiler process.194 8.1 Structure ofCprograms.203 8.2 Properties of simple object types.204 8.3 Basic set ofCdata types.205 8.4 Type promotions.222 8.5 Simple 2-way decisions.224 8.6 Usingelse-ifto make a multi-way decision.227 8.7switch-casemulti-way decision.229 8.8 Loopconstructs.231 9.1 Layout ofCprograms.237 9.2 The System stack as seen from withinpower(), lines 21-38.243 9.3 Array storage in memory.249 9.4 A simple write-only port at0x9000.255 9.5 Register structure of a 6821 PIA.262 11.1 A typical long-persistence display.311 11.2 Characteristic scrolling display of a time-compressed memory.312 11.3 Block diagram of the electrocardiograph time compressed memory.316 11.4 A broad outline of system development.318 11.5 Fundamental chip-level design.320 11.6 A cost versus production comparison.322 12.1 The quantization process.325 12.2 The analog-digital process.328 12.3 Illustrating aliasing.329 12.4 A 4th-order anti-aliasing filter.330 12.5 The R-2R current D/A converter.331 12.6 Conversion relationships for the network of Fig. 12.5.333 12.7 A real-world transfer characteristic.334 x LIST OF FIGURES
12.8 The AD7528 dual D/A converter.335 12.9 Interfacing the AD7528 to a microprocessor.336 12.10 A 3-bit flash A/D converter.338 12.11 A software controlled successive approximation D/A converter.339 12.12 Functional diagram of the AD7576 A/D converter.340 12.13 Interfacing the AD7576 to a microprocessor.342 12.14 Aperture error.343 13.1 The 6809-based embedded microprocessor implementation.347 13.2 A PAL-based 6809 address decoder implementation.349 13.3 The 68008-based embedded microprocessor implementation.352 13.4 A PAL-based 68008 address decoder implementation.353 14.1 Data stored as a circular array.356 15.1 Tracing functionsum_of_n().392 15.2 Illustrating the function path in reaching line 27.393 15.3 Simulating the time-compressed memory software.394 15.4 Simulating an interrupt entry intoupdate().395 15.5 Mixed-mode simulation using XRAY68K.396 15.6 Free-running your microprocessor.398 15.7 One free-run cycle, showingRAM,A/DandDIG_O/PEnables.399 15.8 Theoutput_test()traces.404 15.9 A typical PC-based ICE configuration.410 16.1 Typical X and Y waveforms, showing two ECG traces covering 2s.420 List of Tables 2.1 Move instructions.21 2.2 Arithmetic operations24 2.3 Shifting Instructions.26 2.4 Logic instructions.27 2.5 Data test operations.28 2.6 Operations which affect the Program Counter.29 2.7 The M6809 instruction set33 2.8 Initializing a 256-byte array.34 2.9 Source code for sum ofnintegers program.45 2.10 Object code generated from Table 2.9.46 2.11 A superior implementation.47 2.12 16-bit binary to an equivalent ASCII-coded decimal string.49 2.13 Fundamental factorial-ncode.53 2.14 Factorial using a look-uptable.54 4.1 Move instructions.88 4.2 Arithmetic operations.91 4.3 Shifting instructions.95 4.4 Logic Instructions.97 4.5 Bit-level instructions.98 4.6 Data testing instructions.99 4.7 Instructions which affect the Program Counter.100 4.8 Summary of 68000 instructions.105 4.9 A summary of 68000 address modes.113 4.10 Object code for sum ofnintegers program.115 4.11 A superior implementation.116 4.12 Binary to decimal string conversion.118 4.13 Mathematical evaluation of factorialn.119 4.14 Factorial using a look-uptable.120 5.1 Subroutine instructions.125 5.2 A simple subroutine giving a fixed delay of 100ms when called.127 5.3 Transparent 100ms delay subroutine.129 5.4 Using a register to pass the delay parameter.130 5.5 Using a static memory location to pass the delay parameter.131 5.6 Using the stack to pass the delay parameter.132 5.7 Making a copy of a block of data of arbitrary length.133 5.8 Using a frame to acquire temporary data; 6809 code.137 5.9 Using a Frame to acquire temporary data; 68000 code.139 xi xii LIST OF TABLES
6.1 6809 code displaying heart rate on an oscilloscope.155 6.2 68000 code displaying heart rate on an oscilloscope.160 6.3 Exception related instructions.162 7.1 Source code for the absolute assembler.173 7.2 A typical error file.173 7.3 Listing file produced from the source code in Table 7.1.174 7.4 Symbol file produced from the absolute source of Table 7.1.174 7.5 Some common absolute object file formats.176 7.6 A simple macro creating the modulus of the target operand.177 7.7 Assembling the Display module with the Microtec Relocatable assembler.181 7.8 Module 2 after assembly.183 7.9 Module 3 after assembly.184 7.10 Linking the three source modules.185 7.11 Output from the Microtec linker.187 7.12 A possible Lexical analysis ofsum = (n+1)*n/2;190 7.13 6809 target code forsum = (n+1) * n/2;193 7.14 Passing a simple program through the compiler of Fig. 7.5.197 8.1 Definition of functionsum_of_n().200 8.2 Variable storage class208 8.3 Initializing variables.210 8.4Coperators, their precedence and associativity.215 8.5 Bitwise AND and Shift operations.218 8.6 A nestedifReal-Time Clock interrupt service routine.225 8.7 Anelse-ifReal-Time Clock interrupt service routine.226 8.8 Generating factorials using theelse-ifconstruct.228 8.9 Generating factorials using theswitch-caseconstruct.230 8.10 Generating factorials using awhileloop.232 8.11 Generating factorials using aforloop.234 9.1 TheCprogram as a collection of functions.240 9.2 Generating factorials using a look-uptable.247 9.3 Altering an array with a function.250 9.4 Sending out a digit to a 7-segment port.256 9.5 Displaying and updating heartbeat.260 9.6 The PIA as a structure of pointers.265 9.7 Sending pointers to structures to a function.267 9.8 Unions.270 9.9 Using#definefor text replacement.272 9.10 A typicalmath.hlibrary header (with added comments).276 10.1 Elementary startupfor a 6809-based system.280 10.2 Using arrays of pointers to functions to construct a vector table.281 10.3 A simple Startup/Vector routine for a 68000-based system.282 10.4 AC-compatible assembler function evaluating the square root.283 10.5 Using in-line assembly code to set upthe System stack.284 10.6 Calling a resident function at a known address.286 10.7 6809 startupfor the system of Table 9.5.287 LIST OF TABLES xiii 10.8 68000 startupfor the system of Table 9.5.288 10.9clock()configured as an interrupt function.290 10.10A startupfor the Aztec compiler initializing statics/globals.294 10.11A typicallod68kfile to produce an image of initialized data in ROM295 10.12A startupinitializing statics/globals and setting uptheDPRfor zero page.296 10.13Zero-page storage with the Cosmic 6809 compiler.297 10.14A portableCprogram using ANSII library I/O routines.299 10.15Compiling the same source with a spectrum of CPUs.303 10.16Tailoring the ANSII I/O functions to suit an embedded target.305 12.1 Quantization parameters.326 12.2Cdriver for Fig. 12.11.340 14.1 The fundamentalCcoding.357 14.2 Thehard_09.hheader file.359 quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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